lodash v3.6.0

`Array`

_.chunk
_.compact
_.difference
_.drop
_.dropRight
_.dropRightWhile
_.dropWhile
_.fill
_.findIndex
_.findLastIndex
_.first
_.flatten
_.flattenDeep
_.head -> first
_.indexOf
_.initial
_.intersection
_.last
_.lastIndexOf
_.object -> zipObject
_.pull
_.pullAt
_.remove
_.rest
_.slice
_.sortedIndex
_.sortedLastIndex
_.tail -> rest
_.take
_.takeRight
_.takeRightWhile
_.takeWhile
_.union
_.uniq
_.unique -> uniq
_.unzip
_.without
_.xor
_.zip
_.zipObject

`Chain`

_
_.chain
_.tap
_.thru
_.prototype.chain
_.prototype.commit
_.prototype.plant
_.prototype.reverse
_.prototype.run -> value
_.prototype.toJSON -> value
_.prototype.toString
_.prototype.value
_.prototype.valueOf -> value

`Collection`

_.all -> every
_.any -> some
_.at
_.collect -> map
_.contains -> includes
_.countBy
_.detect -> find
_.each -> forEach
_.eachRight -> forEachRight
_.every
_.filter
_.find
_.findLast
_.findWhere
_.foldl -> reduce
_.foldr -> reduceRight
_.forEach
_.forEachRight
_.groupBy
_.include -> includes
_.includes
_.indexBy
_.inject -> reduce
_.invoke
_.map
_.partition
_.pluck
_.reduce
_.reduceRight
_.reject
_.sample
_.select -> filter
_.shuffle
_.size
_.some
_.sortBy
_.sortByAll
_.sortByOrder
_.where

`Date`

_.now

`Function`

_.after
_.ary
_.backflow -> flowRight
_.before
_.bind
_.bindAll
_.bindKey
_.compose -> flowRight
_.curry
_.curryRight
_.debounce
_.defer
_.delay
_.flow
_.flowRight
_.memoize
_.negate
_.once
_.partial
_.partialRight
_.rearg
_.restParam
_.spread
_.throttle
_.wrap

`Lang`

_.clone
_.cloneDeep
_.isArguments
_.isArray
_.isBoolean
_.isDate
_.isElement
_.isEmpty
_.isEqual
_.isError
_.isFinite
_.isFunction
_.isMatch
_.isNaN
_.isNative
_.isNull
_.isNumber
_.isObject
_.isPlainObject
_.isRegExp
_.isString
_.isTypedArray
_.isUndefined
_.toArray
_.toPlainObject

`Math`

_.add
_.max
_.min
_.sum

`Number`

_.inRange
_.random

`Object`

_.assign
_.create
_.defaults
_.extend -> assign
_.findKey
_.findLastKey
_.forIn
_.forInRight
_.forOwn
_.forOwnRight
_.functions
_.has
_.invert
_.keys
_.keysIn
_.mapValues
_.merge
_.methods -> functions
_.omit
_.pairs
_.pick
_.result
_.transform
_.values
_.valuesIn

`String`

_.camelCase
_.capitalize
_.deburr
_.endsWith
_.escape
_.escapeRegExp
_.kebabCase
_.pad
_.padLeft
_.padRight
_.parseInt
_.repeat
_.snakeCase
_.startCase
_.startsWith
_.template
_.trim
_.trimLeft
_.trimRight
_.trunc
_.unescape
_.words

`Utility`

_.attempt
_.callback
_.constant
_.identity
_.iteratee -> callback
_.matches
_.matchesProperty
_.mixin
_.noConflict
_.noop
_.property
_.propertyOf
_.range
_.runInContext
_.times
_.uniqueId

`Methods`

_.templateSettings.imports._

`Properties`

_.VERSION
_.support
_.support.argsTag
_.support.enumErrorProps
_.support.enumPrototypes
_.support.funcDecomp
_.support.funcNames
_.support.nodeTag
_.support.nonEnumShadows
_.support.nonEnumStrings
_.support.ownLast
_.support.spliceObjects
_.support.unindexedChars
_.templateSettings
_.templateSettings.escape
_.templateSettings.evaluate
_.templateSettings.imports
_.templateSettings.interpolate
_.templateSettings.variable

`“Array” Methods`

`_.chunk(array, [size=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of elements split into groups the length of size. If collection can't be split evenly, the final chunk will be the remaining elements.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to process.
[size=1] (number): The length of each chunk.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array containing chunks.

Example

_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 2);
// => [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]

_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 3);
// => [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d']]

`_.compact(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values false, null, 0, "", undefined, and NaN are falsey.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to compact.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of filtered values.

Example

_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.difference(array, [values])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array excluding all values of the provided arrays using SameValueZero for equality comparisons.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to inspect.
[values] (...Array): The arrays of values to exclude.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of filtered values.

Example

_.difference([1, 2, 3], [4, 2]);
// => [1, 3]

`_.drop(array, [n=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with n elements dropped from the beginning.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[n=1] (number): The number of elements to drop.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.drop([1, 2, 3]);
// => [2, 3]

_.drop([1, 2, 3], 2);
// => [3]

_.drop([1, 2, 3], 5);
// => []

_.drop([1, 2, 3], 0);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.dropRight(array, [n=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with n elements dropped from the end.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[n=1] (number): The number of elements to drop.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.dropRight([1, 2, 3]);
// => [1, 2]

_.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
// => [1]

_.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
// => []

_.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.dropRightWhile(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array excluding elements dropped from the end. Elements are dropped until predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that match the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.dropRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return n > 1;
});
// => [1]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['barney']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']

`_.dropWhile(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array excluding elements dropped from the beginning. Elements are dropped until predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.dropWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return n < 3;
});
// => [3]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false }), 'user');
// => ['fred', 'pebbles']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['pebbles']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']

`_.fill(array, value, [start=0], [end=array.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Fills elements of array with value from start up to, but not including, end.

Note: This method mutates array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to fill.
value (*): The value to fill array with.
[start=0] (number): The start position.
[end=array.length] (number): The end position.

Returns

(Array): Returns array.

Example

var array = [1, 2, 3];

_.fill(array, 'a');
console.log(array);
// => ['a', 'a', 'a']

_.fill(Array(3), 2);
// => [2, 2, 2]

_.fill([4, 6, 8], '*', 1, 2);
// => [4, '*', 8]

`_.findIndex(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.find except that it returns the index of the first element predicate returns truthy for instead of the element itself.

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(number): Returns the index of the found element, else -1.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];

_.findIndex(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.user == 'barney';
});
// => 0

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.findIndex(users, { 'user': 'fred', 'active': false });
// => 1

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.findIndex(users, 'active', false);
// => 0

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.findIndex(users, 'active');
// => 2

`_.findLastIndex(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.findIndex except that it iterates over elements of collection from right to left.

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(number): Returns the index of the found element, else -1.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
];

_.findLastIndex(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.user == 'pebbles';
});
// => 2

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.findLastIndex(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true });
// => 0

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.findLastIndex(users, 'active', false);
// => 2

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.findLastIndex(users, 'active');
// => 0

`_.first(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the first element of array.

Aliases

_.head

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.

Returns

(*): Returns the first element of array.

Example

_.first([1, 2, 3]);
// => 1

_.first([]);
// => undefined

`_.flatten(array, [isDeep])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Flattens a nested array. If isDeep is true the array is recursively flattened, otherwise it is only flattened a single level.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to flatten.
[isDeep] (boolean): Specify a deep flatten.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new flattened array.

Example

_.flatten([1, [2, 3, [4]]]);
// => [1, 2, 3, [4]]

// using `isDeep`
_.flatten([1, [2, 3, [4]]], true);
// => [1, 2, 3, 4]

`_.flattenDeep(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Recursively flattens a nested array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to recursively flatten.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new flattened array.

Example

_.flattenDeep([1, [2, 3, [4]]]);
// => [1, 2, 3, 4]

`_.indexOf(array, value, [fromIndex=0])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the index at which the first occurrence of value is found in array using SameValueZero for equality comparisons. If fromIndex is negative, it is used as the offset from the end of array. If array is sorted providing true for fromIndex performs a faster binary search.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to search.
value (*): The value to search for.
[fromIndex=0] (boolean|number): The index to search from or true to perform a binary search on a sorted array.

Returns

(number): Returns the index of the matched value, else -1.

Example

_.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
// => 1

// using `fromIndex`
_.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
// => 3

// performing a binary search
_.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2], 2, true);
// => 2

`_.initial(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets all but the last element of array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.initial([1, 2, 3]);
// => [1, 2]

`_.intersection([arrays])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of unique values in all provided arrays using SameValueZero for equality comparisons.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

[arrays] (...Array): The arrays to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of shared values.

Example

_.intersection([1, 2], [4, 2], [2, 1]);
// => [2]

`_.last(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the last element of array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.

Returns

(*): Returns the last element of array.

Example

_.last([1, 2, 3]);
// => 3

`_.lastIndexOf(array, value, [fromIndex=array.length-1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.indexOf except that it iterates over elements of array from right to left.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to search.
value (*): The value to search for.
[fromIndex=array.length-1] (boolean|number): The index to search from or true to perform a binary search on a sorted array.

Returns

(number): Returns the index of the matched value, else -1.

Example

_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
// => 3

// using `fromIndex`
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
// => 1

// performing a binary search
_.lastIndexOf([1, 1, 2, 2], 2, true);
// => 3

`_.pull(array, [values])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes all provided values from array using SameValueZero for equality comparisons.

Notes:

Unlike _.without, this method mutates array.

* `SameValueZero` comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. `===`, except that `NaN` matches `NaN`. See the [ES spec](https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-samevaluezero) for more details.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to modify.
[values] (...*): The values to remove.

Returns

(Array): Returns array.

Example

var array = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3];

_.pull(array, 2, 3);
console.log(array);
// => [1, 1]

`_.pullAt(array, [indexes])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes elements from array corresponding to the given indexes and returns an array of the removed elements. Indexes may be specified as an array of indexes or as individual arguments.

Note: Unlike _.at, this method mutates array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to modify.
[indexes] (...(number|number[]): The indexes of elements to remove, specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of removed elements.

Example

var array = [5, 10, 15, 20];
var evens = _.pullAt(array, 1, 3);

console.log(array);
// => [5, 15]

console.log(evens);
// => [10, 20]

`_.remove(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes all elements from array that predicate returns truthy for and returns an array of the removed elements. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Note: Unlike _.filter, this method mutates array.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to modify.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of removed elements.

Example

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4];
var evens = _.remove(array, function(n) {
  return n % 2 == 0;
});

console.log(array);
// => [1, 3]

console.log(evens);
// => [2, 4]

`_.rest(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets all but the first element of array.

