04/04/11 6:03 PM Questions

on Data Structure 1. What is a Data Structure? a. A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance knowledge about the relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the manipulation of data. 2. In RDBMS, what is the efficient data structure used in the internal storage representation? a. B+ tree. 3. Minimum number of queues needed to implement the priority queue? a. Two. One queue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing priorities. 4. What is the data structures used to perform recursion? a. Stack. Because of its LIFO (Last In First Out) property it remembers its 'caller' so knows whom to return when the function has to return. 5. How to find the number of possible tree in the given tree. a. The number of possible tree = (2 power of n) - n.

04/04/11 6:03 PM Questions on Algorithms

1. What is hashing? Hashing is a way retrieving records from memory in faster way. Record is inserted into memory by using hash function(division, midsqure,folding,digit analysis)and also records are retrieved using same hash function. 2. List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively? 1. Compiler Design, Operating System, Database Management System, Statistical analysis package, Numerical Analysis, Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Simulation

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

3. In tree construction which is the suitable efficient data structure? Linked list is the efficient data structure. 4. Whether Linked List is linear or Non-linear data structure? According to Access strategies Linked list is a linear one. According to Storage Linked List is a Non-linear one. 5. Is it possible to implement trees using arrays ? If yes, how?

Yes, it is possible. Here is an example of implementing a binary tree: Consider an attay : a[n]; Place the root in first position. and let the current position to be i = 0; place left node at the position: 2i+1 place right node at the position: 2i+2.

Repeat these steps.

04/04/11 6:03 PM Questions on Java Basics 1. What are the new features introduced in Java 5? Generics, Enhanced for Loop, Autoboxing/Unboxing, TypesafeEnums, Variable Arguments, Static Import, Annotations. 2. Relationship between JRE& JVM. They both are the same. 3. What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class? An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. 4. What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used? The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. 5. What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder class? StringBuilder is a feature of Java 5. Methods in StringBuffer are Synchronized& thread safe. Methods in StringBuilder are not Synchronized& not thread safe. If you want faster access use StringBulder. 6. What is ClassDefNotFoundException and NoClassDefFoundError and explain differences between these two? Given a class A. A ClassNotFoundException means that the classloader cannot load class A. A ClassDefNotFoundError means that the classloader can load class A but cannot instantiate it because it cannot load the other classes that class A depend on.

7. Tell me the differences between enumeration and iteration?Which can use where in realtime? Enumeration acts as Read-only interface because it has the methods only to travels and fetch the objects where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects. So Enumeration is used when ever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only.

8. What is the order of initialization of variables in Java 9. Static block variables initialize at first Static method of variables initialize second Static variables initialize third Constructor variables initialize at fourth and then Instance Variables initialize at last.

What is static in java?

Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class. Static methods are attached to a class, not an object. 10. What is final? A final class can't be extended i.e., final class may not be sub classed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant).

11. State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers. public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too) private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature. protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature. This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature. default :What you get by default i.e., without any access modifier (i.e., public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.

12.

What are transient variables in java? Transient variables are variable that cannot be serialized.

13.

What is synchronization? Synchronization is the ability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Synchronization stops multithreading. With synchronization, at a time only one thread will be able to access a shared resource. 14. What is a daemon thread? These are the threads which can run without user intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon thread by killing them abruptly.

15. What is mutable object and immutable object? If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, ) If you are not allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String, Integer, Float, ) 16. What are the approaches that you will follow for making a program very efficient? By avoiding too much of static methods avoiding the excessive and unnecessary use of synchronized methods Selection of related classes based on the application (meaning synchronized classes for multiuser and non-synchronized classes for single user) Usage of appropriate design patterns Using cache methodologies for remote invocations Avoiding creation of variables within a loop and lot more.

17. What is singleton? It is one of the design pattern. This falls in the creational pattern of the design pattern. There will be only one instance for that entire JVM. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class. For eg., public class Singleton { private static final Singleton s = new Singleton(); private Singleton() { } public static Singleton getInstance() { return s; } // all non static methods } 18. Is null a keyword? The null value is not a keyword. 19. Is sizeof a keyword? The sizeof operator is not a keyword. 20. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are

garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection. 21. What is the purpose of the Runtime class? The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system. 22. Which class is extended by all other classes? The Object class is extended by all other classes. 23. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy? The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. 24. What is casting? There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference. 25. What restrictions are placed on method overriding? Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method. 26. What are the disadvantages of using threads? DeadLock. 27. What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance?

 instanceof is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type without throwing a cast class exception. isInstance() determines if the specified object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this Class. This method is the dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is nonnull and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise.