UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Modern Web Application Framework
Python, SQL Alchemy, Jinja2 & Flask Devert Alexandre
December 29, 2012 Slide 1/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 2/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Model-View-Controller
Most of the modern web development frameworks follow the Model-View-Controller model (MVC model)
The model : representation of data. Usually, have a
strong relation with the database
The views : what is shown to the user. Can be any kind
of user interface, usually HTML pages with Javascript.
The controls : what operation are done on the data.
Its a rather convenient way to design software projects involving user interfaces presenting and manipulating data.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 3/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Model-View-Controller
Application Controller manipulates Model updates View uses shows User
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 4/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Model-View-Controller
Example for Model-View-Controller : an online management game
The rule of the game, updating the state of each player
the model
The HTML pages, showing the various screen of the
game the views
The methods called when a user click on the screen
the controllers
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 5/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Model-View-Controller
Example for Model-View-Controller : an online shop
The list of products, the payment rules, delivery orders
the model
The HTML pages, showing the various screen of the
shop the views
The methods for payment, order, shopping cart the
controllers
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 6/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Model-View-Controller
Model-View-Controller also helps to organize the work
Some work on the views graphic designers, HTML,
javascript
Some work on the model database, software
architecture
Some work on the controls rather low-level and/or
specialized code
Some work on writing unit tests for at least the model
and the views
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 7/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 8/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Web application with script language
Why using a scripting language for a web application ?
More adapted language to paste together various
components (database, rendering, routing, . . . )
Make its easier to release early & often Easier to maintain & modify Speed far enough for many use case
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 9/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Web application with script language
Why not PHP, or PHP framework ?
Designed to make simple web pages, not large web
applications
Awfully designed programming language very inconsistent libraries very little help for debugging many security issues many better alternatives
Detailed explanation here http://me.veekun.com/blog/2012/04/09/php-a-fractal-ofbad-design
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 10/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Web application with script language
Why not using Java/JSP/JBoss/Apache/Hibernate/Spring ?
Even simple changes requires lots of coding Big changes takes a lot of planning Edit/Compile/Run takes more ressource General speed of development much reduced Working without a big fat IDE is tedious
But you can use those all this with a script-like language : Grails and Groovy
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 11/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Flask
I am going to introduce the framework Flask
It is small : quick to learn and master It is complete : you can use to do serious apps It is lean : a shell and a text editor are enough, no need
for an IDE to be ecient with it
It is very well documented
The same ideas can be found in most web development frameworks.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 12/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Flask
Flask is a nice glue around existing tools
Python programming language SQL Alchemy database Jinja2 HTML template system Werkzeug WSCGI handling (CGI, but better)
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 13/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 14/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Hello, world !
A minimal Flask application
from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k app = F l a s k ( n a m e ) @app . r o u t e ( / ) def h e l l o ( ) : r e t u r n H e l l o World ! if name == app . r u n ( ) main :
Run this, and open your web browser at http://127.0.0.1:5000
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Hello, world !
You will see this
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Hello, world !
This creates an application instance and run it
from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k app = F l a s k ( n a m e ) if name == app . r u n ( ) main :
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 17/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Hello, world !
This adds the hello method to the application instance
@app . r o u t e ( / ) def h e l l o ( ) : r e t u r n H e l l o World !
hello() will be called every time the address / is
requested
hello() returns the text data for the web browser
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 18/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Debugging
Triggering the debug mode is easy
from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k app = F l a s k ( n a m e ) @app . r o u t e ( / ) def h e l l o ( ) : r e t u r n H e l l o World ! if name == m a i n : app . r u n ( debug = True )
In debug mode, you can edit the code while the server runs : it will restart !
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Debugging
The debug mode will also helps a lot to point where the problem is
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 20/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 21/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
When an URL is requested, Flask will look for its corresponding function.
from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k app = F l a s k ( n a m e ) @app . r o u t e ( / ) def index ( ) : r e t u r n I n d e x Page @app . r o u t e ( / welcome ) def h e l l o ( ) : r e t u r n H e l l o World if name == app . r u n ( ) main :
One function return text data. It can be HTM, XML, JSON, etc.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 22/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
You can denes URL with parameters
@app . r o u t e ( / show name/<name> ) d e f p r i n t n a m e ( name ) : r e t u r n H e l l o , %s ! % name
It gives a nice way, intuitive way to dene ressources on a website.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 23/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
You can make URL parameters optional
@app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o / ) @app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o /<name> ) d e f h e l l o ( name = None ) : i f name i s None : r e t u r n A h o r s e w i t h no name else : r e t u r n A h o r s e named %s % name
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 24/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
You can enforce the type of a parameter
@app . r o u t e ( / team/< i n t : t e a m i d > ) d e f show team ( t e a m i d ) : r e t u r n team #%d % t e a m i d
Flask will check the type for you
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 25/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
You can translate function names to URL with url for()
@app . r o u t e ( / ) d e f welcome ( ) : r e t u r n H e l l o World ! @app . r o u t e ( / t e s t ) def test ( ) : name = welcome r e t u r n u r l f o r %s = %s % ( name ,
u r l f o r ( name ) )
Especially convenient when you might have to change the URL naming scheme
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 26/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Function / URL mapping
url for() also works for URL with parameters
@app . r o u t e ( / show name/<name> ) d e f p r i n t n a m e ( name ) : r e t u r n H e l l o , %s ! % name @app . r o u t e ( / t e s t ) def test ( ) : func name , u s e r n a m e = p r i n t n a m e , A l e x r e t u r n u r l f o r %s = %s % ( func name , u r l f o r ( func name , name = u s e r n a m e ) )
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Catching HTTP errors
The HTTP protocol denes several status codes. status code 400 401 402 403 404 500 501 503 meaning Bad Request Unauthorized Payment Required Forbidden Not Found Internal Server Error Not Implemented Service Unavailable
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Catching HTTP errors
Using @errorhandler, you can catch such errors
@app . e r r o r h a n d l e r ( 4 0 3 ) def page forbidden ( error ) : p r i n t Hey ! You a r e n o t a l l o w e d t o a c c e s s t h i s ! @app . e r r o r h a n d l e r ( 4 0 4 ) def page not found ( error ) : p r i n t Ho no ! The r e s s o u r c e you want t o a c c e s s d o e s n o t e x i s t
:(
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Throwing HTTP errors
It is also possible to throw HTTP errors with abort
@app . r o u t e ( / s h o w a c c o u n t i n f o s ) def show account infos ( ) : i f not u s e r . l o g g e d i n : abort (401) # Do t h i n g s ...
For instance, an error 401 to deny access to ressources
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 30/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 31/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
The need for templates
Generating HTML directly with code
Easy to make very hard to read code Mix-up the control code with the view code
Text template system is a convenient and common way to separade the view code from the remaining code
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 32/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
The need for templates
Flask uses Jinja2 as template system. There are many others template system
Mako, for Python (if you ask me, its better than Jinja2) JSP, for Java, THE standard for Java. Allow to mix
Java & HTML.
ASP, for Microsoft products. Allow to mix VBScript &
HTML.
XSLT is a template system based on XML. Plateform
indepedent but not very convenient in practice.
Maybe 10 dierent for every language you can think of
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 33/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
The function render template takes a path to an HTML le, and arbitrary parameters
from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k , r e n d e r t e m p l a t e app = F l a s k ( n a m e ) @app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o / ) @app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o /<name> ) d e f h e l l o ( name = None ) : r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( h e l l o . h t m l , name = name ) if name == app . r u n ( ) main :
What will be returned will the content of hello.html
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 34/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
The HTML le hello.html
< ! d o c t y p e h t m l> <h t m l> <head> < t i t l e>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a y s H e l l o t o you</ t i t l e> </ head> <body> {% i f name %} <h1>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h1> {% e l s e %} <h1>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h1> {% e n d i f %} </ body> </ h t m l>
Its no ordinary HTML there are instruction mixed in !
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 35/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
The HTML le hello.html
< ! d o c t y p e h t m l> <h t m l> <head> < t i t l e>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a y s H e l l o t o you</ t i t l e> </ head> <body> {% i f name %} <h1>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h1> {% e l s e %} <h1>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h1> {% e n d i f %} </ body> </ h t m l>
hello.html is processed to generate the HTML to send to a user. Here, we use the name variable, passed as a parameter of render template
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
The HTML le hello.html
< ! d o c t y p e h t m l> <h t m l> <head> < t i t l e>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a y s H e l l o t o you</ t i t l e> </ head> <body> {% i f name %} <h1>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h1> {% e l s e %} <h1>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h1> {% e n d i f %} </ body> </ h t m l>
Variables values can be rendered to text with {{ }}
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
The HTML le hello.html
< ! d o c t y p e h t m l> <h t m l> <head> < t i t l e>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a y s H e l l o t o you</ t i t l e> </ head> <body> {% i f name %} <h1>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h1> {% e l s e %} <h1>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h1> {% e n d i f %} </ body> </ h t m l>
Blocks of code are put between {% %}
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Basic template rendering
Flask assumes that all your templates will be in a template directory, relative to your script
| t e m p l a t e s | | | | h e l l o . h t m l | | t e s t . py
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 36/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Using ressources
If you wish to use other le ressources, like pictures or CSS les, you can put them in directory named static
| t e m p l a t e s | | | | h e l l o . h t m l | | s t a t i c | | | | s t y l e . c s s | | t e s t . py
Those resource are not dynamic, not generated on the y like the HTML code, hence the name static
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Using ressources
Then, to use those ressources, you can again use url for
< ! d o c t y p e h t m l> <h t m l> <head> < t i t l e>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a y s H e l l o t o you</ t i t l e> < l i n k r e l =s t y l e s h e e t t y p e=t e x t / c s s h r e f= {{ u r l f o r ( s t a t i c , f i l e n a m e = s t y l e . c s s ) }} > </ head> <body> {% i f name %} <h1>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h1> {% e l s e %} <h1>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h1> {% e n d i f %} </ body> </ h t m l>
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 38/62
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Template inheritance
On a typical website, dierent views follow a similar design
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 39/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
On a typical website, dierent views follow a similar design
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 39/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
On a typical website, dierent views follow a similar design
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 39/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
On a typical website, dierent views follow a similar design
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
Jinja2 provides a simple way to share a common template and specialize it : template inheritance
{% e x t e n d s b a s e . h t m l %} {% b l o c k c o n t e n t %} {% i f name %} <h2>H e l l o , {{ name }} !</ h2> {% e l s e %} <h2>H e l l o , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h2> {% e n d i f %} {% e n d b l o c k %}
hello.html extends base.html
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 40/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
Jinja2 provides a simple way to share a common template and specialize it : template inheritance
{% e x t e n d s b a s e . h t m l %} {% b l o c k c o n t e n t %} {% i f name %} <h2>Goodbye , {{ name }} !</ h2> {% e l s e %} <h2>Goodbye , t h i n g w i t h no name !</ h2> {% e n d i f %} {% e n d b l o c k %}
goodbye.html extends base.html
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 40/62
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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template inheritance
