I

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching

Programme (PTP) on knowledge regarding prevention of
home accidents among mothers of underfive children
admitted in pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka

By
MS. NEETHU PAUL
REG NO: ME0111002

Dissertation
Submitted to the
K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CHILD HEALTH NURSING
Under the guidance of
Prof. SUMITRA L.A,
M.Sc (N), Ph.D (N)

DEPARTMENT OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING
K.L.E. UNIVERSITYS INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES
NEHRU NAGAR, BELGAUM- 590010, KARNATAKA, INDIA

JULY 2013
II


K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled A study to evaluate the
effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP) on knowledge
regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of underfive
children admitted in pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka is a bonafide and
genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Prof. SUMITRA L.A.
M.Sc (N), Ph.D (N)
, Head, Department Of Child Health
Nursing, K L E Universitys Institute of Nursing Sciences, Nehru Nagar,
Belgaum-590 010.


Date: Signature of the candidate
Place: Belgaum
Ms. NEETHU PAUL
Post Graduate Student
K.L.E. Universitys Institute of Nursing
Sciences,
Nehru-Nagar, Belgaum-10

III



K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled A study to evaluate the
effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP) on knowledge
regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of underfive
children admitted in pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka is a bonafide research
work done by Ms. NEETHU PAUL in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
the degree of master of science in Child Health Nursing.



Date:
Place: Belgaum








Signature of the Guide

Prof. Sumitra L.A

M.Sc (N),Ph.D(N)

Head, Department of
Child Health Nursing
K.L.E. Universitys Institute of Nursing
Sciences,
Belgaum-10

IV


K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL,
K.L.E. UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES,
NEHRU NAGAR, BELGAUM- 590010.

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled A study to evaluate the
effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP) on knowledge
regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of underfive
children admitted in pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka is a bonafide
research work done by Ms. NEETHU PAUL under the guidance of
Prof. SUMITRA L.A.
M.Sc (N), Ph.D (N)
, Head, Department Of Child Health
Nursing, K L E Universitys Institute of Nursing Sciences, Nehru Nagar,
Belgaum-590 010.

Seal and Signature of the HOD Seal and Signature of the Principal


Prof. SUMITRA L.A.

MSc(N), Ph.D.(N)
Head,
Department of Child Health Nursing
K.L.E. Universitys Institute of
Nursing Sciences,Belgaum-10

Prof. SUDHA A RADDI
MSc(N), M Phil, Ph.D (N)
Principal

K.L.E. Universitys Institute of
Nursing Sciences,
Belgaum-10.
Date: Date:
Place: Belgaum Place: Belgaum

V



K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA

COPY RIGHT

Declaration by the Candidate

I hereby declare that the K L E University, Belgaum, Karnataka shall
have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation/thesis in print
or electronic format for academic/ research purpose.


Date:
Place: Belgaum
Signature of the candidate

Ms. NEETHU PAUL
Registration No: ME0111002
Post Graduate Student
K.L.E Universitys Institute of Nursing
Sciences,
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum-10.


K L E UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA.

VI





BY THE GRACE OF GOD
AFFECTIONATELY
DEDICATED TO
MY BELOVED
GRANDMOTHER
AND PARENTS












VII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I lift up my eyes to the hills where does my help come from?
My help comes from the Lord, the Maker of Heaven and Earth.
(Psalms 121: 1)
With full of gratitude I bow my head in front of the Almighty God for
showering upon me his loving kindness, mercies, grace and blessings, who has been
the guiding force behind all my efforts.
It is my great pleasure and privilege to work and take up this study under the
scholarly guidance, extensive support and meticulous corrections of Prof. Sumitra
L.A, HOD, Department of Child Health Nursing, K.L.E.Us Institute of Nursing
Sciences, Belgaum, for her expert guidance, constant encouragement, patience and
personal interest. Her motivating words, loving attitude, valuable suggestions have
laid the foundations stone for building the present study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Sudha A Raddi Principal. K.L.E.
Universitys Institute of Nursing Sciences, Belgaum for her constant support,
encouragement and guidance in the completion of my dissertation.
I am grateful to Prof. Milka Madhale, Vice Principal, K.L.E. Universitys
Institute of Nursing Sciences, Belgaum, for generous support and encouragement in
the completion of this study.
I express my special thanks to Asst Prof. Preeti Bhupali, Class Co-Ordinator of
final year M.Sc (N), for her inspiring interaction, valuable comments and motivation
in completion of the study.
I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to Mrs. Smita. D. M, Mr. Gavi Salimath,
VIII

Mr. Mahaling. H, Mr. Jagadish, (Lectures) and all other M.Sc faculties who have
formally and informally helped me in the completion of this study and for their
encouragement, valuable suggestions, and motivation in completion of the study.
I extend my genuine gratitude to all the experts who have given their valuable
guidance and suggestions towards validating the tools used in the study.
I express my heartful gratitude to Mr. Vijaykumar, Bio-statistician, for his
timely assistance in statistical analysis, patient guidance and suggestions.
I am very thankful to Dr. R.S Mudhol, Medical Superintendent, KLES Dr.
Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum.
I express my sincere thanks to our library staffs, Mr. Subhash and
Mr. Vastrad for permitting and facilitating me to make use of the reservoir of
knowledge.
I owe my sincere thanks to English and Kannada editors who have helped me
in editing my thesis and translating my tool and lesson plan into Kannada.
I thank to Mr. Pandu and Mr. Anand of DTP & Xerox Centre, for formatting,
printing and binding of my dissertation.
I would like to extend my thanks to all mothers of underfive children who
participated in my study with their full cooperation and without whom this study
would not be possible.
I express my special thanks to my dear friends, Ms. Mitra M Menon, Ms. Tina
Varghese, Ms. Hemaletha, Ms. Asha Paulose, Ms. Dipali, Ms. Seena, Mrs. Vaishali,
Ms. Vidya and Mr. Srishail for helping me out in completion of my study.
IX

I will be ever grateful and have extremely affectionate and deepest special
words of thanks to my beloved Mr. Bipin Thomas for his constant, everlasting love,
sacrifice, motivation, encouragement, inspiration and support in every aspect of my
life.
My acknowledgement would remain incomplete without thanking my family, the
power that led me to complete my study with success. I express my heartful gratitude
to my beloved parents Mr. A. P Poulose, Mrs. Ammini Poulose and my grandmother
Mrs. Annamma Chacko, my sister Mrs. Kavitha Saji, my brother in law
Mr. Saji N. L and their kids Sandra and Sourav, my brother Mr. Renjith Paul and
sister in law Mrs. Shyney Renjith and their daughter Jonah, for their prayers,
affection, inspiration, support and motivation in my life. It is their blessings and well
wishes that have made me reach here today.
(Ms. Neethu paul)













X

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED



























CVI - Content Validity Index
df - Degree of Freedom
f - Frequency
H1, H2 - Research Hypothesis
MRC - Medical Research Center
n - Total number of samples
NS - Not significant
PTP - Planned Teaching Programme
S - Significant
SD - Standard Deviation
SEd - Standard Error of Difference
X
2
- Chi- square
WHO - World Health Organization
XI

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: Todays children are
tomorrows citizens. Children are to be cared and protected from environmental
hazards. Children are at the windows of vulnerability of accidents. In todays high
tech world, there are dangers for children everywhere, for example, on the road, at
home, at school or in the play ground. They deserve to inherit a safer, fairer and
healthier world. There is no task more important than safe guarding their
environment. Children are one third of our population and all of our future. In order to
develop a healthy society, it is important that we have healthy children. This study
was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP)
on knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among the mothers of
underfive children admitted in pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among the
mothers of under five children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program regarding prevention of
home accidents among mothers of under five children.
3. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.
METHODS:
Research approach used in this study was evaluative in nature. Research Design:
Pre experimental one group pretest- post test design. Subjects: 60 mothers of
underfive children admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore
XII

(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka. Sampling technique:
Purposive sampling technique.
RESULTS:
The results of the study shows that majority, 32 (53.33%) of the subjects were in the
age group of 21-25 years and 48 were Hindus (80%). Most of the participants, which
are 30 (50%), were from nuclear family. Majority 28 (46.67%) of the participants had
high school education and 51 (85%) were house wives. Maximum, 31 (51.67%)
mothers had one underfive child and 19 (31.67%) of mothers obtained information
regarding prevention of home accidents in children from family members. The overall
pretest mean score obtained by the participants was 13.63 with SD 2.44. In post test,
the overall mean score was 27.13 with SD 2.40. There was a significant difference
between pre test and post test knowledge scores of mothers regarding prevention of
home accidents in under five children after a planned teaching programme. There was
a significant increase in post-test knowledge scores at P<0.05 level and calculated
pairedt value is 52.80. There was a significant association between knowledge and
educational status of the mothers.
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
The findings of the study revealed that educating mothers would be effective in
updating them in preventing home accidents in children.
KEY WORDS:
Home accidents; Planned teaching programme; Mothers of underfive children.





XIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER


PARTICULAR

PAGE NO.
I. INTRODUCTION

1-8
II. OBJECTIVES

9-15
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

16-32
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

33-42
V. RESULTS

43-62
VI. DISCUSSION

63-67
VII. CONCLUSION

68-72
VIII. SUMMARY 73-75
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY

76-83
X. ANNEXURES

84-156







XIV

LIST OF TABLES



























SL.NO

TABLES

PAGE
NO.

1. Frequency and percentage distribution of mothers of
under five children according to socio- demographic
variables.
45-46


2. Pre test and post test comparison of knowledge
scores of subjects in different items of structured
knowledge questionnaire
52
3. Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation and range
of knowledge scores of subjects regarding prevention
of home accidents in under five children.
54
4. Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge
scores of mothers on prevention of home accidents in
children during pre test & post test.
56
5. Mean difference (d), Standard Error Difference
(SED), Pairedt values of knowledge scores.
58
6. Association between the pre test knowledge scores of
mothers with selected demographic variables.
60-62
XV

LIST OF FIGURES



















SL.NO

FIGURES


PAGE NO.
1. Conceptual framework based on Ludwig Von
Bertalanffys general system theory.

15
2. Schematic representation of study design. 34
3. Schematic representation of research process. 42
XVI

LIST OF GRAPHS


SL.NO

GRAPHS


PAGE
NO.
1. A Cylindrical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by age. 48
2. A Pie diagram showing percentage distribution of mothers by religion 48
3. A Conical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by type of
family
49
4. A Column graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
educational status
49
5. A Cylindrical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
occupation
50
6. A Pie diagram showing percentage distribution of mothers by number of
under five children
50
7. A Pyramid graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by previous
source of information
51
8. Bar graph showing percentage distribution of Pre test and post test
comparison of knowledge scores of subjects in different items of
structured knowledge questionnaire
53
9. A Line graph showing Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation and
range of knowledge scores of subjects regarding prevention of home
accidents in underfive children
55
10. A Column graph is showing percentage distribution of pre test and
post test knowledge scores of subjects regarding prevention of
home accidents in under five children
57
XVII

11. A Doughnut graph showing Mean difference, Standard error difference
and Paired t value of knowledge scores of mothers calculated and
tabulated.
59





















XVIII

LIST OF ANNEXURES

ANNEXUR NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.
A Ethical committee permission to conduct research study 84
B Letter seeking permission to conduct pilot study 85
C Letter seeking permission to conduct research study from
hospital
86
D Statement of the consent by the mothers 87-88
E Participant informed sheet for mothers 89-91
F Certificate of validation 92
G Letter seeking expert guidance for content validation of
the tool and the planned teaching programme
93-94
H Blue print of structured questionnaire 95
I Structured questionnaire on knowledge regarding home
accidents in children
96-116
J Answer key 117
K Evaluation criteria checklist for the validation of tool 118-119
L Lesson plan on prevention of home accidents in children 120-152
M Content validity to evaluate the criteria checklist of
lesson plan on prevention of home accidents in children
153-154
N List of experts who have validated the tool 155
O Master data sheet 156





1

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
Children are like buds in a garden and should be carefully and lovingly
nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Shape the future of life; healthy environment for children. They deserve to
inherit a safer, fairer and healthier world. There is no task more important than safe
guarding their environment
1
. Children are one third of our population and all of our
future. In order to develop a healthy society, it is important that we have healthy
children.
1
The under five children are vulnerable or special risk group in any
population deserving special health care because of their immaturity and the various
stages of growth and development.
2

Every year, 1 million children under the age of 15 are taken to accident and
emergency units after accidents in the home. The most severe accidents in children
are likely to experience are falls from height, or burns and scalds involving fire or hot
water. Older children more often experience fractures such as a broken arm or wrist,
while it is more common for younger children to go to hospital for
suspected poisoning.
Fragile, helpless and innocent, an infant enters the world completely
dependent on the caretakers. From the moment you see her you should take steps to
keep her safe. The toddler age is a troublesome age, although this can be a
challenging time a parents and child as both of them learn to know each other better,

2

it is extremely important period, for developmental achievement & intellectual
growth.
1

Injuries are the third leading cause of death in the region as a whole after
cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In spite of their magnitude and preventability,
injuries receive far less attention than other diseases. Following the WHO statistics
2002 the three leading causes of injury deaths were: self-inflicted injury, road traffic
injuries and poisoning. Injuries can be categorized by intent: unintentional or
accidental and intentional. Unintentional are road traffic injuries, poisoning,
drowning, falls and burns. Injuries can also be classified by place and action the field
of home accidents there is still the need for a better surveillance to make the problem
and the risks more visible. The prevention in the home needs to be part of the overall
injury prevention plans with involvement of multiple sectors. There is a need to
demonstrate that there is evidence of the effectiveness of injuries in the home are
preventable by legislation, home visitation, child proof closures, safer home
environments (e.g. Use of window bars, balcony guards, stair gates, smoke alarms,
and thermostats on water heaters).
A childs world centers on around the home, school, community. Every child
has the right to grow up in a healthy environment. The future development of our
children depends on their enjoying good health today. The house is an exciting place
for infants & small children, who love to explore but are not aware of the potential
dangers.
3

Accidental injuries are the leading cause of death in under five children. The
developmental stage of the child partially determines the type of injuries that are most
likely occurring at a specific age. The toddler with highest curiosity to explore,

3

investigate and with the ability to run and walk are more prone to variety of injuries
like falls, burns and drowning.
4
Childhood is a very special vulnerable period of life. A bright future for an
individual, for a family, for a society, or for a country lies in providing a safer
environment for children to grow and mature.
5
Children being an integral and
vulnerable section of our society have been one of the principal victims of all the
social ills, poisoning being no exception. Children are exploratory by nature and
therefore, they are liable to ingest unwanted substances from their environment.
Young children are known for exploring vigilantly with their mouth. They do not
know the difference between what is good or bad for them, leaving the parent or
caregivers the dutiful task of keeping the house safe and secure.
6

The child is the most precious possession of mankind, most loved and perfect
in its innocence. Children are to be cared and protected from environmental hazards.
Children are at the windows of vulnerability of accidents. In todays high tech world,
there are dangers for children everywhere, for example, on the road, at home, at
school or in the play ground.
7
Unintentional injury was a huge problem for children
which include most common childhood accidents like falling, drowning, accidental
burns, swallowing products or medications.
8

Burns are leading cause of death among under five children, as children are
easily burnt due to thinners skin & more composition of body fluids. Hot water scalds
causes a majority of burns. The young child may also exposed to the risks caused by
electrical when introducing an object into electric plug or when playing with electric
appliances & electric cords.
9


4

Accidental aspiration of food objects such as nuts and seeds are common in
young children may result death, inedible objects such as balloon, coins, pills, safety
pins, marbles and baby powder may also be fatally aspirated. Toddlers, while
enjoying their new found freedom of movement are frequently at risk of accidental
injury caused by household items. Such objects to be kept out of reach of children.
10

In a developing country there are valid factors which affect the health of
children. Majority of these can be prevented by adopting appropriate preventive
measures and raising the level of knowledge of people, mainly mothers. Lack of
knowledge of mother regarding increased mobility and ease locomotion of children
with developed gross motor and fine motor skills, awareness about prevention of
home accidents in children, are influenced by literacy, low social class, psychosocial
stress and unsafe environmental disorders.
11

Prevention of home accidents in infants and children is one of such event.
Infants and children can not anticipate dangerous situations which may bring tragedy
to the family and therefore must be protected from harm. Most of the minor and major
accidents can be prevented by adults care for their children. Mothers play a major role
in this process.
A mother can help to prevent accidents in infants & children by guiding
children under their care and by setting a good example of safe behavior. Mothers
who shoulder the responsibility of taking all members of the family under her care
should know about the prevention of home accidents & promote the health of
children.


5

NEED FOR THE STUDY
The soul is healed by being with children.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Accidents are a feature of the complexity of modern life in the developed
countries. Accidents, which occur in the main areas, are at home, road and work
place. The predominant factor in accidents is carelessness and the problem can be
tackled through education. Unintentional accidents are quite common in children. The
gross motor skills enables the toddler not only to move furthermore quickly by
walking, running, climbing and riding a tricycle but also to put objects around and to
explore areas like pools and ponds. They are inquisitive to know many things without
the immediate supervision of parents due to their need for Autonomy.
12

Studies of childhood accidents have revealed that there are many conditions
contributing to accidents during the childhood years. The conditions that contribute to
accidents are too little supervision, permissive training which fails to establish rules
and permits children to do as they please, awkwardness and clumsiness due to poor
motor co ordination, hyperactivity which encourages the children to do things
impulsively without thinking of the consequences.
13

WHO World health statistics show that 34% of the death is due to motor
vehicle accidents, 2% have been caused by Poisoning, 5% by falls, 4% by fires, 13%
by drowning and 21% by other unintentional injuries. In the year 2000, injuries in the
home reached the sum of 256,000 (45% of a total of home and leisure injuries). Most
of the home accidents occurred in the living room, followed by the garden, yard and
then the kitchen.
14


6

Injuries are among the most under-recognized public health problems
facing the United States today. About 20 children die every day from a preventable
injury. The U.S. death rate was 15.0 per 100,000 populations. State injury death rates
varied from 7.2 per 100,000 to 28.8 per 100,000. The U.S. death rate for children 1 to
4 years of age was 10.8 per 100,000. Males in this age group had a rate of 12.9 per
100,000 and females a rate of 8.7 per 100,000. Transportation-related injuries resulted
in the highest death rate. The death rate due to Drowning in US is 3.0 per 100,000
population.Falls-0.3, Burns-1.5, Poisoning-0.2, and Suffocation-0.9.
15

In India most common type of accident observed was fall (53 percentages).
The fall was either from walker, furniture/bed, stairs, roof and from attendant's lap.
Injuries due to sharp edge instruments (23 percentages) aspiration of parts of toys,
marbles, coins (11 percentages), burns / scalds (9 percentages) etc. were other type of
accidents encountered. 64.1 percentages of boys and 54.7 percentages of girls are at
risk of electric appliances, 61.0 percentages of boys and 63.5 percentages of girls are
at risk of household chemical and 92.5 percentage boys & 91 percentage girls are
exposed to fire as it was within reach in their homes.
16


The incidence rate of accidents in the children in Karnataka (2009) was found
to be 3.13 per 100 child months or 0.35 per child per year. The total number of
injuries recorded was 135. Maximum number, 51 (38.9 %) of the injuries occurred in
the age group of 49-60 months, followed by 28 episodes (21.4%) in the 37-48 months
age group. Majority (70.3%) of the accident episodes occurred in boys. Abrasions
accounted for majority of the injuries (72.6%), followed by cuts and lacerated wounds
(11.8%), avulsions (6.6%), contusions (4.4%), burns (3.8%) and bite wounds (0.8%).
47.3% of injuries were treated within an hour of onset. Commonest home remedies

