Supercompilation for Haskell
Neil Mitchell,
Colin Runciman
www.cs.york.ac.uk/~ndm/supero
The Goal
Make Haskell ‘faster’
– Reduce the runtime
– But keep high-level declarative style
Without user annotations
– Different from foldr/build, steam/unstream
Word Counting
In Haskell
main = print . length . words =<< getContents
Very high level
A nice ‘specification’ of the problem
And in C
int main() {
int i = 0, c, last_space = 1;
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) {
int this_space = isspace(c);
if (last_space && !this_space) i++;
last_space = this_space;
} About 3 times faster
printf("%i\n", i); than Haskell
return 0; (gcc vs ghc)
}
Why is Haskell slower?
Intermediate lists! (and other things)
– GHC allocates and garbage collects memory
– C requires a fixed ~13Kb
length . words =<< getContents
– getContents produces a list
– words consumes a list, produces a list of lists
– length consumes the outer list
Removing the lists
GHC already has foldr/build fusion
– e.g. map f (map g x) == map (f . g) x
But getContents is trapped under IO
– Much harder to fuse automatically
– Don’t want to rewrite everything as foldr
– Easy to go wrong (take function in GHC 6.6)
Supercompilation
An old idea (Turchin 1982)
Whole program
Evaluate the program at compile time
– Start at main, and execute
If you can’t evaluate (primitives) leave a
residual expression
– The primitive is in the optimised program
Optimising an expression
expression simplify inline
When should
What should
we terminate?
we inline?
generalise residual
How should
we generalise?
named*
An example (specialisation)
map (\b → b+1) as -- named as map’
inline map
case as of {[] → []; x:xs -> (\b → b+1) x : map (\b → b+1) xs}
simplify
case as of {[] -> []; x:xs → x+1 : map (\b → b+1) xs}
no generalisation and residuate
case as of {[] -> []; x:xs → x+1 : ? xs}
? xs = map (\b → b+1) xs
use existing name
? xs = map’ xs
map’ xs = case as of {[] → []; x:xs → x+1 : map’ xs}
An example (deforestation)
map f (map g as) -- named as map’
inline outer map
case map g as of {[] → []; x:xs → f x : map f xs}
inline remaining map
case (case … of …) of {[] → []; x:xs → f x : map f xs}
simplify
case as of {[] → []; x:xs → f (g x) : map f (map g xs)}
generalise, residuate and use existing name
map’ f g as = case as of {[] → []; x:xs → f (g x) : map’ f g xs}
An example (with generalisation)
sum x = case x of
[] → 0
x:xs → x + sum xs
range i n = case i > n of
True → []
False → i : range (i+1) n
main n = sum (range 0 n)
Evaluation proceeds
sum (range 0 n)
case range 0 n of {[] → 0; x:xs → x + sum xs}
case (case 0 > n of {True → []; False → …}) of …
case 0 > n of {True → 0;False → i + sum (range (0+1) n)}
sum (range (0+1) n)
Now we terminate and generalise!
sum (range i n)
case range i n of {[] → 0; x:xs → x + sum xs}
…
The Residual Program
main n = if 0 > n then 0 else 0 + main2 (0+1) n
main2 i n = if i > n then 0 else i + main2 (i+1) n
Lists have gone entirely
Everything is now strict
Using sum as foldl or foldl’ would have given
accumulator version
When do we terminate?
When the expression we are currently at is
an extension of a previous one
sum (range (0+1) n) > sum (range 0 n)
a > b iff a →emb* b, where emb = {f(x1,…,xn) → xi}
This relation is a homeomorphic embedding
– Guarantees termination as a whole
How do we generalise?
When we terminated which bit had emb
applied?
sum (range (0+1) n)
Generalise those bits
let i = 0+1
in sum (range i n)
What should we inline?
Obvious answer: whatever would be
evaluated next. But…
let x = (==) $ 1
in x 1 : map x ys
We want to evaluate $, as map will terminate
Inline by evaluation order, unless will
terminate, in which case try others
‘Supero’ Compilation
Haskell
Yhc
Core
Supero
Core
Yhc.Core
Haskell
GHC
Executable
GHC’s Contributions
GHC is great ☺
– Primitives (Integer etc)
– Strictness analysis and unboxing
– STG code generation
– Machine code generation
How do we do on word counting now?
Problem 1: isSpace
On GHC, isSpace is too slow (bug 1473)
– C's isspace: 0.375
– C's iswspace: 0.400
– Char.isSpace: 0.672
For this test, I use the FFI
D !
LV E
SO
Problem 2: words (spot 2 bugs!)
words :: String → [String]
words s = case dropWhile isSpace s of
[] → []
s2 → w : words s3
where (w, s3) = break isSpace s2
Better version in Yhc D !
LV E
SO
Other Problems
Wrong strictness information (bug 1592)
– IO functions do not always play nice
Badly positioned heap checks (bug 1498)
– Tight recursive loop, where all time is spent
– Allocates only on base case (once)
– Checks for heap space every time
Unnecessary stack checks d i ng
Pe n
Probably ~15% slowdown
Performance
Now Supero+GHC is 10% faster than C!
– Somewhat unexpected…
– Can anyone guess why?
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
int this_space = isspace(c);
if (last_space && !this_space) i++;
last_space = this_space;
The Inner Loop
space/not
C Haskell
not/space
Haskell encodes space/not in the program
counter!
Hard to express in C
Comparative Runtime (40Mb file)
25
20
15 C (gcc)
sec.
Supero+GHC
10
GHC
5
0
charcount linecount wordcount
%
100
120
140
160
0
20
40
60
80
bernouilli
digits-of-e1
digits-of-e2
exp3_8
integrate
primes
queens
rfib
tak
wheel-sieve1
wheel-sieve2
x2n1
Runtime as % of GHC time
Conclusions
Still more work to be done
– More benchmarks, whole nofib suite
– Compilation time is currently too long
Haskell can perform as fast as C
Haskell programs can go faster