And base.html look like this
< !DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC //W3C//DTD HTML 4 . 0 1 / /EN> <h t m l l a n g= en > <head> < t i t l e> S a l u t e . com , t h e w e b s i t e t h a t s a l u t e s you</ t i t l e> < l i n k r e l =s t y l e s h e e t t y p e=t e x t / c s s h r e f= {{ u r l f o r ( s t a t i c , f i l e n a m e = s t y l e . c s s </ head> <body> < d i v i d= c o n t a i n e r > < d i v i d= h e a d e r > <h1> S a l u t e . com </ h1> <p>The w e b s i t e t h a t s a l u t e s you</p> </ d i v> < d i v i d= c o n t e n t > {% b l o c k c o n t e n t %}{% e n d b l o c k %} </ d i v> </ d i v> < d i v i d= f o o t e r > <h2> S a l u t e . com </ h2> <p> S i t e d e s i g n & ; c o p y r i g h t &c o p y ; A l e x a n d r e D e v e r t</p> </ d i v> </ body> </ h t m l>
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Template inheritance
On the Python side, hello.html and goodbye.html are just normal HTML pages, nothing special to do
@app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o / ) @app . r o u t e ( / h e l l o /<name> ) d e f h e l l o ( name = None ) : r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( h e l l o . h t m l , name = name ) @app . r o u t e ( / g o o d b y e / ) @app . r o u t e ( / g o o d b y e/<name> ) d e f g o o d b y e ( name = None ) : r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( g o o d b y e . h t m l , name = name )
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Template inheritance
In this exemple, extending base.html provides
A common title Includes common ressources (css, javascript, etc.) A common header A common footer The specialized part goes in the content block.
Coherent look, code reusage, and clean separation !
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Template macros
On a website, the same user interface elements are often re-used
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 44/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template macros
On a website, the same user interface elements are often re-used
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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template macros
We can dene reusable HTML bits of codes.
{% macro r e n d e r p a n e l ( t i t l e , s t y l e = l e f t ) %} < d i v c l a s s= p a n e l > </ h1> <h1 c l a s s= {{ s t y l e }} >{{ t i t l e }} < d i v c l a s s= p a n e l c o n t e n t > < d i v c l a s s= {{ s t y l e }} > {{ c a l l e r ( ) }} </ d i v> </ d i v> </ d i v> {% endmacro %}
This dene a box, containing whatever caller() will put in it, and with a title. We put this in ui.html
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 45/62
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Template macros
Now, we can create lots of boxes.
{% e x t e n d s b a s e . h t m l %} {% i m p o r t u i . h t m l a s u i %} {% b l o c k c o n t e n t %} < d i v c l a s s= t h r e e columnsl a y o u t > < d i v c l a s s= l e f t column > {% c a l l u i . r e n d e r p a n e l ( Lorem ipsum , l e f t ) %} . . . blabla . . . {% e n d c a l l %} {% c a l l u i . r e n d e r p a n e l ( Lorem ipsum , l e f t ) %} . . . blabla . . . {% e n d c a l l %} </ d i v> < d i v c l a s s= r i g h t column > {% c a l l u i . r e n d e r p a n e l ( H i s t o r y , l e f t ) %} . . . blabla . . . {% e n d c a l l %} {% c a l l u i . r e n d e r p a n e l ( Now i s t h e t i m e f o r a l l good men , l e f t ) %} . . . blabla . . . {% e n d c a l l %} </ d i v> </ d i v> {% e n d b l o c k %}
No need to copy paste the same HTML code around !
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Template macros
To use a macro, rst import the le that contains that macro
{% i m p o r t u i . h t m l a s u i %}
Then you can call the macro
{% c a l l u i . r e n d e r p a n e l ( My T i t l e Here , l e f t ) %} . . . blabla . . . {% e n d c a l l %}
What is between call and endcall could be any valid HTML code. It will be placed in place of caller in the macro denition.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 47/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
Jinja templates use their own language, more or less Python-like.
It tries to imitate Python But it is not Python
Why not having full power of Python in a template ?
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 48/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
Jinja provides a limited language because
Its a view. No business code here. Just HTML
generation.