7

used ranged from antiseptics to folk remedies. Training of parents and caretakers for
hygienic and timely treatment of injury is recommended.
17

According to injury facts 2001, more than 39,000 children per day or 4 million
children per year reclined medical attention for an accidental injury. Every year 1,
20,000 children are permanently disabled. In 1998, there were 5,850 deaths due to
preventable accidental injuries. Accidents occurring commonly in children 1-6 years
include burns, falls, drowning, cuts, laceration, abrasions, contusions, crush injuries,
choking and foreign body aspiration. Most accidents in children younger than 5 years
of age

occur at home. After the age of 6 years, most accidents and

accidental deaths
occur outdoors. The kitchen is the most dangerous

room in the home, as
approximately 18% of all home injuries

occur there.
18



In an Era of preventive medicine, Regional studies on incidence of accidents
revealed that there is negligence and lack of awareness and improper management of
childhood accidents by parents.
12


An article from the India Parenting Journal (2009) suggests the following
safety precautions for accidents in children like; never to leave an infant or a young
child alone near a bathtub, bucket, hot iron and teapot in the kitchen. Most of the
parents allow children to play with plastic bags, covering their heads and faces, but
this can cause asphyxiation. More than 60% parents hold their baby in their lap while
drinking anything hot or while cooking, which should be avoided. Do not allow
children to play and run with sharp objects in their mouths. Accidental falls can result
in severe lacerated wounds in the mouth and throat. Elders should never allow
children to perform new skills without giving them proper demonstration and
training.
17

8


Robert J Haggerty (2006) did a work on emergency management of home
accidents in childhood. He says burn injured children should have their clothing
removed immediately. In case of chemical burns (except phosphorus), wash with
large quantities of running water. Due to high chances of infection; ointments,
greases, powders, etc. should not be used in the emergency treatment of burns. In case
of skeletal injuries, no massages should be done; immediately seek physician
assistance. In the management of accidental poisons, identify the poison and shift the
child immediately to the physician. Induced emesis is effective means of removing
ingested poisons. However, induced vomiting and the practice of holding down child's
head, after ingestion of caustics or hydrocarbons (including kerosene), should be
strictly avoided.
17

Accident prevention and safety awareness are skills that need practice; it is a
sort of sixth sense of dangers. Most children learn safety concerns from their mothers.
Mothers are often torn by keeping a baby safe or allowing him to explore with more
freedom obviously a child cannot be confined forever because child is always making
new discoveries at all the times.

Thus the investigator felt that there is need to educate the mother to prevent the
accidents amongst under five children. Therefore it is essential to emphasize safety
awareness among parents and significant care givers regarding childhood accidents.
Proper management and prevention to improve the quality of children who are the
future of the country.
19
Parental education is the key determinants of injuries
prevention. Nurses play a key role in prevention of accidents and to take appropriate
action in case of any accidents,
14
thus the investigator felt that assessing the mothers
knowledge will help the nurse to plan programmes in community and hospitals in the
prevention of accidents among under five children.


9

CHAPTER-II
OBJECTIVES
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on
knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of under five
children admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable)
Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of
under five children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program regarding prevention of
home accidents among mothers of under five children.
3. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.
OPERATIONL DEFINITIONS
1. Evaluate
It refers to the statistical measurements of knowledge scores of mothers of under
five children with regard to prevention of home accidents by using structured
knowledge questionnaire.
2. Effectiveness:
It is defined as significant gain in knowledge of mothers regarding prevention
of home accidents as evidenced by pre test and post test scores.

10

3. Planned teaching programme:
It refers to systematically developed instruction designed for a group of
mothers to provide information regarding prevention of home accidents in under five
children.
It is intended to provide knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents,
which includes;
Introduction
Types of home accidents
Causes of home accidents
Complication of home accidents
Prevention of home accidents
4. Home accidents in children:
It refers to Physical trauma caused by any unexpected events such as drowning,
falls, poisoning, burns, electric shock and sharp objects like knife etc. among under
five children in the home settings.
In this study the following are considered as home accidents.
a) Burns
b) Falls
c) Drowning
d) Poisoning

11

e) Foreign body aspiration or choking.
f) Electric shock
g) Trauma due to sharp objects like knife
5. Knowledge of mothers:
The Level of Understanding of Mothers regarding prevention of home
Accidents in under five Children in pediatric ward at Dr. Prabhakar Kore Charitable
Hospital & MRC, Belgaum.
6. Prevention: Measures taken by mothers of under five children to avoid home
accidents.
7. Accidents: Unexpected event. An event which takes place without persons
knowledge.
8. Under five children: Under five refers to children under the age of 5 years (0-5yrs).
HYPOTHESIS
H
1
-There will be a significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge
scores of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children.
H
2
- There will be a significant association between the pretest knowledge scores and
selected demographic variables.
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Mothers of under five children admitted in pediatric ward have some knowledge
regarding prevention of home accidents.
2. Planned teaching programme is an effective method to improve knowledge.

12

DELIMITATION
This study is delimited to the mothers of under five children admitted in
pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital and MRC,
Belgaum, Karnataka.
PROJECTED OUTCOME
1. The mothers of under five children may gain knowledge on prevention of home
accidents.
2. The best teaching strategy can be implemented for the prevention of home
accidents by Planned Teaching Program.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A Framework is the conceptual underpinning of the study. A study that has its
roots in the specified conceptual model, the framework is often called conceptual
framework. The development of conceptual framework is a fundamental process
required before conducting actual research, because it guides each stage.
Polit states that a conceptual framework is interrelated concepts on observation
that assembled together is some rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a
common theme. A framework serves as a spring board for scientific advancement.
Its a framework which provides the investigator the guidelines to proceed in
attaining the objectives of the study based on theory. It is a scientific representation of
the steps, activities and outcome of the study.
Conceptual framework deals with abstractions that are assembled by virtue of
relevance to a common phenomenon. Theory is the basis of all scientific works. A
theory consists of an integrated set of defined concepts, existence of statements, and

13

relational statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to
describe, explain, predict & control that phenomenon.
The conceptual framework of the present study is based on Ludwig Von
Bertalanffys General System Theory (1950). In 1952 Bertalanffy introduced this
theory as a universal theory that could be applied to many fields of study. According
to the General System Theory, a system consists of a set of interacting components,
i.e input, throughput, output and feedback within a boundary that filter the type and
rate of exchange with the environment. Being an open system, the client is capable of
receiving information and gain knowledge from his environment. Utilizing this
capacity of client, nurse takes the opportunity to provide information. The nurse
examines whether the information is processed or not with the help of feedback.
System
System refers to a whole human being who contains articulated sets of many
sub components and this whole system operates or functions within the boundaries of
self, family and community and also constantly exchanges information, energy and
matter.
Input
Input is nothing but information, energy, matter that are needed and absorbed by
the individual or that enters the system. It is the imparting phase. Conceptual
framework of the present study is based on assumptions that the mothers of underfive
children will be interested to get more awareness about additional precautions adopted
to prevent the home accidents in under five children, responds positively to those
preventive measures and is receptive to information. The nurse educator assumes that
mothers of underfive children possess certain level of knowledge and follows the
practices by the constant interaction with under five children and their surroundings.

14

The education aims for input which includes prior assessment of mothers of underfive
children which includes demographic profile and knowledge of mothers regarding
prevention of home accidents in children. Assessment is carried out by means of a
structured questionnaire.
Throughput
The nurse educator acknowledges the need for and develops a Planned
Teaching Programme on prevention of home accidents in children, based on the
pretest knowledge score of mothers of underfive children and vast review of
literature. The nurse educator along with mothers of underfive children enters into
throughput phase i.e. action phase. The nurse educator disseminates the information
on prevention of home accidents in underfive children. The mothers of underfive
children receives the information by showing careful attentions during the health
education session on prevention of home accidents in underfive children.
Output
Output is the transformed form of information, energy and matter that is given
out by individual after processing. It is the evaluation phase. In the present study
output is considered to evaluate the gain in knowledge regarding prevention of home
accidents in underfive children assessed through the process of post test.
FEEDBACK
Feedback is the response of individual which may be positive, negative or
neutral. The process of feedback enables the individual to evaluate whether the input
is processed satisfactorily or not, and if needed enables to recycle the entire process.


15
















Fig.1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFYS GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY

INPUT

THROUGHPUT

OUTPUT

PRETEST

POST TEST

I: Assessment of demographic variables
Age
Religion
Types of family
Educational status
Occupation
Number of underfive children
Previous source of information
regarding prevention of home
accidents
II: Assessment of knowledge of mothers
of underfive children regarding
prevention of home accidents.


Development of PTP on
prevention of home accidents
in underfive children.
Administration of Planned
Teaching Programme by
using charts, flash cards
among mothers of underfive
children.