Aliases

_.tail

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.rest([1, 2, 3]);
// => [2, 3]

`_.slice(array, [start=0], [end=array.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array from start up to, but not including, end.

Note: This function is used instead of Array#slice to support node lists in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to slice.
[start=0] (number): The start position.
[end=array.length] (number): The end position.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

`_.sortedIndex(array, value, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Uses a binary search to determine the lowest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order. If an iteratee function is provided it is invoked for value and each element of array to compute their sort ranking. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with one argument; (value).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The sorted array to inspect.
value (*): The value to evaluate.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(number): Returns the index at which value should be inserted into array.

Example

_.sortedIndex([30, 50], 40);
// => 1

_.sortedIndex([4, 4, 5, 5], 5);
// => 2

var dict = { 'data': { 'thirty': 30, 'forty': 40, 'fifty': 50 } };

// using an iteratee function
_.sortedIndex(['thirty', 'fifty'], 'forty', function(word) {
  return this.data[word];
}, dict);
// => 1

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
// => 1

`_.sortedLastIndex(array, value, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.sortedIndex except that it returns the highest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order.

Arguments

array (Array): The sorted array to inspect.
value (*): The value to evaluate.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(number): Returns the index at which value should be inserted into array.

Example

_.sortedLastIndex([4, 4, 5, 5], 5);
// => 4

`_.take(array, [n=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with n elements taken from the beginning.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[n=1] (number): The number of elements to take.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.take([1, 2, 3]);
// => [1]

_.take([1, 2, 3], 2);
// => [1, 2]

_.take([1, 2, 3], 5);
// => [1, 2, 3]

_.take([1, 2, 3], 0);
// => []

`_.takeRight(array, [n=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with n elements taken from the end.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[n=1] (number): The number of elements to take.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.takeRight([1, 2, 3]);
// => [3]

_.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
// => [2, 3]

_.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
// => [1, 2, 3]

_.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
// => []

`_.takeRightWhile(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with elements taken from the end. Elements are taken until predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.takeRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return n > 1;
});
// => [2, 3]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }), 'user');
// => ['pebbles']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['fred', 'pebbles']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => []

`_.takeWhile(array, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a slice of array with elements taken from the beginning. Elements are taken until predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to query.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the slice of array.

Example

_.takeWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return n < 3;
});
// => [1, 2]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false},
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false }), 'user');
// => ['barney']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => []

`_.union([arrays])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of unique values, in order, of the provided arrays using SameValueZero for equality comparisons.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

[arrays] (...Array): The arrays to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of combined values.

Example

_.union([1, 2], [4, 2], [2, 1]);
// => [1, 2, 4]

`_.uniq(array, [isSorted], [iteratee], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a duplicate-value-free version of an array using SameValueZero for equality comparisons. Providing true for isSorted performs a faster search algorithm for sorted arrays. If an iteratee function is provided it is invoked for each value in the array to generate the criterion by which uniqueness is computed. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Aliases

_.unique

Arguments

array (Array): The array to inspect.
[isSorted] (boolean): Specify the array is sorted.
[iteratee] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new duplicate-value-free array.

Example

_.uniq([1, 2, 1]);
// => [1, 2]

// using `isSorted`
_.uniq([1, 1, 2], true);
// => [1, 2]

// using an iteratee function
_.uniq([1, 2.5, 1.5, 2], function(n) {
  return this.floor(n);
}, Math);
// => [1, 2.5]

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
// => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]

`_.unzip(array)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.zip except that it accepts an array of grouped elements and creates an array regrouping the elements to their pre-_.zip configuration.

Arguments

array (Array): The array of grouped elements to process.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of regrouped elements.

Example

var zipped = _.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
// => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]

_.unzip(zipped);
// => [['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]]

`_.without(array, [values])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array excluding all provided values using SameValueZero for equality comparisons.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

array (Array): The array to filter.
[values] (...*): The values to exclude.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of filtered values.

Example

_.without([1, 2, 1, 3], 1, 2);
// => [3]

`_.xor([arrays])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array that is the symmetric difference of the provided arrays. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[arrays] (...Array): The arrays to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of values.

Example

_.xor([1, 2], [4, 2]);
// => [1, 4]

`_.zip([arrays])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the first elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the second elements of the given arrays, and so on.

Arguments

[arrays] (...Array): The arrays to process.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of grouped elements.

Example

_.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
// => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]

`_.zipObject(props, [values=[]])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The inverse of _.pairs; this method returns an object composed from arrays of property names and values. Provide either a single two dimensional array, e.g. [[key1, value1], [key2, value2]] or two arrays, one of property names and one of corresponding values.

Aliases

_.object

Arguments

props (Array): The property names.
[values=[]] (Array): The property values.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new object.

Example

_.zipObject([['fred', 30], ['barney', 40]]);
// => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }

_.zipObject(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40]);
// => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }

`“Chain” Methods`

`_(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Creates a lodash object which wraps value to enable implicit chaining. Methods that operate on and return arrays, collections, and functions can be chained together. Methods that return a boolean or single value will automatically end the chain returning the unwrapped value. Explicit chaining may be enabled using _.chain. The execution of chained methods is lazy, that is, execution is deferred until _#value is implicitly or explicitly called.

Lazy evaluation allows several methods to support shortcut fusion. Shortcut fusion is an optimization that merges iteratees to avoid creating intermediate arrays and reduce the number of iteratee executions.

Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the _#value method is directly or indirectly included in the build.

In addition to lodash methods, wrappers have Array and String methods.

The wrapper Array methods are:
concat, join, pop, push, reverse, shift, slice, sort, splice, and unshift

The wrapper String methods are:
replace and split

The wrapper methods that support shortcut fusion are:
compact, drop, dropRight, dropRightWhile, dropWhile, filter, first, initial, last, map, pluck, reject, rest, reverse, slice, take, takeRight, takeRightWhile, takeWhile, toArray, and where

The chainable wrapper methods are:
after, ary, assign, at, before, bind, bindAll, bindKey, callback, chain, chunk, commit, compact, concat, constant, countBy, create, curry, debounce, defaults, defer, delay, difference, drop, dropRight, dropRightWhile, dropWhile, fill, filter, flatten, flattenDeep, flow, flowRight, forEach, forEachRight, forIn, forInRight, forOwn, forOwnRight, functions, groupBy, indexBy, initial, intersection, invert, invoke, keys, keysIn, map, mapValues, matches, matchesProperty, memoize, merge, mixin, negate, noop, omit, once, pairs, partial, partialRight, partition, pick, plant, pluck, property, propertyOf, pull, pullAt, push, range, rearg, reject, remove, rest, reverse, shuffle, slice, sort, sortBy, sortByAll, sortByOrder, splice, spread, take, takeRight, takeRightWhile, takeWhile, tap, throttle, thru, times, toArray, toPlainObject, transform, union, uniq, unshift, unzip, values, valuesIn, where, without, wrap, xor, zip, and zipObject

The wrapper methods that are not chainable by default are:
add, attempt, camelCase, capitalize, clone, cloneDeep, deburr, endsWith, escape, escapeRegExp, every, find, findIndex, findKey, findLast, findLastIndex, findLastKey, findWhere, first, has, identity, includes, indexOf, inRange, isArguments, isArray, isBoolean, isDate, isElement, isEmpty, isEqual, isError, isFinite,isFunction, isMatch, isNative, isNaN, isNull, isNumber, isObject, isPlainObject, isRegExp, isString, isUndefined, isTypedArray, join, kebabCase, last, lastIndexOf, max, min, noConflict, now, pad, padLeft, padRight, parseInt, pop, random, reduce, reduceRight, repeat, result, runInContext, shift, size, snakeCase, some, sortedIndex, sortedLastIndex, startCase, startsWith, sum, template, trim, trimLeft, trimRight, trunc, unescape, uniqueId, value, and words

The wrapper method sample will return a wrapped value when n is provided, otherwise an unwrapped value is returned.

Arguments

value (*): The value to wrap in a lodash instance.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);

// returns an unwrapped value
wrapped.reduce(function(sum, n) {
  return sum + n;
});
// => 6

// returns a wrapped value
var squares = wrapped.map(function(n) {
  return n * n;
});

_.isArray(squares);
// => false

_.isArray(squares.value());
// => true

`_.chain(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Creates a lodash object that wraps value with explicit method chaining enabled.

Arguments

value (*): The value to wrap.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
];

var youngest = _.chain(users)
  .sortBy('age')
  .map(function(chr) {
    return chr.user + ' is ' + chr.age;
  })
  .first()
  .value();
// => 'pebbles is 1'

`_.tap(value, interceptor, [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

This method invokes interceptor and returns value. The interceptor is bound to thisArg and invoked with one argument; (value). The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.

Arguments

value (*): The value to provide to interceptor.
interceptor (Function): The function to invoke.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of interceptor.

Returns

(*): Returns value.

Example

_([1, 2, 3])
 .tap(function(array) {
   array.pop();
 })
 .reverse()
 .value();
// => [2, 1]

`_.thru(value, interceptor, [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

This method is like _.tap except that it returns the result of interceptor.

Arguments

value (*): The value to provide to interceptor.
interceptor (Function): The function to invoke.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of interceptor.

Returns

(*): Returns the result of interceptor.

Example

_('  abc  ')
 .chain()
 .trim()
 .thru(function(value) {
   return [value];
 })
 .value();
// => ['abc']

`_.prototype.chain()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Enables explicit method chaining on the wrapper object.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
];

// without explicit chaining
_(users).first();
// => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }

// with explicit chaining
_(users).chain()
  .first()
  .pick('user')
  .value();
// => { 'user': 'barney' }

`_.prototype.commit()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Executes the chained sequence and returns the wrapped result.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var array = [1, 2];
var wrapper = _(array).push(3);

console.log(array);
// => [1, 2]

wrapper = wrapper.commit();
console.log(array);
// => [1, 2, 3]

wrapper.last();
// => 3

console.log(array);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.prototype.plant()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Creates a clone of the chained sequence planting value as the wrapped value.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var array = [1, 2];
var wrapper = _(array).map(function(value) {
  return Math.pow(value, 2);
});

var other = [3, 4];
var otherWrapper = wrapper.plant(other);

otherWrapper.value();
// => [9, 16]

wrapper.value();
// => [1, 4]

`_.prototype.reverse()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Reverses the wrapped array so the first element becomes the last, the second element becomes the second to last, and so on.

Note: This method mutates the wrapped array.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new reversed lodash wrapper instance.

Example

var array = [1, 2, 3];

_(array).reverse().value()
// => [3, 2, 1]

console.log(array);
// => [3, 2, 1]

`_.prototype.toString()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Produces the result of coercing the unwrapped value to a string.

Returns

(string): Returns the coerced string value.

Example

_([1, 2, 3]).toString();
// => '1,2,3'

`_.prototype.value()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

Executes the chained sequence to extract the unwrapped value.