Its a page that might be served for many dierent
users. Should be fast.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 49/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
The if block works like Python
{% i f s h o w a d v e r t i s e m e n t %} <h1>Buy Drunk Panda , t h e b e s t b e e r i n Suzhou !</ h1> {% e n d i f %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 50/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
An optional else block works can be used
{% i f s h o w a d v e r t i s e m e n t %} <h1>Buy Drunk Panda , t h e b e s t b e e r i n Suzhou !</ h1> {% e l s e %} Do n o t buy a n y t h i n g {% e n d i f %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 51/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
An even elif blocks are available
{% i f s h o w b e e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t %} <h1>Buy Drunk Panda , t h e b e s t b e e r i n Suzhou !</ h1> {% e l i f s h o w p i z z a a d v e r t i s e m e n t %} <h1>Buy P i z z a Hut , t h e w o r s t p i z z a s e v e r !</ h1> {% e l s e %} Do n o t buy a n y t h i n g {% e n d i f %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 52/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
The Jinja for loop works like the Python one
{% f o r i t e m i n n a v i g a t i o n %} < l i> <a h r e f= {{ i t e m . h r e f }} >{{ i t e m . c a p t i o n }} </ a> </ l i > {% e n d f o r %}
Note that
navigation is a sequence, passed to the template item is one item of the sequence loop code is between {% for %} and {% endfor %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 53/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
Jinja provides a loop object that can be called inside a for loop
{% f o r i t e m i n n a v i g a t i o n %} < l i> <a h r e f= {{ i t e m . h r e f }} >{{ l o o p . i n d e x }} {{ i t e m . c a p t i o n }} </ a> </ l i > {% e n d f o r %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 54/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
This loop object provides some useful informations about the current item of the loop loop variable loop.index loop.index0 loop.revindex loop.revindex0 loop.last loop.rst meaning Current index (1-indexed) Current index (0-indexed) Current index, reversed order (1-indexed) Current index, reversed order (0-indexed) True if last item True if rst item
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 55/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
You can lter the for loop, as in Python
{% f o r u s e r i n u s e r l i s t < l i> {{ u s e r . name }} </ l i > {% e n d f o r %} i f n o t u s e r . i s h i d d e n %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 56/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Template language
If the sequence you iterate turns out to be empty, you can catch this case with an else block
{% f o r u s e r i n u s e r l i s t < l i> {{ u s e r . name }} </ l i > {% e l s e %} No u s e r s f o u n d ! {% e n d f o r %} i f n o t u s e r . i s h i d d e n %}
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 57/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5
Model-View-Controller Flask First steps Routing Templates Basic template rendering Using ressources Template inheritance Template macros Template language Requests
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 58/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Requests
We can send data (HTML, JSON, XML, any kind of text), but we also need to receive data
passwords checkboxes values ...
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 59/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Requests
The HTTP protocol denes dierent kind of requests
GET request to send data POST request to accept data
So far, we only handled GET requests : sending HTML data.
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 60/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Requests
We can also handle POST requests, like this
from f l a s k i m p o r t r e q u e s t @app . r o u t e ( / l o g i n , methods = [ GET , POST ] ) def login ( ) : # GET r e q u e s t i f r e q u e s t . method == GET : r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( l o g i n . html ) # POST REQUEST else : email = r e q u e s t . form [ e m a i l ] p a s s w o r d = r e q u e s t . form [ p a s s w o r d ] # Check e m a i l & p a s s w o r d # TODO r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( welcome . h t m l )
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 61/62
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Requests
The request object hold the information sent to the server
<form name= l o g i n method= p o s t a c t i o n= {{ u r l f o r ( l o g i n ) }} > < l a b e l>E m a i l</ l a b e l> < i n p u t t y p e= t e x t name= e m a i l m a x l e n g t h= 254 /> < l a b e l>P a s s w o r d</ l a b e l> < i n p u t t y p e= p a s s w o r d name= p a s s w o r d /> <b u t t o n t y p e= s u b m i t >E n t e r</ b u t t o n> </ form>
Devert Alexandre Modern Web Application Framework Slide 62/62