Gain in
knowledge

No gain in
knowledge

FEEDBACK
Key: - - - - Not included in the study


Comparison of
pretest and post
test knowledge
scores


16

CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a key step in the research process. Review of
literature refers to extensive, exhaustive, and systematic examination of publications
relevant to a research project.
20

Review of literature is a description and analysis of the literature relevant to
a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key
writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being
asked, and what methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, it is
not in itself primary research, rather, it reports on findings of others.
This chapter deals with the literatures which are reviewed and relevant to
the present study. The review of literature for the present study has been taken from
different sources like journals, books, articles, internet, published and unpublished
research studies.
The review related to the present study is organized and presented in following area.
Review related to mothers knowledge on prevention of home accidents.
Review related to prevention of various types of home accidents.
Review related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme on prevention of
home accidents in children.
Review related to mothers knowledge on prevention of home accidents.
A descriptive study was conducted in Mangalore to identify the knowledge
of mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers. The population of the study
was mothers of toddlers and the sample size was 170. The sampling technique used
17

was convenient sampling and the tool used was structured questionnaire. Data
analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows that
66 percentage mothers had poor knowledge and 34 percentage mothers had average
knowledge regarding prevention of accidents among toddlers. The study reveals that
mothers with high educational had good knowledge regarding prevention of accidents
among toddlers.
21
A descriptive study was conducted on parental awareness regarding
childhood injuries at New Delhi, which revealed that out of 400 subjects only 7% of
parents were aware that drowning can occur on very little quantity of water in bath
tubs/buckets. It was found that parental knowledge regarding the ways in which
children would get injured was limited and the reasons given for not accompanying
children were like being busy in household work and statements like they can take
care of themselves and will learn from injuries were made by parents. Finally, it was
concluded that awareness regarding common childhood injuries and their prevention
was lacking.
22
An experimental study conducted to assess parents knowledge on foreign
body ingestion in children from selected hospitals of China. A sample of 1,265 cases
were selected and data collected by simple random method. The findings of study
were foreign bodies detected in 43 per cent of cases with age of toddlers (3.8 years)
were most prone to ingest inanimate objects. The most common objects were coins
(49 per cent) and non metallic sharp objects (31.1%). Results revealed that efforts are
needed for the prevention of ingestion of inanimate foreign body should focus on
toddler group.
23
A descriptive study was conducted to assess knowledge of mothers on
18

prevention of childhood accidents at selected areas of New Delhi. The sample size
was 100 mothers of under five children. Study revealed that respondents did
demonstrate inadequate knowledge (49.46%) on prevention of childhood accidents
and moderately adequate knowledge (64%) on first aid measures. Study concluded
that there was no significant difference in the knowledge of some type of accidents in
relation to age of the mother, occupation, income of family, and educational status of
mothers.
24

An experimental study was conducted on health beliefs and social influence
on home safety practices of mothers with toddlers in areas of Munete, USA. The
purpose of the study was to determine relationship among health beliefs and social
influence on home safety practices. Samples of 140 mothers of toddlers were selected
and data was collected through structured interviews and observation. Results showed
that the combination of health beliefs, social influence, demographic and experimental
variables accounted to 51% of variance in hazard acceptability and 44% in hazard
frequency.
25

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the mothers anticipation and
prevention of unintentional injury to young children at home in selected areas of
Canada. A sample of 150 mothers of 1 year to 2 years and 3 years old children were
selected and data collected through weekly diaries of anticipated injuries and near
injuries to their child. Mothers anticipated by 57 and 47% of all injury events. Results
of the study showed mothers of young children most frequently reported preventing
injury by a physically restricting or moving the child away by changing the
environment.
26

A descriptive study was conducted on understanding of toddlers with
19

injuries in selected areas of Ontario, Canada. A sample of 150 mothers of toddlers
were used in study and collected data by multi method strategies (questionnaire,
parental observations, telephone and interviews) were used to study toddler injuries
over a 3 months period. The findings of study were cuts, scraps and puncture wounds
were the most common injuries and majority were affected limbs, occurred in the
morning. Analysis and results showed that both child (risk taking) and parent
(protectiveness) are significant determinants of child injury.
27

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge on
safety hazards in households with young children. A sample of 230 mothers was
selected and data collected by telephone survey and parental observations. The
findings of study showed safety hazards related to burns example poisoning, falls and
self reported measures of risk perceptions, the childs pervious injury experiences
were observed. Results of study were suggested that residential injury prevention
strategies for young children should stress active (child related) as well as passive
(parental related) counter measures.
28

A retrospective study was conducted to assess parental knowledge on
awareness about use and storage of drugs from selected health centers of Oman. A
sample of 2009 cases assessed for incidence of poisoning by random sampling
method was studied. Results revealed that 55.8% of cases aged 14 years and among
them 38.5% cases due to ingestion of substances, 18.2% due to drugs, 8.2% food and
4.7% had lack of awareness about use and storage of drugs.
29

A retrospective study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge on
childhood poisoning from eight regional hospitals in India. The retrospective data
showed 50-90% were below 5 years. The analysis showed that peak incidence was in
20

2nd year of life (40 per cent), 12 per cent in 1st year of life, and 20 per cent in 3rd
year of life and 0.03 per cent mortality in infants. Finally concluded that kerosene
was the most accidental poisoning in all hospitals.
30

An experimental study was conducted on effect of socio-economic status
and prevention of childhood injuries in selected urban and rural areas of Hamilton. A
sample of 1020 mothers were selected and postal survey of two random sampling
technique used in collection of data. Results revealed that home safety is higher in
high socio economic status children, where educational approaches are complemented
by environmental modification.
31

An experimental study was conducted on knowledge, attitude and practices
of childhood injuries and their prevention by primary care givers in selected areas of
Singapore. A cross sectional nationwide study with a two stage stratified random
sampling was conducted to obtain data. 256 parents and caregivers interviewed at
their homes. Results revealed that the primary caregivers had good knowledge on
road safety where as poor knowledge on home safety and first aid because only 38%
of caregivers obtained them from health personnel. Finally it was concluded that there
is a urgent need to educate parents and caregivers on home safety and first aid.
32

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge on
accidental burns from hot tap water among young children in USA. Samples of sixty
family units were selected and data were collected by use of simple random technique
for measurement of temperature of water by a mechanical and electronic
thermometer. Results revealed that fifty three (88.3%) and forty four (73.3%) units
have temperature below 520 and 540 C respectively. The findings of study was found
temperature were unsafe at all heater settings. Results revealed that most of the
21

parents of young children are unaware of danger of hot tap water to their children.
Finally concluded that health care providers inform parents about danger of hot water
temperature and advice setting of water at 490 C by American Academic of
paediatrics.
33

An epidemiological study of home injuries to children under five years in
New Zealand, which reports that the rate of hospitalization in children aged 0-4 years
from an injury sustained in the home was 737 per 100,000 populations per year. The
most frequently recorded causes of hospitalization were falls, scalds, poisonings and
cut/piercing incidents. While children continue to be killed and injured as a result of
preventable incidents in the home environment, injury prevention strategies should be
continued and strengthened.
34

A descriptive study was conducted on identifying the determinants,
mothers home safety practices for preventing the six types of common injuries to
children (burns, poisoning, drowning, cuts, strangulation/suffocation /choking and
falls) in Canada among 121 parents. The study revealed that the factors that motivated
mothers to engage in precautionary measures at home varied depending on the type of
injury. Hence the study suggests that intervention programmes enhance maternal
home safety practices and will need to target different factors depending on the type
of injury to be addressed.
35

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the parental knowledge
regarding common childhood accidents in selected areas of New Delhi, India.
Samples of 200 mothers of young children were selected and structured
questionnaire by interview method was used to collect the data. The findings of study
had the knowledge about existence of legislations relating to injury prevention was
22

low and the various ways in which child could get injured was also limited. Results
revealed that highlighting the need for injury prevention counseling in legislatory
services.
36

A descriptive study was conducted on examining parental strategies for
managing child injury risk in selected areas of Ontario, Canada. A sample of 150
mothers were used in study and collected data by multi method strategies over a 3
month period to identify anticipatory prevention strategies implementation by parents
on a room-by-room basis. Results revealed that use of supervision and rule-base
teaching doing so too early age clearly elevates childrens risk of injury in the home.
37

Review related to prevention of various types of home accidents.
A retrospective study on analysis of cases of falls from heights between
June 2007 and May 2008 among the 84 parents of children aged 1-4 years, at the
accident and emergency center of the university of Benin teaching hospital. Children
ages 1-2 years were common. Children fell mainly indoors from relatively lower
heights (1.2%) which resulted in one death, eighty (95.2%) patients sustained injury
that ranged from minor abrasions, to severe life threatening injuries (3.46) results of
the study was falls from heights were common in Beoxin among toddler age group.
Health awareness programs and first aid treatment on the spot will reduce incidences
and improve outcome.
38

A study was conducted at Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital
(KKCTH), Chennai on pediatric burns admitted to tertiary burn care unit. A study was
conducted during the year 1992 and 2003 which included admitted 535 pediatric
burns cases. The outcome with respect to etiology and complications were studied.
Study revealed that scalds were the most common type of burns among children under
23

4 years of age. Although there were 13 deaths among the entire group, the majority
occurred within 24 years age group.
39
A retrospective study was conducted at Choithram Hospital and Research
Centre, Burns Unit, Indore on 110 paediatric burns (014 years) cases. These children
were categorized into 3 groups infants (02 years) toddlers, early child hood (>26
years) and late childhood (>614 years). In the first two groups scalding was the
predominant cause of injury while in late childhood there were many more flame and
electric burns. Males were mainly affected 99% of accidents occurred at home.
Overall mortality rate was 21.8%. An intense campaign to make people aware of the
risk factors and their avoidance is required to reduce the number of burn accidents in
children.
40

A survey reports that in industrialized countries, burns are sustained,
mainly in mishaps in the kitchen due to electrical causes. Burns in the kitchen are very
significant in India partly because cooking is done at floor level in most households
but electrical burns are not very common. Many families do their cooking using fire
wood stoves. In winter, burns are more common as families keep warm by lighting
fires, especially among the poor. As electrification of houses increases both in rural
and urban areas there is greater incidence of electrical burns in India, but contributory
factors are not known. Most studies mention carelessness of adults and older children
contributing to high incidence of burn injuries. The childs behavior is also mentioned
as an important cause of burn injuries but there is little information on environmental
design which may have contributed to the problem.
41

A qualitative study was conducted on 65 parents of children under 5 years of
age in Australia on understanding factors acting as barriers and motivators to parental
24

uptake of child poison safety strategies. The study revealed that environmental
measures targeting child resistant containers, warning labels and lockable poisons
cupboards will support parents efforts to maintain poison safety education campaigns
will help to increase awareness of risk.
42
A study was conducted to analyze the cases of all childhood poisoning in
District hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka over 5 years in the 1-15 years age group. A
total of 116 cases were studied. The study showed male predominance and most
common age group involved was 1-3 years. Manner of poisoning in 92% cases was
accidental in nature. The study concluded that access prevention and massive health
education campaign should be instituted to reduce the incidence of accidental
poisoning in children.
43
A case series study had done on access to six poisoning agents by children
under 5 years of age was conducted at the poison information centre and hospital
emergency departments at Australia. The samples included in the study were 53
patients. The study revealed that majority of children accessed the poisoning agents in
their home or another home. The span of unsupervised time reported was 5 min or
less in 79.5% of these cases. Improved supervision and other preventive measures are
more likely to prevent poisoning.
44

