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Problem Solving for Organizations

This document discusses tools for basic problem solving. It introduces the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach for problem solving and continuous improvement. A variety of data analysis tools are also presented, including cause-and-effect diagrams to identify potential causes of problems, Pareto diagrams to prioritize issues, graphs like bar graphs and line graphs for visual analysis, scatter diagrams to show relationships between variables, histograms to analyze frequency distributions, and stratification to break problems down into parts. Examples are provided for each tool to illustrate its use.

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229 views21 pages

Problem Solving for Organizations

This document discusses tools for basic problem solving. It introduces the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach for problem solving and continuous improvement. A variety of data analysis tools are also presented, including cause-and-effect diagrams to identify potential causes of problems, Pareto diagrams to prioritize issues, graphs like bar graphs and line graphs for visual analysis, scatter diagrams to show relationships between variables, histograms to analyze frequency distributions, and stratification to break problems down into parts. Examples are provided for each tool to illustrate its use.

Uploaded by

rakeshkumar20
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC PROBLEM SOLVING

TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

Problem Solving Tools - A Systematic, Structured and Organised way to solve a problem. Elementary Statistical Methods are used to solve the Problem.

80% of all problems within an organisation can be solved by these tools

THE PDCA APPROACH (Deming Cycle)

ACT

PLAN

CHECK

DO

THE PDCA APPROACH (Contd)

1. Plan Identify problem Develop plan for improvement 4. Act Institutionalize improvement Continue cycle 2. Do Implement plan on test basis

3. Study / Check Is the plan working

TOOL FOR DATA ANALYSIS


CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM PARETO DIAGRAM GRAPHS SCATTER DIAGRAM HISTOGRAM CONTROL CHARTS BRAINSTORMING

1.CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM


Possible causes: The results or effect.

Machine

Man Effec t Material

Environment

Method

CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM (Example)


Why did the Milk Get Sour
Man Materials
Not Fresh Unclean Storage No hygiene Hands Unclean

Hot weather

Process not clear No Training

Sour Milk

Environment Method

2. PARETO DIAGRAM

Helps us prioritize problems Segregate Vital Few and Trivial Many

PARETO DIAGRAM (Example)


Effective Space Utilization in Cold Room
Factor (Menu) Hamburger Noodles Fried Fish Pizza Total Freq. Cum.Freq. (Number Sold) 206 180 70 16 472 206 386 456 472 Percent Cum. 44% 81% 97% 100%

PARETO DIAGRAM (Example)


500 400 300 100

60 40 20 0
Hamberger Noodles Fried Fish Pizza

200 100 0

Cumulative percentage

80

Frequency

3. GRAPHS

The purpose of graph is is to show data in an easyto-understand manner. Use for Analysis and Presentation. Very good tool for visual display & trend analysis . Types of Graphs: Bar Graph Line Graph Pie chart

BAR GRAPH (Example)


Shift wise Number of Defects. 20
15

Number of defects

10

First Second Shift

Third

LINE GRAPH (Example)


16

Number of Patients at a clinic at Different Times

Number of patients

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30

Time

PIE CHART (Example)


PROPORTION OF INWARD TELEPHONE CALLS IN A COMPANY

SCATTER DIAGRAM
Show whether there is a relationship between the main cause and the problem. Verify suspected causes identified during Cause & Effect Diagram . Identify Problems. Make predictions

SCATTER DIAGRAM (Example)


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF ERRORS MADE BY THE TYPIST & EXPERIENCE IN THE COMPANY
Employee Years Employed Average monthly Errors A 4 B 10 C 8 D 1 35 E 5 F 2 G 12 2 H 7 23 I 9 8 J 5 K 7 L 9 M 3

28 12 14

20 27

29 13

17 34

SCATTER DIAGRAM (Example) contd


AVG. MONTHLY ERRORS Vs NUMBER OF YEARS EMPLOYED Avg. monthly errors
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

No. of years employed

HISTOGRAM (Example)
DATA SHEET
Class Boundary values (wt./bottle) gm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7.5 8.0 8.1 8.5 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.5 9.6 10.0 10.1 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.1 11.5 Centre Value (wt./bottle) gm 7.75 8.25 8.75 9.25 9.75 10.25 10.75 11.25 Frequency 4 11 22 31 20 17 10 5

HISTOGRAM (Example) Contd


30

25

Frequency

20

15

10 7.75 8.25 8.75 9.25 9.75 10.25 10.75 11.25

Content wt./bottle gm

STRATIFICATION

It is a way of sorting out or arranging the data to be collected . Purpose of Stratification is to breaking down the causes of the problem into parts to examine each cause better.

STRATIFICATION (example)
Supplier A Material Strength Supplier B

Raw Material

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