Aliases

_.prototype.run, _.prototype.toJSON, _.prototype.valueOf

Returns

(*): Returns the resolved unwrapped value.

Example

_([1, 2, 3]).value();
// => [1, 2, 3]

`“Collection” Methods`

`_.at(collection, [props])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of elements corresponding to the given keys, or indexes, of collection. Keys may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of keys.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[props] (...(number|number[]|string|string[]): The property names or indexes of elements to pick, specified individually or in arrays.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of picked elements.

Example

_.at(['a', 'b', 'c'], [0, 2]);
// => ['a', 'c']

_.at(['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles'], 0, 2);
// => ['barney', 'pebbles']

`_.countBy(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of collection through iteratee. The corresponding value of each key is the number of times the key was returned by iteratee. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns the composed aggregate object.

Example

_.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
  return Math.floor(n);
});
// => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }

_.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
  return this.floor(n);
}, Math);
// => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }

_.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
// => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }

`_.every(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if predicate returns truthy for all elements of collection. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Aliases

_.all

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if all elements pass the predicate check, else false.

Example

_.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
// => false

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'active': false }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.every(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
// => false

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.every(users, 'active', false);
// => true

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.every(users, 'active');
// => false

`_.filter(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Iterates over elements of collection, returning an array of all elements predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Aliases

_.select

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new filtered array.

Example

_.filter([4, 5, 6], function(n) {
  return n % 2 == 0;
});
// => [4, 6]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.filter(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true }), 'user');
// => ['barney']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.filter(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['fred']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.filter(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => ['barney']

`_.find(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Iterates over elements of collection, returning the first element predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Aliases

_.detect

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(*): Returns the matched element, else undefined.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': false },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': true }
];

_.result(_.find(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.age < 40;
}), 'user');
// => 'barney'

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.result(_.find(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true }), 'user');
// => 'pebbles'

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.result(_.find(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => 'fred'

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.result(_.find(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => 'barney'

`_.findLast(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.find except that it iterates over elements of collection from right to left.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(*): Returns the matched element, else undefined.

Example

_.findLast([1, 2, 3, 4], function(n) {
  return n % 2 == 1;
});
// => 3

`_.findWhere(collection, source)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Performs a deep comparison between each element in collection and the source object, returning the first element that has equivalent property values.

Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single own or inherited property value see _.matchesProperty.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to search.
source (Object): The object of property values to match.

Returns

(*): Returns the matched element, else undefined.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
];

_.result(_.findWhere(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true }), 'user');
// => 'barney'

_.result(_.findWhere(users, { 'age': 40, 'active': false }), 'user');
// => 'fred'

`_.forEach(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Iterates over elements of collection invoking iteratee for each element. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection). Iterator functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning false.

Note: As with other "Collections" methods, objects with a length property are iterated like arrays. To avoid this behavior _.forIn or _.forOwn may be used for object iteration.

Aliases

_.each

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array|Object|string): Returns collection.

Example

_([1, 2]).forEach(function(n) {
  console.log(n);
}).value();
// => logs each value from left to right and returns the array

_.forEach({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(n, key) {
  console.log(n, key);
});
// => logs each value-key pair and returns the object (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.forEachRight(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.forEach except that it iterates over elements of collection from right to left.

Aliases

_.eachRight

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array|Object|string): Returns collection.

Example

_([1, 2]).forEachRight(function(n) {
  console.log(n);
}).value();
// => logs each value from right to left and returns the array

`_.groupBy(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of collection through iteratee. The corresponding value of each key is an array of the elements responsible for generating the key. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns the composed aggregate object.

Example

_.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
  return Math.floor(n);
});
// => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }

_.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
  return this.floor(n);
}, Math);
// => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
// => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }

`_.includes(collection, target, [fromIndex=0])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is in collection using SameValueZero for equality comparisons. If fromIndex is negative, it is used as the offset from the end of collection.

Note: SameValueZero comparisons are like strict equality comparisons, e.g. ===, except that NaN matches NaN. See the ES spec for more details.

Aliases

_.contains, _.include

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to search.
target (*): The value to search for.
[fromIndex=0] (number): The index to search from.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if a matching element is found, else false.

Example

_.includes([1, 2, 3], 1);
// => true

_.includes([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
// => false

_.includes({ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'fred');
// => true

_.includes('pebbles', 'eb');
// => true

`_.indexBy(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of collection through iteratee. The corresponding value of each key is the last element responsible for generating the key. The iteratee function is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns the composed aggregate object.

Example

var keyData = [
  { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
  { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
];

_.indexBy(keyData, 'dir');
// => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }

_.indexBy(keyData, function(object) {
  return String.fromCharCode(object.code);
});
// => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }

_.indexBy(keyData, function(object) {
  return this.fromCharCode(object.code);
}, String);
// => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }

`_.invoke(collection, methodName, [args])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Invokes the method named by methodName on each element in collection, returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Any additional arguments are provided to each invoked method. If methodName is a function it is invoked for, and this bound to, each element in collection.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
methodName (Function|string): The name of the method to invoke or the function invoked per iteration.
[args] (...*): The arguments to invoke the method with.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of results.

Example

_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
// => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]

_.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
// => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]

`_.map(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of values by running each element in collection through iteratee. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Many lodash methods are guarded to work as interatees for methods like _.every, _.filter, _.map, _.mapValues, _.reject, and _.some.

The guarded methods are:
ary, callback, chunk, clone, create, curry, curryRight, drop, dropRight, every, fill, flatten, invert, max, min, parseInt, slice, sortBy, take, takeRight, template, trim, trimLeft, trimRight, trunc, random, range, sample, some, uniq, and words

Aliases

_.collect

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration. create a _.property or _.matches style callback respectively.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new mapped array.

Example

function timesThree(n) {
  return n * 3;
}

_.map([1, 2], timesThree);
// => [3, 6]

_.map({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, timesThree);
// => [3, 6] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney' },
  { 'user': 'fred' }
];

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.map(users, 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred']

`_.partition(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of elements split into two groups, the first of which contains elements predicate returns truthy for, while the second of which contains elements predicate returns falsey for. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of grouped elements.

Example

_.partition([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return n % 2;
});
// => [[1, 3], [2]]

_.partition([1.2, 2.3, 3.4], function(n) {
  return this.floor(n) % 2;
}, Math);
// => [[1.2, 3.4], [2.3]]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': false }
];

var mapper = function(array) {
  return _.pluck(array, 'user');
};

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.map(_.partition(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': false }), mapper);
// => [['pebbles'], ['barney', 'fred']]

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.map(_.partition(users, 'active', false), mapper);
// => [['barney', 'pebbles'], ['fred']]

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.map(_.partition(users, 'active'), mapper);
// => [['fred'], ['barney', 'pebbles']]

`_.pluck(collection, key)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the value of key from all elements in collection.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
key (string): The key of the property to pluck.

Returns

(Array): Returns the property values.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
];

_.pluck(users, 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred']

var userIndex = _.indexBy(users, 'user');
_.pluck(userIndex, 'age');
// => [36, 40] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.reduce(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [accumulator], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Reduces collection to a value which is the accumulated result of running each element in collection through iteratee, where each successive invocation is supplied the return value of the previous. If accumulator is not provided the first element of collection is used as the initial value. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with four arguments:
(accumulator, value, index|key, collection).

Many lodash methods are guarded to work as interatees for methods like _.reduce, _.reduceRight, and _.transform.

The guarded methods are:
assign, defaults, includes, merge, sortByAll, and sortByOrder

Aliases

_.foldl, _.inject

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[accumulator] (*): The initial value.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(*): Returns the accumulated value.

Example

_.reduce([1, 2], function(sum, n) {
  return sum + n;
});
// => 3

_.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(result, n, key) {
  result[key] = n * 3;
  return result;
}, {});
// => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.reduceRight(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [accumulator], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.reduce except that it iterates over elements of collection from right to left.

Aliases

_.foldr

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[accumulator] (*): The initial value.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(*): Returns the accumulated value.

Example

var array = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];

_.reduceRight(array, function(flattened, other) {
  return flattened.concat(other);
}, []);
// => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]

`_.reject(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The opposite of _.filter; this method returns the elements of collection that predicate does not return truthy for.

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new filtered array.

Example

_.reject([1, 2, 3, 4], function(n) {
  return n % 2 == 0;
});
// => [1, 3]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': true }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.reject(users, { 'age': 40, 'active': true }), 'user');
// => ['barney']

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.reject(users, 'active', false), 'user');
// => ['fred']

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.reject(users, 'active'), 'user');
// => ['barney']

`_.sample(collection, [n])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets a random element or n random elements from a collection.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to sample.
[n] (number): The number of elements to sample.

Returns

(*): Returns the random sample(s).

Example

_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
// => 2

_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4], 2);
// => [3, 1]

`_.shuffle(collection)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the Fisher-Yates shuffle. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to shuffle.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new shuffled array.

Example

_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4]);
// => [4, 1, 3, 2]

`_.size(collection)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the size of collection by returning its length for array-like values or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to inspect.

Returns

(number): Returns the size of collection.

Example

_.size([1, 2, 3]);
// => 3

_.size({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 });
// => 2

_.size('pebbles');
// => 7

`_.some(collection, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if predicate returns truthy for any element of collection. The function returns as soon as it finds a passing value and does not iterate over the entire collection. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Aliases

_.any

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if any element passes the predicate check, else false.

Example

_.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
// => true

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'active': false }
];

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.some(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
// => false

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.some(users, 'active', false);
// => true

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.some(users, 'active');
// => true

`_.sortBy(collection, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of running each element in a collection through iteratee. This method performs a stable sort, that is, it preserves the original sort order of equal elements. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Array|Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration. If a property name or an object is provided it is used to create a _.property or _.matches style callback respectively.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new sorted array.

Example

_.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return Math.sin(n);
});
// => [3, 1, 2]

_.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
  return this.sin(n);
}, Math);
// => [3, 1, 2]

var users = [
  { 'user': 'fred' },
  { 'user': 'pebbles' },
  { 'user': 'barney' }
];

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.pluck(_.sortBy(users, 'user'), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']

`_.sortByAll(collection, props)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.sortBy except that it sorts by property names instead of an iteratee function.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
props (...(string|string[]): The property names to sort by, specified as individual property names or arrays of property names.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new sorted array.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 26 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 30 }
];

_.map(_.sortByAll(users, ['user', 'age']), _.values);
// => [['barney', 26], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 30], ['fred', 40]]

`_.sortByOrder(collection, props, orders)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.sortByAll except that it allows specifying the sort orders of the property names to sort by. A truthy value in orders will sort the corresponding property name in ascending order while a falsey value will sort it in descending order.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
props (string[]): The property names to sort by.
orders (boolean[]): The sort orders of props.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new sorted array.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 26 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 30 }
];

// sort by `user` in ascending order and by `age` in descending order
_.map(_.sortByOrder(users, ['user', 'age'], [true, false]), _.values);
// => [['barney', 36], ['barney', 26], ['fred', 40], ['fred', 30]]

`_.where(collection, source)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Performs a deep comparison between each element in collection and the source object, returning an array of all elements that have equivalent property values.

Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single own or inherited property value see _.matchesProperty.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to search.
source (Object): The object of property values to match.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new filtered array.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false, 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': true, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
];

_.pluck(_.where(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': false }), 'user');
// => ['barney']

_.pluck(_.where(users, { 'pets': ['dino'] }), 'user');
// => ['fred']

`“Date” Methods`

`_.now`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).

Example

_.defer(function(stamp) {
  console.log(_.now() - stamp);
}, _.now());
// => logs the number of milliseconds it took for the deferred function to be invoked

`“Function” Methods`

`_.after(n, func)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The opposite of _.before; this method creates a function that invokes func once it is called n or more times.

Arguments

n (number): The number of calls before func is invoked.
func (Function): The function to restrict.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new restricted function.

Example

var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];

var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
  console.log('done saving!');
});

_.forEach(saves, function(type) {
  asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
});
// => logs 'done saving!' after the two async saves have completed

`_.ary(func, [n=func.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that accepts up to n arguments ignoring any additional arguments.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to cap arguments for.
[n=func.length] (number): The arity cap.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

_.map(['6', '8', '10'], _.ary(parseInt, 1));
// => [6, 8, 10]

`_.before(n, func)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func, with the this binding and arguments of the created function, while it is called less than n times. Subsequent calls to the created function return the result of the last func invocation.

Arguments

n (number): The number of calls at which func is no longer invoked.
func (Function): The function to restrict.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new restricted function.

Example

jQuery('#add').on('click', _.before(5, addContactToList));
// => allows adding up to 4 contacts to the list

`_.bind(func, thisArg, [partials])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with the this binding of thisArg and prepends any additional _.bind arguments to those provided to the bound function.

The _.bind.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.

Note: Unlike native Function#bind this method does not set the length property of bound functions.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to bind.
thisArg (*): The this binding of func.
[partials] (...*): The arguments to be partially applied.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new bound function.

Example

var greet = function(greeting, punctuation) {
  return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
};

var object = { 'user': 'fred' };

var bound = _.bind(greet, object, 'hi');
bound('!');
// => 'hi fred!'

// using placeholders
var bound = _.bind(greet, object, _, '!');
bound('hi');
// => 'hi fred!'

`_.bindAll(object, [methodNames])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing method. Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of method names. If no method names are provided all enumerable function properties, own and inherited, of object are bound.

Note: This method does not set the length property of bound functions.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
[methodNames] (...(string|string[]): The object method names to bind, specified as individual method names or arrays of method names.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

var view = {
  'label': 'docs',
  'onClick': function() {
    console.log('clicked ' + this.label);
  }
};

_.bindAll(view);
jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
// => logs 'clicked docs' when the element is clicked

`_.bindKey(object, key, [partials])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes the method at object[key] and prepends any additional _.bindKey arguments to those provided to the bound function.

This method differs from _.bind by allowing bound functions to reference methods that may be redefined or don't yet exist. See Peter Michaux's article for more details.

The _.bindKey.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.

Arguments

object (Object): The object the method belongs to.
key (string): The key of the method.
[partials] (...*): The arguments to be partially applied.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new bound function.

Example

var object = {
  'user': 'fred',
  'greet': function(greeting, punctuation) {
    return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
  }
};

var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
bound('!');
// => 'hi fred!'

object.greet = function(greeting, punctuation) {
  return greeting + 'ya ' + this.user + punctuation;
};

bound('!');
// => 'hiya fred!'

// using placeholders
var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', _, '!');
bound('hi');
// => 'hiya fred!'

`_.curry(func, [arity=func.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that accepts one or more arguments of func that when called either invokes func returning its result, if all func arguments have been provided, or returns a function that accepts one or more of the remaining func arguments, and so on. The arity of func may be specified if func.length is not sufficient.

The _.curry.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.

Note: This method does not set the length property of curried functions.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to curry.
[arity=func.length] (number): The arity of func.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new curried function.

Example

var abc = function(a, b, c) {
  return [a, b, c];
};

var curried = _.curry(abc);

curried(1)(2)(3);
// => [1, 2, 3]

curried(1, 2)(3);
// => [1, 2, 3]

curried(1, 2, 3);
// => [1, 2, 3]

// using placeholders
curried(1)(_, 3)(2);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.curryRight(func, [arity=func.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.curry except that arguments are applied to func in the manner of _.partialRight instead of _.partial.

The _.curryRight.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.

Note: This method does not set the length property of curried functions.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to curry.
[arity=func.length] (number): The arity of func.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new curried function.

Example

var abc = function(a, b, c) {
  return [a, b, c];
};

var curried = _.curryRight(abc);

curried(3)(2)(1);
// => [1, 2, 3]

curried(2, 3)(1);
// => [1, 2, 3]

curried(1, 2, 3);
// => [1, 2, 3]

// using placeholders
curried(3)(1, _)(2);
// => [1, 2, 3]

`_.debounce(func, [wait=0], [options])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that delays invoking func until after wait milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. The created function comes with a cancel method to cancel delayed invocations. Provide an options object to indicate that func should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge of the wait timeout. Subsequent calls to the debounced function return the result of the last func invocation.

Note: If leading and trailing options are true, func is invoked on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is invoked more than once during the wait timeout.

See David Corbacho's article for details over the differences between _.debounce and _.throttle.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to debounce.
[wait=0] (number): The number of milliseconds to delay.
[options] (Object): The options object.
[options.leading=false] (boolean): Specify invoking on the leading edge of the timeout.
[options.maxWait] (number): The maximum time func is allowed to be delayed before it is invoked.
[options.trailing=true] (boolean): Specify invoking on the trailing edge of the timeout.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new debounced function.

Example

// avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux
jQuery(window).on('resize', _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150));

// invoke `sendMail` when the click event is fired, debouncing subsequent calls
jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
  'leading': true,
  'trailing': false
}));

// ensure `batchLog` is invoked once after 1 second of debounced calls
var source = new EventSource('/stream');
jQuery(source).on('message', _.debounce(batchLog, 250, {
  'maxWait': 1000
}));

// cancel a debounced call
var todoChanges = _.debounce(batchLog, 1000);
Object.observe(models.todo, todoChanges);

Object.observe(models, function(changes) {
  if (_.find(changes, { 'user': 'todo', 'type': 'delete'})) {
    todoChanges.cancel();
  }
}, ['delete']);

// ...at some point `models.todo` is changed
models.todo.completed = true;

// ...before 1 second has passed `models.todo` is deleted
// which cancels the debounced `todoChanges` call
delete models.todo;

`_.defer(func, [args])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Defers invoking the func until the current call stack has cleared. Any additional arguments are provided to func when it is invoked.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to defer.
[args] (...*): The arguments to invoke the function with.

Returns

(number): Returns the timer id.

Example

_.defer(function(text) {
  console.log(text);
}, 'deferred');
// logs 'deferred' after one or more milliseconds

`_.delay(func, wait, [args])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Invokes func after wait milliseconds. Any additional arguments are provided to func when it is invoked.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to delay.
wait (number): The number of milliseconds to delay invocation.
[args] (...*): The arguments to invoke the function with.

Returns

(number): Returns the timer id.

Example

_.delay(function(text) {
  console.log(text);
}, 1000, 'later');
// => logs 'later' after one second

`_.flow([funcs])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that returns the result of invoking the provided functions with the this binding of the created function, where each successive invocation is supplied the return value of the previous.

Arguments

[funcs] (...Function): Functions to invoke.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

function square(n) {
  return n * n;
}

var addSquare = _.flow(_.add, square);
addSquare(1, 2);
// => 9

`_.flowRight([funcs])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.flow except that it creates a function that invokes the provided functions from right to left.

Aliases

_.backflow, _.compose

Arguments

[funcs] (...Function): Functions to invoke.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

function square(n) {
  return n * n;
}

var addSquare = _.flowRight(square, _.add);
addSquare(1, 2);
// => 9

`_.memoize(func, [resolver])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that memoizes the result of func. If resolver is provided it determines the cache key for storing the result based on the arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the first argument provided to the memoized function is coerced to a string and used as the cache key. The func is invoked with the this binding of the memoized function.

Note: The cache is exposed as the cache property on the memoized function. Its creation may be customized by replacing the _.memoize.Cache constructor with one whose instances implement the ES Map method interface of get, has, and set. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to have its output memoized.
[resolver] (Function): The function to resolve the cache key.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new memoizing function.

Example

var upperCase = _.memoize(function(string) {
  return string.toUpperCase();
});

upperCase('fred');
// => 'FRED'

// modifying the result cache
upperCase.cache.set('fred', 'BARNEY');
upperCase('fred');
// => 'BARNEY'

// replacing `_.memoize.Cache`
var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
var other = { 'user': 'barney' };
var identity = _.memoize(_.identity);

identity(object);
// => { 'user': 'fred' }
identity(other);
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

_.memoize.Cache = WeakMap;
var identity = _.memoize(_.identity);

identity(object);
// => { 'user': 'fred' }
identity(other);
// => { 'user': 'barney' }

`_.negate(predicate)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that negates the result of the predicate func. The func predicate is invoked with the this binding and arguments of the created function.

Arguments

predicate (Function): The predicate to negate.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

function isEven(n) {
  return n % 2 == 0;
}

_.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], _.negate(isEven));
// => [1, 3, 5]

`_.once(func)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that is restricted to invoking func once. Repeat calls to the function return the value of the first call. The func is invoked with the this binding and arguments of the created function.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to restrict.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new restricted function.

Example

var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
initialize();
initialize();
// `initialize` invokes `createApplication` once

`_.partial(func, [partials])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with partial arguments prepended to those provided to the new function. This method is like _.bind except it does not alter the this binding.

The _.partial.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.

Note: This method does not set the length property of partially applied functions.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to partially apply arguments to.
[partials] (...*): The arguments to be partially applied.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new partially applied function.

Example

var greet = function(greeting, name) {
  return greeting + ' ' + name;
};

var sayHelloTo = _.partial(greet, 'hello');
sayHelloTo('fred');
// => 'hello fred'

// using placeholders
var greetFred = _.partial(greet, _, 'fred');
greetFred('hi');
// => 'hi fred'

`_.partialRight(func, [partials])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.partial except that partially applied arguments are appended to those provided to the new function.

The _.partialRight.placeholder value, which defaults to _ in monolithic builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.