A study was conducted on childhood poisoning from eight regional
hospitals in India, analysis of the data indicated that pediatric poisoning constituted
0.23-3.3% of the total poisoning. The mortality ranged from 0.64-11.6%. Accidents
were common involving 50-90% of children below 5 years of age. Kerosene
poisoning, pesticide poisoning were the more prevalent causes of accidental poisoning
Other less common accidental poisoning in the children included alcohol, corrosives,
25

heavy metal, rodenticides, detergents and disinfectants. Thus various regions in the
country showed some variations in types and frequency of childhood poisoning which
could be attributed to different geographical and socioeconomic background.
45
A longitudinal study conducted on toddler drowning in domestic
swimming pools from selected areas of Australia. A sample of 33 toddlers selected
from each 1000 population. The data was collected by survey method for 5 years. The
findings of study showed that 46 per cent of children drowned in the three summer
months. Over half of the pools lacked fencing, inadequate gates. This finding
highlights the need for pool owners to install standard fences and gates regularly and
need of supervision to prevent drowning accidents.
46

A retrospective study was conducted on causes of drowning in infants,
which reports that bathtub drowning is a significant cause of mortality in
paediatric population. Infants and perambulatory children are disproportionately
affected. An retrospective review of autopsy records over 20 years (1984-2003) on
factor associated with bathtubs drowning reveal that factors such as inadequate
supervision (89%), co-bathing (39%), use of infant bath seats (17%) and coexistent
medical disorders predispose the infant. All toxicological samples submitted for
analysis were negative. This highlights the factors associated with drowning in infant
which helps in the prevention in the paediatric population of such accidents.
47
A comparative study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge on
toddlers and back yard pools from selected areas of Canada and United States. A
sample of 1020 mothers were selected and data collected by cluster sampling method.
Results revealed that factors surrounding immersions experienced by young children
are environmental and supervisory factor. The final conclusion that lapse of
26

supervision is a contributing factor and all pond owners with young children should
be aware of childhood drowning accidents.
48
A descriptive study was conducted on prevention of drowning in infants and
children in selected areas of United States. Samples of 1400 children were selected
and data was collected through survey method. The findings of the study were
installation of 4-sided fencing in the yard is effective in preventing more than 50 of
swimming pool drowning. Results revealed that parents need to be advised that they
should never ever for a moment leave children alone or in the care of another young
child and needs supervision of children when in or around water.
49

A study was conducted to investigate the frequency and epidemiological
features of deaths due to foreign body aspiration (FBA) in childhood, over 1990-2003.
Of the victims 14 (63.6%) were male and 8 (36.4%) females. The mean age of the
victims was 2.2 +/- 0.6 years. There were 20 (90.9%) children between 1 and 3 years.
All aspiration occurred at home. Eight (36.4%) of the victims were dead on arrival, 11
(50%) on intervention and 3 (13.6%) after complications. Food material was the most
commonly aspirated foreign body in 81.8% of cases, nuts being the most common
(50%). These fatal accidents can be prevented by parental education and early
recognition and management of the situation.
50

A study was conducted on complications of tracheobronchial foreign body
aspiration in children. Foreign body aspiration is one of the leading causes of death in
children, especially among those younger than 3 years of age. Varied symptoms and
early diagnosis is highly associated with the stressful removal of the inhaled foreign
material. The study describes 5 cases of serious acute complications at the paediatric
intensive care unit, Sao Paulo including Pneumothorax, total atelectasis, foreign body
27

dislodgement and need for thorocotomy in children admitted into the intensive care
unit in 1999 and 2000; these were all situations that could have been prevented with
early recognition and prompt therapeutic intervention.
51

An experimental study was conducted to enhance anticipatory guidance for
injury prevention in selected areas of Mexico. Samples of thirty are residents were
selected as experimental group and control group. A quasi experimental design was
used in collecting data. Results recommend that frequency and impact of paediatric
counseling on anticipatory guidance can be enhanced because low-income families
face many barriers to carry out recommended safety practices.
52

A study reports that asphyxia due to aspiration of a foreign body (F.B.A.)
is a common cause of accidental death in children. FBA is the most likely cause of
accidental fatalities in children under 1 yr of age. It may be due to airway obstruction
by forced objects such as balloons, coins, pills, safety pins, ball bearings, marbles and
baby powder may also be fatally aspirated. To better understand and help prevent this
well recognized health risk to children, they reviewed 10 years of cases at the Cook
County Medical Examiners Office in which deaths in younger children were due to
foreign objects. The most common item that caused fatal aspiration in our service was
a toy balloon.
53

A descriptive study was conducted on parental awareness regarding common
childhood injuries and preventive issues in selected areas of New Delhi, India. A
sample of 400 mothers were selected and divided into two groups, they were from
private clinics and Government hospitals. Data collected in both groups was falls
(53% vs. 83%). 2/3 of family having stair gates, recommended that awareness was
forced to be greater in higher educational and socioeconomic background status.
28

Finally it was concluded that awareness regarding common childhood injuries and
their prevention was lacking.
54

A survey conducted on childhood injury reveals that falls are the leading
cause of unintentional childhood injury leading to fatal injury, upper and lower limb
fractures, finger cuts. The majority of injuries related from falls 85% were on to
concrete, tarmac or packed earth, 29% of these children had head injury from falls.
Experimental impacts involved falling from standing height and equipment.
Placement of furniture away from windows can prevent falling out of windows and
from balconies.
55

A retrospective study was conducted at national poisons information
centre (NPIC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi to
determine the epidemiology of poison cases Survey design was used and the samples
were selected by Non-purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by
interview schedule. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The findings
showed that 2494 calls were received seeking information on management of
poisoning. The highest incidence was in the range of 10-30 years. Poisoning due to
house hold agents were (44.1per-cent) of cases. Agricultural pesticides (12.8per-cent)
followed by drugs (18.8per-cent), animal bites and stings (4.7per-cent), Industrial
chemicals (8.9per-cent), plants (1.7per-cent) and miscellaneous groups (5.6per-cent).
The study concluded that campaigns in media and educational programmes would
help in the prevention of poisoning.
56
A study was conducted in Kind Abdul Aziz University Hospital to assess
infant and child safety practices of parents in the department of Pediatrics. The
population of the study was parents and sample size was 150 parents. Sampling
29

technique used was purposive sampling. The tool was structured questionnaire. Data
analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows that
only 4 percentage family had smoke detector at home and 8 percentages reported
using an infant seat belt, 74 percentage of mothers reported tent to the infant in the
mother bed and 74 percentage of families have other older children. This study
reveals that the awareness programme with appropriate A.V. Aids is effective in
improving child safety practices of parents.
57

A descriptive study was conducted in Rotterdam to identify the
knowledge of mothers in unsafe storage of poison in home with toddlers. The
population used for the study is mothers and sample size is 100 mothers. The
sampling technique was convenient sampling and tool used are semi structured
questionnaire. The result of the study shows that overall 50 percentage of toddlers
were more exposed to unsafe storage of poison product in the home.50 percentage
parents were more likely to store medicines safely. This study reveals that there is a
need of effective intervention in poison storage to prevent poisoning in toddlers
home.
58

A descriptive study was conducted in home injury prevention practices for
infants and toddlers, the role of parental beliefs and housing quality from selected
urban areas of Baltimore, USA. A sample of 150 mothers were selected and
interviewed about their living environment when they brought their children (6-36
months) to hospital based. Findings of study showed 59 per cent of mothers did not
use stair gates, 37 per cent of mothers knew hot water temperature. The study
observed factors of injury associated with family income, housing quality and
environmental barriers. Results revealed that to persuade parents about value of injury
in substandard housing and very limited financial resources. Results showed that the
30

combination of health beliefs, social influence, demographic and experimental
variables accounted for 51 per cent of variance in hazard acceptability and 44 per cent
of variance in hazard frequency, age, the birth position of children were significant
predictors of home safety practices.
59

Review related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme on prevention of
home accidents in children.
A study was conducted in Denzli to assess the effect of safety education
on taking precaution and reducing the frequency of home accidents. The population
of the study was mothers of under five children. Sample size was 100 mothers.
Sampling technique used was structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by
descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows that 74 percentage
mothers gaining good knowledge regarding precaution and reducing home accidents
and 265 mothers have poor knowledge. Present study also reveals that individual
home visit should be made to determine the home environment and educational needs
of mothers.
60

An evaluative study was conducted in selected schools of Udupi district
Karnataka to determine the knowledge of primary school teachers on health appraisal
of school children and effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of
health appraisal. One group pre test post test design and Non-probability
convenience sampling was used. Data were collected from 50 samples by structured
knowledge questionnaire and planned teaching programme was administered. Data
were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The t-test showed that
knowledge mean scores (29.74) were significantly higher that of the pre test mean
scores (16.16), t
(49)
=27.77, p<0.01 this indicated that the Planned teaching
programme was effected in improving the knowledge of primary school teachers.
61

31

A study was conducted on child accident prevention as a health promotion
issue that accidents to children are always a source of concern to any health care
professional. Many accidents are preventable, the number of deaths and long term
disability have remained fairly constant. Only if all agencies and authorities who have
a responsibility for the health and safety of children were closely together to educate
those who care for the children. Only enforcement of legislation will pressurize
governments to improve the childs environment, which will bring a dramatic
reduction in accidents. Further the educational approach should aim, at the health of
the general public.
62

