2.2.
Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge balance, and the small ripple approximation
Actual output voltage waveform, buck converter
1
iL(t)
L + vL(t) iC(t) R + v(t)
Buck converter containing practical low-pass filter
Vg
Actual output voltage waveform
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
v(t)
V
Actual waveform v(t) = V + vripple(t)
dc component V
0
t
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
The small ripple approximation
v(t) Actual waveform v(t) = V + vripple(t)
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
dc component V
0
In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is small. Hence, the waveforms can be easily determined by ignoring the ripple:
vripple < V
v(t) V
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Buck converter analysis: inductor current waveform
1
iL(t)
L + vL(t) iC(t) R + v(t)
original converter
Vg
switch in position 1
iL(t) L + vL(t) Vg + C iC(t) R v(t) +
switch in position 2
L + vL(t) Vg + iL(t) C + iC(t) R v(t)
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor voltage and current Subinterval 1: switch in position 1
Inductor voltage
vL = Vg v(t)
Vg + iL(t) L + vL(t) iC(t) C R v(t) +
Small ripple approximation:
vL Vg V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via
vL(t) = L diL(t) dt
Solve for the slope: diL(t) vL(t) Vg V = L L dt
The inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor voltage and current Subinterval 2: switch in position 2
L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t)
+ iC(t) C R v(t)
vL(t) = v(t)
Small ripple approximation:
vL(t) V
Vg
iL(t)
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can again find the inductor current via
vL(t) = L diL(t) dt
Solve for the slope:
diL(t) V L dt
The inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor voltage and current waveforms
vL(t)
Vg V DTs D ' Ts V t 1
Switch position:
iL(t) I iL(0) 0
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
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iL(DTs)
Vg V L
vL(t) = L
diL(t) dt
iL
V L
DTs
12
Ts
Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude
iL(t) I iL(0) 0 iL(DTs)
Vg V L V L
iL
DTs
Ts
(change in iL) = (slope)(length of subinterval) Vg V DTs 2iL = L
Vg V iL = DTs 2L
Vg V L= DTs 2iL
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor current waveform during turn-on transient
iL(t)
iL(Ts) iL(0) = 0 0 DTs Ts 2Ts
V g v( t ) L v( t ) L
iL(nTs)
iL((n + 1)Ts)
nTs
(n + 1)Ts
When the converter operates in equilibrium:
i L((n + 1)Ts) = i L(nTs)
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
The principle of inductor volt-second balance: Derivation
Inductor defining relation: di (t) vL(t) = L L dt Integrate over one complete switching period:
iL(Ts) iL(0) = 1 L
Ts Ts
vL(t) dt
0
In periodic steady state, the net change in inductor current is zero:
0=
0
vL(t) dt
Hence, the total area (or volt-seconds) under the inductor voltage waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state. An equivalent form:
s 1 0= v (t) dt = vL Ts 0 L The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor volt-second balance: Buck converter example
vL(t) Vg V Total area t V
Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:
Ts
Inductor voltage waveform, previously derived:
DTs
=
0
vL(t) dt = (Vg V )(DTs) + ( V )(D'Ts)
Average voltage is vL = = D(Vg V ) + D'( V ) Ts Equate to zero and solve for V:
0 = DVg (D + D')V = DVg V
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V = DVg
Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
The principle of capacitor charge balance: Derivation
Capacitor defining relation: dv (t) i C (t ) = C C dt Integrate over one complete switching period:
vC(Ts) vC(0) = 1 C
Ts
iC(t) dt
0
In periodic steady state, the net change in capacitor voltage is zero:
0= 1 Ts
Ts
iC(t) dt = iC
0
Hence, the total area (or charge) under the capacitor current waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state. The average capacitor current is then zero.
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Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