Note: This method does not set the length property of partially applied functions.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to partially apply arguments to.
[partials] (...*): The arguments to be partially applied.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new partially applied function.

Example

var greet = function(greeting, name) {
  return greeting + ' ' + name;
};

var greetFred = _.partialRight(greet, 'fred');
greetFred('hi');
// => 'hi fred'

// using placeholders
var sayHelloTo = _.partialRight(greet, 'hello', _);
sayHelloTo('fred');
// => 'hello fred'

`_.rearg(func, indexes)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with arguments arranged according to the specified indexes where the argument value at the first index is provided as the first argument, the argument value at the second index is provided as the second argument, and so on.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to rearrange arguments for.
indexes (...(number|number[]): The arranged argument indexes, specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var rearged = _.rearg(function(a, b, c) {
  return [a, b, c];
}, 2, 0, 1);

rearged('b', 'c', 'a')
// => ['a', 'b', 'c']

var map = _.rearg(_.map, [1, 0]);
map(function(n) {
  return n * 3;
}, [1, 2, 3]);
// => [3, 6, 9]

`_.restParam(func, [start=func.length-1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with the this binding of the created function and arguments from start and beyond provided as an array.

Note: This method is based on the ES6 rest parameter. See the MDN Wiki for more details.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to apply a rest parameter to.
[start=func.length-1] (number): The start position of the rest parameter.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var say = _.restParam(function(what, names) {
  return what + ' ' + _.initial(names).join(', ') +
    (_.size(names) > 1 ? ', & ' : '') + _.last(names);
});

say('hello', 'fred', 'barney', 'pebbles');
// => 'hello fred, barney, & pebbles'

`_.spread(func)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with the this binding of the created function and an array of arguments much like Function#apply.

Note: This method is based on the ES6 spread operator. See the MDN Wiki for more details.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to spread arguments over.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var say = _.spread(function(who, what) {
  return who + ' says ' + what;
});

say(['fred', 'hello']);
// => 'fred says hello'

// with a Promise
var numbers = Promise.all([
  Promise.resolve(40),
  Promise.resolve(36)
]);

numbers.then(_.spread(function(x, y) {
  return x + y;
}));
// => a Promise of 76

`_.throttle(func, [wait=0], [options])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that only invokes func at most once per every wait milliseconds. The created function comes with a cancel method to cancel delayed invocations. Provide an options object to indicate that func should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge of the wait timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function return the result of the last func call.

Note: If leading and trailing options are true, func is invoked on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is invoked more than once during the wait timeout.

See David Corbacho's article for details over the differences between _.throttle and _.debounce.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to throttle.
[wait=0] (number): The number of milliseconds to throttle invocations to.
[options] (Object): The options object.
[options.leading=true] (boolean): Specify invoking on the leading edge of the timeout.
[options.trailing=true] (boolean): Specify invoking on the trailing edge of the timeout.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new throttled function.

Example

// avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling
jQuery(window).on('scroll', _.throttle(updatePosition, 100));

// invoke `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes
jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
  'trailing': false
}));

// cancel a trailing throttled call
jQuery(window).on('popstate', throttled.cancel);

`_.wrap(value, wrapper)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that provides value to the wrapper function as its first argument. Any additional arguments provided to the function are appended to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is invoked with the this binding of the created function.

Arguments

value (*): The value to wrap.
wrapper (Function): The wrapper function.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) {
  return '<p>' + func(text) + '</p>';
});

p('fred, barney, & pebbles');
// => '<p>fred, barney, &amp; pebbles</p>'

`“Lang” Methods`

`_.clone(value, [isDeep], [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a clone of value. If isDeep is true nested objects are cloned, otherwise they are assigned by reference. If customizer is provided it is invoked to produce the cloned values. If customizer returns undefined cloning is handled by the method instead. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with two argument; (value [, index|key, object]).

Note: This method is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. The enumerable properties of arguments objects and objects created by constructors other than Object are cloned to plain Object objects. An empty object is returned for uncloneable values such as functions, DOM nodes, Maps, Sets, and WeakMaps. See the HTML5 specification for more details.

Arguments

value (*): The value to clone.
[isDeep] (boolean): Specify a deep clone.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize cloning values.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(*): Returns the cloned value.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney' },
  { 'user': 'fred' }
];

var shallow = _.clone(users);
shallow[0] === users[0];
// => true

var deep = _.clone(users, true);
deep[0] === users[0];
// => false

// using a customizer callback
var el = _.clone(document.body, function(value) {
  if (_.isElement(value)) {
    return value.cloneNode(false);
  }
});

el === document.body
// => false
el.nodeName
// => BODY
el.childNodes.length;
// => 0

`_.cloneDeep(value, [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a deep clone of value. If customizer is provided it is invoked to produce the cloned values. If customizer returns undefined cloning is handled by the method instead. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with two argument; (value [, index|key, object]).

Note: This method is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. The enumerable properties of arguments objects and objects created by constructors other than Object are cloned to plain Object objects. An empty object is returned for uncloneable values such as functions, DOM nodes, Maps, Sets, and WeakMaps. See the HTML5 specification for more details.

Arguments

value (*): The value to deep clone.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize cloning values.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(*): Returns the deep cloned value.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney' },
  { 'user': 'fred' }
];

var deep = _.cloneDeep(users);
deep[0] === users[0];
// => false

// using a customizer callback
var el = _.cloneDeep(document.body, function(value) {
  if (_.isElement(value)) {
    return value.cloneNode(true);
  }
});

el === document.body
// => false
el.nodeName
// => BODY
el.childNodes.length;
// => 20

`_.isArguments(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as an arguments object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isArguments(function() { return arguments; }());
// => true

_.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
// => false

`_.isArray(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as an Array object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
// => true

_.isArray(function() { return arguments; }());
// => false

`_.isBoolean(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a boolean primitive or object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isBoolean(false);
// => true

_.isBoolean(null);
// => false

`_.isDate(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a Date object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isDate(new Date);
// => true

_.isDate('Mon April 23 2012');
// => false

`_.isElement(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is a DOM element.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is a DOM element, else false.

Example

_.isElement(document.body);
// => true

_.isElement('<body>');
// => false

`_.isEmpty(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is empty. A value is considered empty unless it is an arguments object, array, string, or jQuery-like collection with a length greater than 0 or an object with own enumerable properties.

Arguments

value (Array|Object|string): The value to inspect.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is empty, else false.

Example

_.isEmpty(null);
// => true

_.isEmpty(true);
// => true

_.isEmpty(1);
// => true

_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
// => false

_.isEmpty({ 'a': 1 });
// => false

`_.isEqual(value, other, [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are equivalent. If customizer is provided it is invoked to compare values. If customizer returns undefined comparisons are handled by the method instead. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, other [, index|key]).

Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. Functions and DOM nodes are not supported. Provide a customizer function to extend support for comparing other values.

Arguments

value (*): The value to compare.
other (*): The other value to compare.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize comparing values.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if the values are equivalent, else false.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
var other = { 'user': 'fred' };

object == other;
// => false

_.isEqual(object, other);
// => true

// using a customizer callback
var array = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
var other = ['hi', 'goodbye'];

_.isEqual(array, other, function(value, other) {
  if (_.every([value, other], RegExp.prototype.test, /^h(?:i|ello)$/)) {
    return true;
  }
});
// => true

`_.isError(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is an Error, EvalError, RangeError, ReferenceError, SyntaxError, TypeError, or URIError object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is an error object, else false.

Example

_.isError(new Error);
// => true

_.isError(Error);
// => false

`_.isFinite(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is a finite primitive number.

Note: This method is based on ES Number.isFinite. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is a finite number, else false.

Example

_.isFinite(10);
// => true

_.isFinite('10');
// => false

_.isFinite(true);
// => false

_.isFinite(Object(10));
// => false

_.isFinite(Infinity);
// => false

`_.isFunction(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a Function object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isFunction(_);
// => true

_.isFunction(/abc/);
// => false

`_.isMatch(object, source, [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Performs a deep comparison between object and source to determine if object contains equivalent property values. If customizer is provided it is invoked to compare values. If customizer returns undefined comparisons are handled by the method instead. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, other, index|key).

Note: This method supports comparing properties of arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Functions and DOM nodes are not supported. Provide a customizer function to extend support for comparing other values.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.
source (Object): The object of property values to match.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize comparing values.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if object is a match, else false.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };

_.isMatch(object, { 'age': 40 });
// => true

_.isMatch(object, { 'age': 36 });
// => false

// using a customizer callback
var object = { 'greeting': 'hello' };
var source = { 'greeting': 'hi' };

_.isMatch(object, source, function(value, other) {
  return _.every([value, other], RegExp.prototype.test, /^h(?:i|ello)$/) || undefined;
});
// => true

`_.isNaN(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is NaN.

Note: This method is not the same as native isNaN which returns true for undefined and other non-numeric values. See the ES5 spec for more details.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is NaN, else false.

Example

_.isNaN(NaN);
// => true

_.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
// => true

isNaN(undefined);
// => true

_.isNaN(undefined);
// => false

`_.isNative(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is a native function.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is a native function, else false.

Example

_.isNative(Array.prototype.push);
// => true

_.isNative(_);
// => false

`_.isNull(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is null.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is null, else false.

Example

_.isNull(null);
// => true

_.isNull(void 0);
// => false

`_.isNumber(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a Number primitive or object.

Note: To exclude Infinity, -Infinity, and NaN, which are classified as numbers, use the _.isFinite method.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isNumber(8.4);
// => true

_.isNumber(NaN);
// => true

_.isNumber('8.4');
// => false

`_.isObject(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is the language type of Object. (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, new Number(0), and new String(''))

Note: See the ES5 spec for more details.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is an object, else false.

Example

_.isObject({});
// => true

_.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
// => true

_.isObject(1);
// => false

`_.isPlainObject(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is a plain object, that is, an object created by the Object constructor or one with a [[Prototype]] of null.

Note: This method assumes objects created by the Object constructor have no inherited enumerable properties.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is a plain object, else false.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
}

_.isPlainObject(new Foo);
// => false

_.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
// => false

_.isPlainObject({ 'x': 0, 'y': 0 });
// => true

_.isPlainObject(Object.create(null));
// => true

`_.isRegExp(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a RegExp object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isRegExp(/abc/);
// => true

_.isRegExp('/abc/');
// => false

`_.isString(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a String primitive or object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isString('abc');
// => true

_.isString(1);
// => false

`_.isTypedArray(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is classified as a typed array.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is correctly classified, else false.

Example

_.isTypedArray(new Uint8Array);
// => true

_.isTypedArray([]);
// => false

`_.isUndefined(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if value is undefined.

Arguments

value (*): The value to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if value is undefined, else false.

Example

_.isUndefined(void 0);
// => true

_.isUndefined(null);
// => false

`_.toArray(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts value to an array.