A study was conducted on patterns of kitchen burns and scalds to young
children, to assess why such injuries continue to occur despite intervention efforts in
US, the study revealed that scalds were approximately twice as common as thermal
burns. Although the kitchen is recognized as room that is hazardous for young
children, parents seem not to recognize or anticipate the risk of burns and scalds. A
multifaceted spectrum of prevention that has individual community and organization
components may prove to be more useful.
63
A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of home safety
education, with or without the provision of low cost, discounted or free equipment, in
increasing home safety practices or reducing child injury rates and whether the effect
varied by social group. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized
controlled trials and controlled before and after studies where home safety education
with or without the provision of safety equipment was provided to those aged under
19 years. Home safety education was effective in increasing the proportion of families
with safe hot tap water temperature, functional smoke alarms, storing medicine and
cleaning product out of reach, syrup of ipecac and poison control center numbers
32

accessibility, fitted stair gates, socket covers on unused sockets and storing sharp
objects out of reach. There was a lack of evidence that interventions reduced rates of
thermal injuries, poisoning or a range of injuries.
64


33

CHAPTER- IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of a research study is defined as the way of pertinent
information is gathered in order to answer the research questions or analyze the
research problem. Research methodology involves the systematic proceeding by
which the researcher starts from the time of initial identification of the problem to its
final conclusion.
This chapter deals with the description of research and the methodology
adopted in the study. It is discussed under the following headings: Research approach,
research design, setting, population, sample, sample size and sampling technique,
preparation of blue print development and description of the tool, pilot study, data
collection, and plan for data analysis and interpretation of data.
Research Approach
The research approach is an overall plan or blueprint chosen to carry out the
study. The selection of research approach is the basic procedure for the conduct of
research inquiry.
In view of the problem selected for the study and objectives to be
accomplished, the research approach used in this study is evaluative in nature.
When a specific programme instituted, it becomes necessary at some point to
evaluate its effectiveness. Evaluation of results is conducted to determine how well a
programme was implemented and how well it accomplished its purpose.
Research Design
The research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigator to answer
the research questions. The research design provides an explicit blue print of how the
research activities will be carried.
34

The research design selected for the present study was a pre experimental,
one group pretest-posttest design, in which pre test was done, followed by planned
teaching programme and then conducting post test for the same group after 7 days. In
this study the base measure was structured knowledge questionnaire is used to assess
the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of underfive
children. The primary objective of the study was to find the effectiveness of planned
teaching programme.
The design chosen for the study is presented in the figure as:
Fig.2: Pre experimental, one group pretest-posttest design
Pre-test Treatment Post-test
Assessment of
knowledge
Planned teaching
programme
Assessment of
knowledge
O
1
X O
2

Key: O
1
Assessment of knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among
mothers of underfive children by pretest.
X Planned teaching programme on prevention of home accidents in children among
mothers of underfive children.
O
2
Assessment of knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers
of underfive children by post test.
The study design depicted in the figure 2 shows that on day one, a pre test
was given in the form of a structured interview schedule on prevention of home
accidents in children among the mothers of underfive children followed by a planned
teaching programme. On day seven, a post test was conducted to assess the level of
35

knowledge using the same structured interview schedule.
Setting of the study:
The setting refers to the physical location and conditions where data
collection takes place. In this study, research was conducted at KLES Dr. Prabhakar
Kore (Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
Population of the study:
The population is defined as the entire aggregation of cases that meet a
designated set of criteria. In this present study, the population was the Mothers of
under five children admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
Sample:
Sample refers to a subset of a population, selected to participate in a research
study. It is a portion of population, which represents the entire population. Sample
consisting of mothers of underfive children in the pediatric wards of KLES Dr.
Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
Sample size:
The samples of the study comprised of 60 mothers of underfive children in the
pediatric wards.
Sampling techniques:
Sampling technique is the process of selecting a portion of population to
represent the entire population.
36

In the present study, 60 mothers of underfive children in the pediatric wards
were selected by purposive sampling technique. It was suitable keeping in view the
time provided for data collection and the study.
Purposive sampling technique is a non probability sampling method in which
the researcher selects the participants based on personal judgment about which ones
will be the most informative.
SAMPLING CRITERIA
Inclusion criteria:
Mothers of under five children who are available in pediatric wards of KLES Dr.
Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
Mothers of underfive children willing to participate in the study.
Exclusion Criteria:
Mothers of underfive children who cant understand Kannada or English.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES:
In the present study, structured knowledge questionnaire was the techniques
used.
Development of Tool
Structured interviews are the most appropriate when straightforward factual
information is desired where structured interview invariably contains a set of
questions called interview schedule. To assess the knowledge of mothers of
underfive children regarding prevention of home accidents in underfive children, a
structured interview schedule was developed by the Investigator to collect the data
from the respondents based on experts consultations and broad review of related
literature.
37

Preparation of Blue Print
The blue print of structured interview schedule was prepared according to the
demographic characteristics, knowledge on prevention of home accidents in underfive
children. A blue print for the structured knowledge questionnaire for home accidents
in underfive children was prepared. This consists of 36 items.
The tool acts as the best instrument to assess and collect data from the
respondents in the study. Keeping this in mind, a structured interview schedule was
developed on selected aspects of prevention of home accidents. Based on the concept
of the study, the blue print was prepared under 8 areas.
1. Items on knowledge regarding home accidents 5 (13.88%)
2. Items on knowledge regarding burns/scalds and its prevention 5 (13.88%)
3. Items on knowledge regarding falls and its prevention - 4 (11.11%)
4. Items on knowledge regarding drowning and its prevention - 4 (11.11%)
5. Items on knowledge regarding poisoning and its prevention 8 (22.22%)
6. Items on knowledge regarding foreign body aspiration and its prevention -5 (13.88%)
7. Items on knowledge regarding electric shock and its prevention 3 (8.33%)
8. Items on knowledge regarding trauma due to sharp objects and its prevention 2
(5.55%)

Description of the Tool
A structured interview schedule was developed and used for collecting the
data. The interview schedule consists of two sections namely Section-A; Section-B.
Section-A consists of 7 items related to demographic information of the respondents
such as: age, religion, types of family, educational status of mother, occupation,
38

number of underfive children, previous source of information regarding prevention of
home accidents. .
Section-B consists of 36 multiple choice question items on knowledge regarding
home accidents and prevention of home accidents in underfive children with four
options for each question. Each correct answer was assigned a score of 1 and score
0 for wrong answers. The total score of Section-B was 36. The subjects who got a
score of above 16 were considered as Good knowledge, scores of 13-16 were
considered as average knowledge and scored below 12 were considered as poor
knowledge.
PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME
The PTP was developed in one session based on the review of related
research/non-research literature the objectives the objectives of the study and the blue
print.
The following steps were adopted to develop the PTP.
Development of content blue print
Preparation of PTP
Development of content blue print
A blue print of objectives and content items were home accidents, prevention of
burns/scalds, falls, drowning, poisoning, foreign body aspiration, electric shock,
trauma due to sharp objects. The same blue print was considered for the construction
of PTP.
Preparation of PTP
PTP was developed keeping in mind the objectives, literature reviewed and the
opinion of experts. The main factors kept in mind while preparing PTP was; literacy
level of the sample, method of teaching adopted and simplicity of languages. The PTP
39

was first drafted in English, translated to Kannada, through the lecture and discussion
teaching method. The flash cards, chart, power point were used as visual aids.
TESTING OF THE TOOL
Content Validity:
Content validity refers to the degree to which the items in an instrument
adequately represent the universe of the concept being measured.
65
For content validity the research tool were submitted to 8 experts who were
requested to give their opinion about the content areas and the relevance, clarity and
appropriateness of the items. The experts included were 6 Nursing experts specialized
in Pediatric Nursing and 2 Doctors specialized in pediatrics. 80% of the items were
agreed by the experts and the remaining 20% items were modified based on the
suggestion of experts.
The content validity index (CVI) across the experts ratings of each item
relevance was calculated, CVI= 0.75
Reliability of the tool:
The reliability of the measuring instrument is a major criterion for assessing the
quality and adequacy. The reliability of the instrument is the degree of consistency
with which it measures the attribute it is supposed to be measuring.
51

The tool was tried on 10 mothers of underfive children who are admitted in the
pediatric wards of BIMS Hospital, at Belgaum, Karnataka. The reliability was
established by split half method, which measures the co-efficient of internal
consistency using these values co-efficient correlation was done with the help of Karl
Pearsons formula. The reliability coefficient for was found to be 0.97. It was
statistically significant and thus highly reliable.