Arguments

value (*): The value to convert.

Returns

(Array): Returns the converted array.

Example

(function() {
  return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1);
}(1, 2, 3));
// => [2, 3]

`_.toPlainObject(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts value to a plain object flattening inherited enumerable properties of value to own properties of the plain object.

Arguments

value (*): The value to convert.

Returns

(Object): Returns the converted plain object.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.assign({ 'a': 1 }, new Foo);
// => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }

_.assign({ 'a': 1 }, _.toPlainObject(new Foo));
// => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }

`“Math” Methods`

`_.add(augend, addend)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Adds two numbers.

Arguments

augend (number): The first number to add.
addend (number): The second number to add.

Returns

(number): Returns the sum.

Example

_.add(6, 4);
// => 10

`_.max(collection, [iteratee], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the maximum value of collection. If collection is empty or falsey -Infinity is returned. If an iteratee function is provided it is invoked for each value in collection to generate the criterion by which the value is ranked. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(*): Returns the maximum value.

Example

_.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
// => 8

_.max([]);
// => -Infinity

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
];

_.max(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.age;
});
// => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.max(users, 'age');
// => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }

`_.min(collection, [iteratee], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the minimum value of collection. If collection is empty or falsey Infinity is returned. If an iteratee function is provided it is invoked for each value in collection to generate the criterion by which the value is ranked. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, collection).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(*): Returns the minimum value.

Example

_.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
// => 2

_.min([]);
// => Infinity

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
];

_.min(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.age;
});
// => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.min(users, 'age');
// => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }

`_.sum(collection, [iteratee], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Gets the sum of the values in collection.

Arguments

collection (Array|Object|string): The collection to iterate over.
[iteratee] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(number): Returns the sum.

Example

_.sum([4, 6]);
// => 10

_.sum({ 'a': 4, 'b': 6 });
// => 10

var objects = [
  { 'n': 4 },
  { 'n': 6 }
];

_.sum(objects, function(object) {
  return object.n;
});
// => 10

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.sum(objects, 'n');
// => 10

`“Number” Methods`

`_.inRange(n, [start=0], end)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if n is between start and up to but not including, end. If end is not specified it is set to start with start then set to 0.

Arguments

n (number): The number to check.
[start=0] (number): The start of the range.
end (number): The end of the range.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if n is in the range, else false.

Example

_.inRange(3, 2, 4);
// => true

_.inRange(4, 8);
// => true

_.inRange(4, 2);
// => false

_.inRange(2, 2);
// => false

_.inRange(1.2, 2);
// => true

_.inRange(5.2, 4);
// => false

`_.random([min=0], [max=1], [floating])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Produces a random number between min and max (inclusive). If only one argument is provided a number between 0 and the given number is returned. If floating is true, or either min or max are floats, a floating-point number is returned instead of an integer.

Arguments

[min=0] (number): The minimum possible value.
[max=1] (number): The maximum possible value.
[floating] (boolean): Specify returning a floating-point number.

Returns

(number): Returns the random number.

Example

_.random(0, 5);
// => an integer between 0 and 5

_.random(5);
// => also an integer between 0 and 5

_.random(5, true);
// => a floating-point number between 0 and 5

_.random(1.2, 5.2);
// => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2

`“Object” Methods`

`_.assign(object, [sources], [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination object. Subsequent sources overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If customizer is provided it is invoked to produce the assigned values. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with five arguments:
(objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).

Aliases

_.extend

Arguments

object (Object): The destination object.
[sources] (...Object): The source objects.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize assigning values.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

_.assign({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 40 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
// => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }

// using a customizer callback
var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(value, other) {
  return typeof value == 'undefined' ? other : value;
});

defaults({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
// => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }

`_.create(prototype, [properties])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object that inherits from the given prototype object. If a properties object is provided its own enumerable properties are assigned to the created object.

Arguments

prototype (Object): The object to inherit from.
[properties] (Object): The properties to assign to the object.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new object.

Example

function Shape() {
  this.x = 0;
  this.y = 0;
}

function Circle() {
  Shape.call(this);
}

Circle.prototype = _.create(Shape.prototype, {
  'constructor': Circle
});

var circle = new Circle;
circle instanceof Circle;
// => true

circle instanceof Shape;
// => true

`_.defaults(object, [sources])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination object for all destination properties that resolve to undefined. Once a property is set, additional values of the same property are ignored.

Arguments

object (Object): The destination object.
[sources] (...Object): The source objects.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

_.defaults({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
// => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }

`_.findKey(object, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.find except that it returns the key of the first element predicate returns truthy for instead of the element itself.

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(string|undefined): Returns the key of the matched element, else undefined.

Example

var users = {
  'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
  'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
  'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
};

_.findKey(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.age < 40;
});
// => 'barney' (iteration order is not guaranteed)

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.findKey(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true });
// => 'pebbles'

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.findKey(users, 'active', false);
// => 'fred'

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.findKey(users, 'active');
// => 'barney'

`_.findLastKey(object, [predicate=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.findKey except that it iterates over elements of a collection in the opposite order.

If a property name is provided for predicate the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for predicate the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to search.
[predicate=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(string|undefined): Returns the key of the matched element, else undefined.

Example

var users = {
  'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
  'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
  'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
};

_.findLastKey(users, function(chr) {
  return chr.age < 40;
});
// => returns `pebbles` assuming `_.findKey` returns `barney`

// using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
_.findLastKey(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true });
// => 'barney'

// using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
_.findLastKey(users, 'active', false);
// => 'fred'

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.findLastKey(users, 'active');
// => 'pebbles'

`_.forIn(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of an object invoking iteratee for each property. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object). Iterator functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning false.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.forIn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
  console.log(key);
});
// => logs 'a', 'b', and 'c' (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.forInRight(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.forIn except that it iterates over properties of object in the opposite order.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.forInRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
  console.log(key);
});
// => logs 'c', 'b', and 'a' assuming `_.forIn ` logs 'a', 'b', and 'c'

`_.forOwn(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Iterates over own enumerable properties of an object invoking iteratee for each property. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object). Iterator functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning false.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.forOwn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
  console.log(key);
});
// => logs 'a' and 'b' (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.forOwnRight(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method is like _.forOwn except that it iterates over properties of object in the opposite order.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.forOwnRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
  console.log(key);
});
// => logs 'b' and 'a' assuming `_.forOwn` logs 'a' and 'b'

`_.functions(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of function property names from all enumerable properties, own and inherited, of object.

Aliases

_.methods

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of property names.

Example

_.functions(_);
// => ['after', 'ary', 'assign', ...]

`_.has(object, key)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if key exists as a direct property of object instead of an inherited property.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.
key (string): The key to check.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if key is a direct property, else false.

Example

var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 };

_.has(object, 'b');
// => true

`_.invert(object, [multiValue])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of object. If object contains duplicate values, subsequent values overwrite property assignments of previous values unless multiValue is true.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to invert.
[multiValue] (boolean): Allow multiple values per key.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new inverted object.

Example

var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 };

_.invert(object);
// => { '1': 'c', '2': 'b' }

// with `multiValue`
_.invert(object, true);
// => { '1': ['a', 'c'], '2': ['b'] }

`_.keys(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of the own enumerable property names of object.

Note: Non-object values are coerced to objects. See the ES spec for more details.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of property names.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.keys(new Foo);
// => ['a', 'b'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

_.keys('hi');
// => ['0', '1']

`_.keysIn(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property names of object.

Note: Non-object values are coerced to objects.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of property names.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.keysIn(new Foo);
// => ['a', 'b', 'c'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.mapValues(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object with the same keys as object and values generated by running each own enumerable property of object through iteratee. The iteratee function is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, key, object).

If a property name is provided for iteratee the created _.property style callback returns the property value of the given element.

If a value is also provided for thisArg the created _.matchesProperty style callback returns true for elements that have a matching property value, else false.

If an object is provided for iteratee the created _.matches style callback returns true for elements that have the properties of the given object, else false.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function|Object|string): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new mapped object.

Example

_.mapValues({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(n) {
  return n * 3;
});
// => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 }

var users = {
  'fred':    { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
  'pebbles': { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
};

// using the `_.property` callback shorthand
_.mapValues(users, 'age');
// => { 'fred': 40, 'pebbles': 1 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.merge(object, [sources], [customizer], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that don't resolve to undefined into the destination object. Subsequent sources overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If customizer is provided it is invoked to produce the merged values of the destination and source properties. If customizer returns undefined merging is handled by the method instead. The customizer is bound to thisArg and invoked with five arguments: (objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).

Arguments

object (Object): The destination object.
[sources] (...Object): The source objects.
[customizer] (Function): The function to customize merging properties.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of customizer.

Returns

(Object): Returns object.

Example

var users = {
  'data': [{ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'user': 'fred' }]
};

var ages = {
  'data': [{ 'age': 36 }, { 'age': 40 }]
};

_.merge(users, ages);
// => { 'data': [{ 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }] }

// using a customizer callback
var object = {
  'fruits': ['apple'],
  'vegetables': ['beet']
};

var other = {
  'fruits': ['banana'],
  'vegetables': ['carrot']
};

_.merge(object, other, function(a, b) {
  if (_.isArray(a)) {
    return a.concat(b);
  }
});
// => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot'] }

`_.omit(object, [predicate], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The opposite of _.pick; this method creates an object composed of the own and inherited enumerable properties of object that are not omitted. Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property names. If predicate is provided it is invoked for each property of object omitting the properties predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments:
(value, key, object).

Arguments

object (Object): The source object.
[predicate] (Function|...(string|string[]): The function invoked per iteration or property names to omit, specified as individual property names or arrays of property names.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new object.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };

_.omit(object, 'age');
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

_.omit(object, _.isNumber);
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

`_.pairs(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a two dimensional array of the key-value pairs for object, e.g. [[key1, value1], [key2, value2]].

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of key-value pairs.

Example

_.pairs({ 'barney': 36, 'fred': 40 });
// => [['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`_.pick(object, [predicate], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an object composed of the picked object properties. Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property names. If predicate is provided it is invoked for each property of object picking the properties predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to thisArg and invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object).

Arguments

object (Object): The source object.
[predicate] (Function|...(string|string[]): The function invoked per iteration or property names to pick, specified as individual property names or arrays of property names.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of predicate.

Returns

(Object): Returns the new object.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };

_.pick(object, 'user');
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

_.pick(object, _.isString);
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

`_.result(object, key, [defaultValue])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Resolves the value of property key on object. If the value of key is a function it is invoked with the this binding of object and its result is returned, else the property value is returned. If the property value is undefined the defaultValue is used in its place.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to query.
key (string): The key of the property to resolve.
[defaultValue] (*): The value returned if the property value resolves to undefined.

Returns

(*): Returns the resolved value.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': _.constant(40) };

_.result(object, 'user');
// => 'fred'

_.result(object, 'age');
// => 40

_.result(object, 'status', 'busy');
// => 'busy'

_.result(object, 'status', _.constant('busy'));
// => 'busy'

`_.transform(object, [iteratee=_.identity], [accumulator], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

An alternative to _.reduce; this method transforms object to a new accumulator object which is the result of running each of its own enumerable properties through iteratee, with each invocation potentially mutating the accumulator object. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, key, object). Iterator functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning false.

Arguments

object (Array|Object): The object to iterate over.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[accumulator] (*): The custom accumulator value.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(*): Returns the accumulated value.

Example

_.transform([2, 3, 4], function(result, n) {
  result.push(n *= n);
  return n % 2 == 0;
});
// => [4, 9]

_.transform({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(result, n, key) {
  result[key] = n * 3;
});
// => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 }

`_.values(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of the own enumerable property values of object.

Note: Non-object values are coerced to objects.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to query.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of property values.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.values(new Foo);
// => [1, 2] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

_.values('hi');
// => ['h', 'i']

`_.valuesIn(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property values of object.

Note: Non-object values are coerced to objects.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to query.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of property values.

Example

function Foo() {
  this.a = 1;
  this.b = 2;
}

Foo.prototype.c = 3;

_.valuesIn(new Foo);
// => [1, 2, 3] (iteration order is not guaranteed)

`“String” Methods`

`_.camelCase([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts string to camel case. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to convert.

Returns

(string): Returns the camel cased string.

Example

_.camelCase('Foo Bar');
// => 'fooBar'

_.camelCase('--foo-bar');
// => 'fooBar'

_.camelCase('__foo_bar__');
// => 'fooBar'

`_.capitalize([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Capitalizes the first character of string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to capitalize.

Returns

(string): Returns the capitalized string.

Example

_.capitalize('fred');
// => 'Fred'

`_.deburr([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Deburrs string by converting latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to deburr.

Returns

(string): Returns the deburred string.

Example

_.deburr('déjà vu');
// => 'deja vu'

`_.endsWith([string=''], [target], [position=string.length])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if string ends with the given target string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to search.
[target] (string): The string to search for.
[position=string.length] (number): The position to search from.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if string ends with target, else false.

Example

_.endsWith('abc', 'c');
// => true

_.endsWith('abc', 'b');
// => false

_.endsWith('abc', 'b', 2);
// => true

`_.escape([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts the characters "&", "<", ">", '"', "'", and "`", in string to their corresponding HTML entities.

Note: No other characters are escaped. To escape additional characters use a third-party library like he.

Though the ">" character is escaped for symmetry, characters like ">" and "/" don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part of a tag or unquoted attribute value. See Mathias Bynens's article (under "semi-related fun fact") for more details.

Backticks are escaped because in Internet Explorer < 9, they can break out of attribute values or HTML comments. See #102, #108, and #133 of the HTML5 Security Cheatsheet for more details.

When working with HTML you should always quote attribute values to reduce XSS vectors. See Ryan Grove's article for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to escape.

Returns

(string): Returns the escaped string.

Example

_.escape('fred, barney, & pebbles');
// => 'fred, barney, &amp; pebbles'

`_.escapeRegExp([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Escapes the RegExp special characters "", "/", "^", "$", ".", "|", "?", "*", "+", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{" and "}" in string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to escape.

Returns

(string): Returns the escaped string.

Example

_.escapeRegExp('[lodash](https://lodash.com/)');
// => '\[lodash\]\(https:\/\/lodash\.com\/\)'

`_.kebabCase([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts string to kebab case. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to convert.

Returns

(string): Returns the kebab cased string.

Example

_.kebabCase('Foo Bar');
// => 'foo-bar'

_.kebabCase('fooBar');
// => 'foo-bar'

_.kebabCase('__foo_bar__');
// => 'foo-bar'

`_.pad([string=''], [length=0], [chars=' '])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Pads string on the left and right sides if it is shorter than length. Padding characters are truncated if they can't be evenly divided by length.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to pad.
[length=0] (number): The padding length.
[chars=' '] (string): The string used as padding.

Returns

(string): Returns the padded string.

Example

_.pad('abc', 8);
// => '  abc   '

_.pad('abc', 8, '_-');
// => '_-abc_-_'

_.pad('abc', 3);
// => 'abc'

`_.padLeft([string=''], [length=0], [chars=' '])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Pads string on the left side if it is shorter than length. Padding characters are truncated if they exceed length.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to pad.
[length=0] (number): The padding length.
[chars=' '] (string): The string used as padding.

Returns

(string): Returns the padded string.

Example

_.padLeft('abc', 6);
// => '   abc'

_.padLeft('abc', 6, '_-');
// => '_-_abc'

_.padLeft('abc', 3);
// => 'abc'

`_.padRight([string=''], [length=0], [chars=' '])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Pads string on the right side if it is shorter than length. Padding characters are truncated if they exceed length.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to pad.
[length=0] (number): The padding length.
[chars=' '] (string): The string used as padding.

Returns

(string): Returns the padded string.

Example

_.padRight('abc', 6);
// => 'abc   '

_.padRight('abc', 6, '_-');
// => 'abc_-_'

_.padRight('abc', 3);
// => 'abc'

`_.parseInt(string, [radix])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts string to an integer of the specified radix. If radix is undefined or 0, a radix of 10 is used unless value is a hexadecimal, in which case a radix of 16 is used.

Note: This method aligns with the ES5 implementation of parseInt. See the ES5 spec for more details.

Arguments

string (string): The string to convert.
[radix] (number): The radix to interpret value by.

Returns

(number): Returns the converted integer.

Example

_.parseInt('08');
// => 8

_.map(['6', '08', '10'], _.parseInt);
// => [6, 8, 10]

`_.repeat([string=''], [n=0])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Repeats the given string n times.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to repeat.
[n=0] (number): The number of times to repeat the string.

Returns

(string): Returns the repeated string.

Example

_.repeat('*', 3);
// => '***'

_.repeat('abc', 2);
// => 'abcabc'

_.repeat('abc', 0);
// => ''

`_.snakeCase([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts string to snake case. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to convert.

Returns

(string): Returns the snake cased string.

Example

_.snakeCase('Foo Bar');
// => 'foo_bar'

_.snakeCase('fooBar');
// => 'foo_bar'

_.snakeCase('--foo-bar');
// => 'foo_bar'

`_.startCase([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Converts string to start case. See Wikipedia for more details.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to convert.

Returns

(string): Returns the start cased string.

Example

_.startCase('--foo-bar');
// => 'Foo Bar'

_.startCase('fooBar');
// => 'Foo Bar'

_.startCase('__foo_bar__');
// => 'Foo Bar'

`_.startsWith([string=''], [target], [position=0])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Checks if string starts with the given target string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to search.
[target] (string): The string to search for.
[position=0] (number): The position to search from.

Returns

(boolean): Returns true if string starts with target, else false.

Example

_.startsWith('abc', 'a');
// => true

_.startsWith('abc', 'b');
// => false

_.startsWith('abc', 'b', 1);
// => true

`_.template([string=''], [options])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a compiled template function that can interpolate data properties in "interpolate" delimiters, HTML-escape interpolated data properties in "escape" delimiters, and execute JavaScript in "evaluate" delimiters. Data properties may be accessed as free variables in the template. If a setting object is provided it takes precedence over _.templateSettings values.

Note: In the development build _.template utilizes sourceURLs for easier debugging. See the HTML5 Rocks article on sourcemaps for more details.

For more information on precompiling templates see lodash's custom builds documentation.

For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see Chrome's extensions documentation.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The template string.
[options] (Object): The options object.
[options.escape] (RegExp): The HTML "escape" delimiter.
[options.evaluate] (RegExp): The "evaluate" delimiter.
[options.imports] (Object): An object to import into the template as free variables.
[options.interpolate] (RegExp): The "interpolate" delimiter.
[options.sourceURL] (string): The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
[options.variable] (string): The data object variable name.

Returns

(Function): Returns the compiled template function.

Example

// using the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template
var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!');
compiled({ 'user': 'fred' });
// => 'hello fred!'

// using the HTML "escape" delimiter to escape data property values
var compiled = _.template('<b><%- value %></b>');
compiled({ 'value': '<script>' });
// => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'

// using the "evaluate" delimiter to execute JavaScript and generate HTML
var compiled = _.template('<% _.forEach(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>');
compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
// => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'

// using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
var compiled = _.template('<% print("hello " + user); %>!');
compiled({ 'user': 'barney' });
// => 'hello barney!'

// using the ES delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
var compiled = _.template('hello ${ user }!');
compiled({ 'user': 'pebbles' });
// => 'hello pebbles!'

// using custom template delimiters
_.templateSettings.interpolate = /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g;
var compiled = _.template('hello {{ user }}!');
compiled({ 'user': 'mustache' });
// => 'hello mustache!'

// using backslashes to treat delimiters as plain text
var compiled = _.template('<%= "\\<%- value %\\>" %>');
compiled({ 'value': 'ignored' });
// => '<%- value %>'

// using the `imports` option to import `jQuery` as `jq`
var text = '<% jq.each(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>';
var compiled = _.template(text, { 'imports': { 'jq': jQuery } });
compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
// => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'

// using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!', { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
compiled(data);
// => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector

// using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.user %>!', { 'variable': 'data' });
compiled.source;
// => function(data) {
//   var __t, __p = '';
//   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.user )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
//   return __p;
// }

// using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
// line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
  var JST = {\
    "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
  };\
');

`_.trim([string=''], [chars=whitespace])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes leading and trailing whitespace or specified characters from string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to trim.
[chars=whitespace] (string): The characters to trim.

Returns

(string): Returns the trimmed string.

Example

_.trim('  abc  ');
// => 'abc'

_.trim('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
// => 'abc'

_.map(['  foo  ', '  bar  '], _.trim);
// => ['foo', 'bar']

`_.trimLeft([string=''], [chars=whitespace])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes leading whitespace or specified characters from string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to trim.
[chars=whitespace] (string): The characters to trim.

Returns

(string): Returns the trimmed string.

Example

_.trimLeft('  abc  ');
// => 'abc  '

_.trimLeft('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
// => 'abc-_-'

`_.trimRight([string=''], [chars=whitespace])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters from string.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to trim.
[chars=whitespace] (string): The characters to trim.

Returns

(string): Returns the trimmed string.

Example

_.trimRight('  abc  ');
// => '  abc'

_.trimRight('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
// => '-_-abc'

`_.trunc([string=''], [options], [options.length=30], [options.omission='...'], [options.separator])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Truncates string if it is longer than the given maximum string length. The last characters of the truncated string are replaced with the omission string which defaults to "...".