40

PILOT STUDY
Pilot study is a small scale version or a trial run from the main study to test
practicability appropriateness and feasibility of both study and the tool. The function
of pilot study is to obtain information for improving the project or assessing its
feasibility.
After obtaining a formal permission from Medical Superintendent of BIMS
Hospital, Belgaum, a pilot study was conducted from 15
th
to 22
th
of January 2013 in
Pediatric wards of BIMS Hospital, Belgaum. Totally, 10 mothers who have under five
children from the pediatric ward were selected by using purposive sampling
technique. The subjects for the pilot study possessed the same characteristic as that of
the sample for the main study. The consent was taken by explaining the purpose of the
study. Pre test was conducted by using structured interview schedule consisting of 7
items on demographic variable and 36 knowledge items. 40-45 minutes was taken to
complete the interview schedule. Planned teaching programme was given followed by
pre test and post test was conducted after 7 days, using the same structured interview
schedule. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. No
problems were encountered during data collection in the pilot study. Findings of the
study revealed that it was feasible. The pilot study was helpful to estimate total time
required for conducting the main study.
MAIN STUDY SETTING
The main study was conducted in K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable)
Hospital & MRC at Belgaum, Karnataka.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address the research
problem. Before the actual collection of data, formal permission was obtained from
41

Medical superintendent of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore (charitable) Hospital & MRC
at Belgaum, Karnataka. Data collection was done 1
st
to 10
th
of March 2013 in
pediatric wards of Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC at Belgaum,
Karnataka. Consent was taken from the participants after explaining the purpose of
the study. The samples of 60 mothers of underfive children were selected in the basis
of inclusion criteria by using non probability purposive sampling technique. Pretest
was conducted by using structured interview schedule consisting of 7 items on
demographic variables and 36 items on knowledge aspects. 40-45 minutes was needed
to complete the interview for each participant. Planned teaching programme was
given followed by pre test and post test was conducted on 7
th
day after PTP using the
same structured interview schedule.
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
The data obtained from the participants were grouped and analyzed on the
basis of the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The following plan for data analysis was developed:
Organization of data in master sheet.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used for analysis of
demographic characteristics.
Calculation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard deviation of
difference to analyze pre and post test knowledge scores.
Application of pairedt test to analyze significant difference in the mean knowledge
score of pre test and post test values.
Application of chi square test to find the association of pre test knowledge scores with
demographic variables
42


Fig. 3: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH PROCESS























TARGET POPULATION
MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE
CHILDREN
STUDY SUBJECT
SAMPLING AND
SAMPLE SIZE
INSTRUMENT
METHOD OF DATA
COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
KNOWLEDGE ON PREVENTION
OF HOME ACCIDENTS IN
CHILDREN
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE AND 60 MOTHERS
OF UNDERFIVE CHILDREN
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
PRE TEST
POST TEST
RESEARCH APPROACH EVALUATIVE APPROACH
RESEARCH DESIGN
PRE EXPERIMENTAL, ONE GROUP
PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN
PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME


43

CHAPTER V
RESULTS
Analysis is the categorizing, ordering, manipulating and summarizing of the
data to obtain answer to the research questions.
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from
60 mothers of underfive children through structured interview schedule. The data
collected were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential
statistics.
Analysis and interpretation of data was based on the objectives of the present
study.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers
of under five children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program regarding prevention
of home accidents among mothers of under five children.
3. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.

HYPOTHESIS:
H
1
- There will be a significant difference between pretest and post test
knowledge scores of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents in under five
children at 0.05 level of significance.
H
2
- There will be a significant association between the pretest knowledge
scores and selected demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
44

THE DATA WAS COLLECTED THROUGH:
Structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess the knowledge
of mothers of under five children.
The sample consisted of 60 mothers of underfive children, who are admitted in
the pediatric wards of Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum.
The sampling technique used in the study was purposive sampling. The data was
analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
PRESENTATION OF DATA:
To begin with, the data was entered in a master sheet, for tabulation and
statistical processing. In order to find the relationship the data was tabulated, analyzed
and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data is presented
under the following headings.
SECTION I: Description of demographic characteristics of the respondents.
SECTION II: Analysis and interpretation of knowledge scores of mothers regarding
prevention of home accidents.
SECTION III: Testing hypothesis to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching
programme.
SECTION IV: Analysis and interpretation of data to find out association of pre test
knowledge scores with selected socio-demographic variables.




45

SECTION I: DESCRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of mothers of under five
children according to socio- demographic variables:
Data was collected regarding age of the mother, religion, type of family,
educational status of the mother, occupation, number of under five children, previous
source of information regarding prevention of home accidents.
n=60
SL.
NO
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES

FREQUENCY
(f)

PERCENTAGE
(%)
1. Age of the mother
a. Less than 20 yrs
b. 21-25 yrs
c. 26-30 yrs
d. 31-35 yrs

14
32
10
4

23.33%
53.33%
16.67%
6.67%
2. Religion
a. Hindu
b. Muslim
c. Christian

48
10
2

80%
16.67%
3.33%
3. Type of the family
a. Nuclear family
b. Joint family
c. Extended family

30
29
1

50%
48.33%
1.67%
4. Educational status of the mother
a. Illiterate

0

0%
46

b. Primary school
c. High school
d. PUC & Above
24
28
8
40%
46.67%
13.33%
5. Occupation
a. House wife
b. Coolie
c. Employee
d. Any other

51
6
3
0

85%
10%
5%
0%
6. Number of underfive children
a. One
b. More than one

31
29

51.67%
48.33%
7. Previous sources of information
a. Mass media
b. Family members
c. Health professionals
d. Others

12
19
16
13

20%
31.67%
26.66%
21.67%

The above table shows that majority 32 (53.33%) of mothers were in the age
group of 21-25 years, 14 (23.33%) mothers were below 20 years of age group,
followed by mothers between the age group of 26-30 years constituted 19( 16.67%)
and least 4(6.67%) of mothers were between the age group of 31-35 years.
With regards to religion majority 48 (80%) of the mothers were Hindu, 10
(16.67%) were Muslims, 2 (3.33%) were Christians.
The above table shows that 30(50%) mothers were from nuclear family and 29
(48.33%) were from joint family, remaining 1(1.67 %) from extended family.
47

In relation to educational status of mothers maximum number 28 (46.47%) of
them are high school, 24 (40%) had primary school, 8 (13.33%) had PUC & Above.
With regards to occupation of mothers, majority 51 (85%) of them were house
wives, 6 (10%) were coolie, 3 (5%) were employed.
With regard to the number of under five children, majority 31 (51.67%) of
them had one under five child, and rest of them 29 (48.33%) had more than one under
five children.
The above table shows that majority 19(31.67%) of mothers obtained
information regarding prevention of home accidents in children from family
members, 16(26.66%) received information from health professionals, and
13(21.67%) obtained information from others and 12(20%) from mass media.














48


Graph-1: A cylindrical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
age.


Graph-2: A pie diagram showing percentage distribution of mothers by religion.
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
60,00%
Below 20
years
21-25
years
26-30
years
31-35
years
23,33%
53,33%
16,67%
6.67%
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

AGE
Below 20 years
21-25 years
26-30 years
31-35 years

80%

16.67%

3.33%
RELIGION
HINDU
MUSLIM
CHRISTIAN
49


Graph-3: A conical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by type of
family.

Graph-4: A column graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
educational status.

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
NUCLEAR
FAMILY
JOINT FAMILY
EXTENDED
FAMILY
50%
48,33%
1,67%
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

TYPES OF FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY
JOINT FAMILY
EXTENDED FAMILY
0%
40%
46,67%
13,33%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
ILLITERATE PRIMARY
SCHOOL
HIGH
SCHOOL
PUC&ABOVE
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

EDUCATIONAL STATUS
ILLITERATE
PRIMARY SCHOOL
HIGH SCHOOL
PUC&ABOVE
50



Graph-5: A cylindrical graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
occupation.

Graph-6: A pie diagram showing percentage distribution of mothers by number
of under five children.

0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
HOUSE WIFE
COOLIE
EMPLOYEE
ANY OTHER
85%
10%
5%
0%
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

OCCUPATION
HOUSE WIFE
COOLIE
EMPLOYEE
ANY OTHER
51.67%
48.33%
NUMBER OF UNDERFIVE CHILDREN
ONE
MORE THAN ONE
51



Graph 7: A pyramid graph showing percentage distribution of mothers by
previous source of information.


0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
20,00%
31,67%
26,66%
21,67%
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

SOURCES OF INFORMATION
MASS MEDIA
FAMILY MEMBERS
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
OTHERS
52

SECTION II: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF KNOWLEDGE
SCORES OF MOTHERS REGARDING PREVENTION OF HOME
ACCIDENTS.
Table 2: Pre test and post test comparison of knowledge scores of subjects in
different items of structured knowledge questionnaire.
n=60

Sl. No.

Items


Total
scores
Mean % of knowledge scores of
subjects
Pre test
(X)
Post test
(Y)
Gain in
Knowledge
(Y- X)
1. Home accidents 300 44% 82.67% 38.67%
2. Burns/scalds and
its prevention
300 41.67% 76% 34.33%
3. Falls and its
prevention
240 32.08% 76.67% 4.59%
4. Drowning and its
prevention
240 40.83% 80.83% 40%
5. Poisoning and its
prevention
480 38.54% 74.17% 35.63%
6. Foreign body
aspiration and its
prevention
300 30% 69.33% 3.33%
7. Electric shock and
its prevention
180 35% 77.78% 42.78%
8. Trauma due to
sharp objects and
its prevention
120 40% 58.33% 18.33%

53

Table 2 reveals that majority (44.59%) of knowledge gain was in falls and its
prevention, 42.78% of gain in knowledge was in electric shock and its prevention,
knowledge gain in drowning and its prevention was 40%, knowledge gain in foreign
body aspiration and its prevention was 39.33%, 38.67% of knowledge gain was in
home accidents. 35.63% of knowledge was increased in poisoning and its prevention.
18.33% of knowledge was increased in trauma due to sharp objects and its prevention.

Graph 8: Bar graph showing percentage distribution of Pre test and post test
comparison of knowledge scores of subjects in different items of structured
knowledge questionnaire.

44%
41,67%
32,08%
40,83%
38,54%
30%
35%
40%
82,67%
76%
76,67%
80,83%
74,17%
69,33%
77,78%
58,33%
38,67%
34,33%
44,59%
40%
35,63%
39,33%
42,78%
18,33%
0% 50% 100%
Home accidents
Burns/scalds
Falls
Drownning
Poisoning
Foreign body
aspiration
Electric shock
Trauma due sharp
objects
Gain in
knowledge
Post test
Pre test
54

Table 3: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation and range of knowledge
scores of subjects regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children.
n=60
Area of
analysis
Mean Median Mode

Standard
Deviation
Range

Pre test

13.63

14

14.74

2.44

10

Post test

Difference

27.13

27

26.74

2.40

11

13.5

13

12

0.04 1

Table 3: reveals that difference between pre test score and post test score showed that
overall difference pre test and post test in Mean was 13.5, Median was 13, Mode was
12, Standard deviation was 0.04 and Range was 1.








55


Graph 9: A Line graph showing Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation and
range of knowledge scores of subjects regarding prevention of home accidents in
underfive children.