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to truncate.
[options] (Object|number): The options object or maximum string length.
[options.length=30] (number): The maximum string length.
[options.omission='...'] (string): The string to indicate text is omitted.
[options.separator] (RegExp|string): The separator pattern to truncate to.

Returns

(string): Returns the truncated string.

Example

_.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino');
// => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neighbo...'

_.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', 24);
// => 'hi-diddly-ho there, n...'

_.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
  'length': 24,
  'separator': ' '
});
// => 'hi-diddly-ho there,...'

_.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
  'length': 24,
  'separator': /,? +/
});
// => 'hi-diddly-ho there...'

_.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
  'omission': ' [...]'
});
// => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neig [...]'

`_.unescape([string=''])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The inverse of _.escape; this method converts the HTML entities &, <, >, ", ', and ` in string to their corresponding characters.

Note: No other HTML entities are unescaped. To unescape additional HTML entities use a third-party library like he.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to unescape.

Returns

(string): Returns the unescaped string.

Example

_.unescape('fred, barney, &amp; pebbles');
// => 'fred, barney, & pebbles'

`_.words([string=''], [pattern])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Splits string into an array of its words.

Arguments

[string=''] (string): The string to inspect.
[pattern] (RegExp|string): The pattern to match words.

Returns

(Array): Returns the words of string.

Example

_.words('fred, barney, & pebbles');
// => ['fred', 'barney', 'pebbles']

_.words('fred, barney, & pebbles', /[^, ]+/g);
// => ['fred', 'barney', '&', 'pebbles']

`“Utility” Methods`

`_.attempt(func)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Attempts to invoke func, returning either the result or the caught error object. Any additional arguments are provided to func when it is invoked.

Arguments

func (Function): The function to attempt.

Returns

(*): Returns the func result or error object.

Example

// avoid throwing errors for invalid selectors
var elements = _.attempt(function(selector) {
  return document.querySelectorAll(selector);
}, '>_>');

if (_.isError(elements)) {
  elements = [];
}

`_.callback([func=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that invokes func with the this binding of thisArg and arguments of the created function. If func is a property name the created callback returns the property value for a given element. If func is an object the created callback returns true for elements that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it returns false.

Aliases

_.iteratee

Arguments

[func=_.identity] (*): The value to convert to a callback.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of func.

Returns

(Function): Returns the callback.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
];

// wrap to create custom callback shorthands
_.callback = _.wrap(_.callback, function(callback, func, thisArg) {
  var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(func);
  if (!match) {
    return callback(func, thisArg);
  }
  return function(object) {
    return match[2] == 'gt'
      ? object[match[1]] > match[3]
      : object[match[1]] < match[3];
  };
});

_.filter(users, 'age__gt36');
// => [{ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]

`_.constant(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function that returns value.

Arguments

value (*): The value to return from the new function.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
var getter = _.constant(object);

getter() === object;
// => true

`_.identity(value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

This method returns the first argument provided to it.

Arguments

value (*): Any value.

Returns

(*): Returns value.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred' };

_.identity(object) === object;
// => true

`_.matches(source)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function which performs a deep comparison between a given object and source, returning true if the given object has equivalent property values, else false.

Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single own or inherited property value see _.matchesProperty.

Arguments

source (Object): The object of property values to match.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
  { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
];

_.filter(users, _.matches({ 'age': 40, 'active': false }));
// => [{ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'active': false }]

`_.matchesProperty(key, value)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function which compares the property value of key on a given object to value.

Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, Date objects, numbers, Object objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties.

Arguments

key (string): The key of the property to get.
value (*): The value to compare.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'barney' },
  { 'user': 'fred' }
];

_.find(users, _.matchesProperty('user', 'fred'));
// => { 'user': 'fred' }

`_.mixin([object=this], source, [options])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Adds all own enumerable function properties of a source object to the destination object. If object is a function then methods are added to its prototype as well.

Note: Use _.runInContext to create a pristine lodash function for mixins to avoid conflicts caused by modifying the original.

Arguments

[object=this] (Function|Object): object The destination object.
source (Object): The object of functions to add.
[options] (Object): The options object.
[options.chain=true] (boolean): Specify whether the functions added are chainable.

Returns

(Function|Object): Returns object.

Example

function vowels(string) {
  return _.filter(string, function(v) {
    return /[aeiou]/i.test(v);
  });
}

// use `_.runInContext` to avoid conflicts (esp. in Node.js)
var _ = require('lodash').runInContext();

_.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels });
_.vowels('fred');
// => ['e']

_('fred').vowels().value();
// => ['e']

_.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels }, { 'chain': false });
_('fred').vowels();
// => ['e']

`_.noConflict()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Reverts the _ variable to its previous value and returns a reference to the lodash function.

Returns

(Function): Returns the lodash function.

Example

var lodash = _.noConflict();

`_.noop()`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

A no-operation function which returns undefined regardless of the arguments it receives.

Example

var object = { 'user': 'fred' };

_.noop(object) === undefined;
// => true

`_.property(key)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates a function which returns the property value of key on a given object.

Arguments

key (string): The key of the property to get.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var users = [
  { 'user': 'fred' },
  { 'user': 'barney' }
];

var getName = _.property('user');

_.map(users, getName);
// => ['fred', 'barney']

_.pluck(_.sortBy(users, getName), 'user');
// => ['barney', 'fred']

`_.propertyOf(object)`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

The opposite of _.property; this method creates a function which returns the property value of a given key on object.

Arguments

object (Object): The object to inspect.

Returns

(Function): Returns the new function.

Example

var object = { 'a': 3, 'b': 1, 'c': 2 };

_.map(['a', 'c'], _.propertyOf(object));
// => [3, 2]

_.sortBy(['a', 'b', 'c'], _.propertyOf(object));
// => ['b', 'c', 'a']

`_.range([start=0], end, [step=1])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from start up to, but not including, end. If end is not specified it is set to start with start then set to 0. If start is less than end a zero-length range is created unless a negative step is specified.

Arguments

[start=0] (number): The start of the range.
end (number): The end of the range.
[step=1] (number): The value to increment or decrement by.

Returns

(Array): Returns the new array of numbers.

Example

_.range(4);
// => [0, 1, 2, 3]

_.range(1, 5);
// => [1, 2, 3, 4]

_.range(0, 20, 5);
// => [0, 5, 10, 15]

_.range(0, -4, -1);
// => [0, -1, -2, -3]

_.range(1, 4, 0);
// => [1, 1, 1]

_.range(0);
// => []

`_.runInContext([context=root])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Create a new pristine lodash function using the given context object.

Arguments

[context=root] (Object): The context object.

Returns

(Function): Returns a new lodash function.

Example

_.mixin({ 'foo': _.constant('foo') });

var lodash = _.runInContext();
lodash.mixin({ 'bar': lodash.constant('bar') });

_.isFunction(_.foo);
// => true
_.isFunction(_.bar);
// => false

lodash.isFunction(lodash.foo);
// => false
lodash.isFunction(lodash.bar);
// => true

// using `context` to mock `Date#getTime` use in `_.now`
var mock = _.runInContext({
  'Date': function() {
    return { 'getTime': getTimeMock };
  }
});

// or creating a suped-up `defer` in Node.js
var defer = _.runInContext({ 'setTimeout': setImmediate }).defer;

`_.times(n, [iteratee=_.identity], [thisArg])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Invokes the iteratee function n times, returning an array of the results of each invocation. The iteratee is bound to thisArg and invoked with one argument; (index).

Arguments

n (number): The number of times to invoke iteratee.
[iteratee=_.identity] (Function): The function invoked per iteration.
[thisArg] (*): The this binding of iteratee.

Returns

(Array): Returns the array of results.

Example

var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6, false));
// => [3, 6, 4]

_.times(3, function(n) {
  mage.castSpell(n);
});
// => invokes `mage.castSpell(n)` three times with `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively

_.times(3, function(n) {
  this.cast(n);
}, mage);
// => also invokes `mage.castSpell(n)` three times

`_.uniqueId([prefix])`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

Generates a unique ID. If prefix is provided the ID is appended to it.

Arguments

[prefix] (string): The value to prefix the ID with.

Returns

(string): Returns the unique ID.

Example

_.uniqueId('contact_');
// => 'contact_104'

_.uniqueId();
// => '105'

`Methods`

`_.templateSettings.imports._`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

A reference to the lodash function.

`Properties`

`_.VERSION`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(string): The semantic version number.

`_.support`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

(Object): An object environment feature flags.

`_.support.argsTag`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if the toStringTag of arguments objects is resolvable (all but Firefox < 4, IE < 9).

`_.support.enumErrorProps`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if name or message properties of Error.prototype are enumerable by default (IE < 9, Safari < 5.1).

`_.support.enumPrototypes`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if prototype properties are enumerable by default.

Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1 (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set) incorrectly set the [[Enumerable]] value of a function's prototype property to true.

`_.support.funcDecomp`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if functions can be decompiled by Function#toString (all but Firefox OS certified apps, older Opera mobile browsers, and the PlayStation 3; forced false for Windows 8 apps).

`_.support.funcNames`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if Function#name is supported (all but IE).

`_.support.nodeTag`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if the toStringTag of DOM nodes is resolvable (all but IE < 9).

`_.support.nonEnumShadows`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if properties shadowing those on Object.prototype are non-enumerable.

In IE < 9 an object's own properties, shadowing non-enumerable ones, are made non-enumerable as well (a.k.a the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug).

`_.support.nonEnumStrings`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if string indexes are non-enumerable (IE < 9, RingoJS, Rhino, Narwhal).

`_.support.ownLast`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if own properties are iterated after inherited properties (IE < 9).

`_.support.spliceObjects`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect if Array#shift and Array#splice augment array-like objects correctly.

Firefox < 10, compatibility modes of IE 8, and IE < 9 have buggy Array shift() and splice() functions that fail to remove the last element, value[0], of array-like objects even though the length property is set to 0. The shift() method is buggy in compatibility modes of IE 8, while splice() is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9.

`_.support.unindexedChars`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(boolean): Detect lack of support for accessing string characters by index.

IE < 8 can't access characters by index. IE 8 can only access characters by index on string literals, not string objects.

`_.templateSettings`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓝ

(Object): By default, the template delimiters used by lodash are like those in embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative delimiters.

`_.templateSettings.escape`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(RegExp): Used to detect data property values to be HTML-escaped.

`_.templateSettings.evaluate`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(RegExp): Used to detect code to be evaluated.

`_.templateSettings.imports`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(Object): Used to import variables into the compiled template.

`_.templateSettings.interpolate`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(RegExp): Used to detect data property values to inject.

`_.templateSettings.variable`

# Ⓢ Ⓣ

(string): Used to reference the data object in the template text.

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