MEAN MEDIAN MODE
STANDARD
DEVIATION
RANGE
PRETEST 13,63 14 14,74 2,44 10
POST TEST 27,13 27 26,74 2,4 11
DIFFERENCE 13,5 13 12 0,04 1
13,63
14 14,74
2,44
10
27,13
27
26,74
2,4
11
13,5
13
12
0,04
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
56

Table 4: Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge scores of mothers
on prevention of home accidents in children during pre test & post test.
n=60
Sl. No Knowledge score Pre-test
f %
Post- tes
f %

1. Good
(X + SD)
9 15% 14 23.33%
2. Average
(X SD)
30 50% 40 66.67%
3. Poor
(X - SD)
21 35% 6 10%

Table 4 reveals that in pre test majority of subjects 30(50%) had average knowledge,
9(15%) had good knowledge and 21(35%) had poor knowledge. In post test majority
of the subjects 40(66.67%) had average knowledge, 14(23.33%) had good knowledge
and 6(10%) had poor knowledge.






57


Graph 10: A Column graph showing percentage distribution of pre test and post test
knowledge scores of subjects regarding prevention of home accidents in under five
children.






15%
50%
35%
23,33%
66,67%
10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Good Average Poor
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

Pre test Post test
58

SECTION III: Testing hypothesis to evaluate the effectiveness of planned
teaching programme.
H
1
: There will be a significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge
scores of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children at
0.05 level.
Table: 5 n=60

Mean difference
Standard Error
Difference
(SED)

Paired t value

Calculated Tabulated

13.5

0.25

52.80*

1.960

* (p<0.05)
Table 5 reveals that the calculated pairedt value (t=52.80) is greater than tabulatedt
value (t=1.960). Hence H
1
is accepted.







59


Graph 11: A Doughnut graph showing Mean difference, Standard error
difference and Paired t value of knowledge scores of mothers calculated and
tabulated.







13,5
0,25
52,8
1,96
Mean difference Standard error difference
Calculated value Table value
60

SECTION IV: Analysis and interpretation of data to find out association
between pre test knowledge scores of mothers with selected socio-
demographic variables.
H
2
: There will be a significant association between the pretest knowledge scores and
selected demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Table 6: Association between the pre test knowledge scores of the subjects
with selected demographic variables.
n=60
Sl. No. Variables Good Average Poor Chi-square (X
2
)
Calculated
value
Tabulated
value
1. Age of the mothers
a. Below 20 years
b. 21-25 years
c. 26-30 years
d. 31-35 years

2
4
2
1

7
18
3
2

5
9
5
2

2.64

12.592
NS
2. Religion
a. Hindu
b. Muslim
c. Christian

7
2
0

24
4
2

17
4
0

2.45

9.488
NS
3. Types of family
a. Nuclear family
b. Joint family
c. Extended family

2
7
0

19
11
0

10
10
1

5.95

9.488
NS
61

4. Educational status of
the mother
a. Illiterate
b. Primary school
c. High school
d. PUC & Above


0
0
4
5


0
4
23
3


0
19
1
1


48.76
*



12.592
S
5. Occupation
a. House wife
b. Coolie
c. Employee
d. Any other

7
1
1
0

28
2
0
0

16
4
1
0

4.876

12.592
NS
6. Number of underfive
children
a. One
b. More than one


5
4


18
12


6
15


5.12


5.991
NS
7. Previous sources of
information
a. Mass media
b. Family members
c. Health professionals
d. Others


4
2
2
1


4
10
7
9


3
7
7
4


6.092



12.592
NS

S: Significant NS: Non significant
Table 6: reveals that the calculated chi-square value for age, religion, type of family,
occupation, number of under five children and previous sources of information is less
62

than chi-square table value. Hence H
2
is rejected. There is no association between
knowledge and age, religion, type of family, occupation, number of under five
children, previous sources of information.
* The calculated chi-square value (48.76) for educational status of the mother is more
than chi-square table value (12.592). Hence H
2
is accepted. There is a significant
association between knowledge and educational status of the mothers.


63

CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with discussion part according to the results, obtained from
statistical analysis based on the data of the study, the reviewed literature, hypothesis
which was selected for the study. The purpose of the study, technical research effort
of the investigator presented the discussion of the study that revealed the fact about
knowledge of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of home accidents
after administering a planned teaching programme.
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a one group pre test, post test
design with evaluative approach was used. Non probability purposive sampling
technique was used to select the samples. the study was conducted in K.L.E.S
Dr.Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum and data was collected
from 60 mothers who had underfive children. Knowledge on prevention of home
accidents was assessed by structured knowledge questionnaire the findings of the
study have been discussed under the following parts.
1. Findings related to the socio-demographic variables of mothers of underfive children.
2. Findings related to the pre test knowledge score levels of the mothers of underfive
children.
3. Findings related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme in terms of gain in
knowledge.
4. Findings related to the association between the pre test knowledge scores of mothers
of underfive children and selected socio-demographic variables.

64

1. Findings related to the socio-demographic variables of mothers of underfive
children.
Age
The characteristics of the demographic variables of mothers described in terms
of the frequency and percentage distribution which showed that the majority of the
subjects 32(53.33%) belonged to the age group of 21-25 years, while minimum
subjects 4(6.67%) belonged to the age group of 31-35 years.
The above result is supported by the study carried out to determine the
knowledge and practice of rural and urban primipara mothers regarding exclusive
breast feeding. The results showed that 48% of the rural mothers belonged to the age
group of 21-24 years.
66

Religion
Majority, 48 (80%) of the respondents were Hindus and 10 (16.67%) were
Muslims.
The above result coincides with the study conducted to determine the level of
knowledge of mothers of underfive children regarding immunization which showed
that out of 100 mothers 65% were Hindus.
67

Type of Family
With regard to the type of family, majority 30 (50%) of mothers was from
nuclear family and 29 (48.33%) were from joint family.
The above result is supported by a study done to assess the perception and
preference of parents to vaccination. The result showed that 58% of the parents were
from nuclear families.
68
65

Educational status
With regard to the education of mothers, majority 28 (46.67%) of respondents
had high school education.
The above result is supported by a study conducted to assess the knowledge of
mothers regarding weaning. The result showed that 57% of mothers had high school
education.
69

Occupation
With regard to the occupation, out of 60 mothers majority 51 (85%) of the
mothers were house wives.
The finding is consistent with a study conducted to assess knowledge and
practice among mothers of under five children regarding prevention of home
tragedies. The result revealed that 58% of the participants were housewives.
70

Number of under five children
With regard to the number of under five children, majority 31 (51.67%) of
mothers had one child under the age of five.
The above result is supported by a study done to assess effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of Accidents
among Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur. The result revealed that
70% of mothers had one toddler children.
71
Previous sources of information
Majority 19 (31.67%) of mothers obtained information from family members
regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children.
66

The result is consistent with the study conducted to determine the level of
knowledge of mothers of underfive children regarding immunization which revealed
that out of 100 mothers 35% of mothers obtained information from television.
67

2. Findings related to the pre test knowledge score levels of the mothers of
underfive children.
In pre test, 9 (15%) of subjects had good knowledge level, 30 (50%) of the
subjects had average knowledge level and 21 (35%) of the subjects had poor
knowledge level regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children.
The findings of the study were supported by a study to evaluate the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among mothers of toddlers. The study findings showed that in pre test
majority of the mothers of toddlers had low knowledge (85%) and more than one
tenth of mothers had average knowledge (15%) where as in post test, majority of
mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) followed by more than one tenth of mothers
had low knowledge (12.5%).
71

3. Findings related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme in terms of gain
in knowledge.
The post test mean value of knowledge was 27.13 with SD of 2.40, which was
higher than the pretest value of knowledge was about 13.63 with SD of 2.44. The
mean difference between pretest and post test knowledge was 13.5 and the obtainedt
value was 52.80 which was significant at (p=0.05). The calculated tvalue was more
than the table value, which was significant at 0.05 level. Hence it was concluded that
the hypothesis is accepted.
The findings of the study were supported by a study to assess the effectiveness
of planned teaching programme to mothers on first aid for home accidents among
67

toddlers. The results reveals that post test mean value of knowledge was 29.43, which
was higher than the pretest value of knowledge was about 17.86. The mean difference
between pretest and post test knowledge was 11.57 and the obtainedt value was
49.650 which was significant at (p=0.05). The calculated tvalue was more than the
table value, which was significant at 0.05 level. Hence it was concluded that the
hypothesis is accepted.
72

4. Findings related to the association between the pre test knowledge scores of
mothers of underfive children and selected socio-demographic variables.
The obtained chi square value was more than the table value for demographic
variable such as educational status of the mother showed an association between
existing knowledge at 0.05 level of significant (X
2
=48.76, df=6). Demographic
variables such as age (X
2
=2.64, df=6), religion (X
2
=2.45, df=4), type of family (X
2
=
5.59, df=4), occupation of the mother (X
2
=4.876, df=6), number of underfive children
(X
2
= 5.12, df=2), previous sources of information (X
2
=6.09, df=6).
The results coincide with the study done to assess the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme regarding prevention of poisoning in children among
mothers of underfive children. The study showed that there was significant
association between the pre test knowledge score and educational status of the
mothers.
73



68

CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION
The focus of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching
Program (PTP) on knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers
of under five children admitted in pediatric ward of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore
(Charitable) Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka. The data was collected from 60
mothers of underfive children. The data collected were subjected to analysis using
descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and median, mode, standard deviation
and difference. Inferential statistical methods like pairedt test and chi-square were
used for analysis.
This chapter presents the conclusions drawn, implications, limitations,
suggestions and recommendations.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Majority 32(53.33%) of the subjects were in the age group of 21-25 years, 14
(23.33%) of mothers were below 20years, mothers between the age group of 26-30
years constituted 10 (16.67%), the least 4 (6.67%) of mothers were between the age
group of 31-35 years.
48 (80%) of mothers were Hindus and 10 (16.67%) were Muslims and remaining 2
(3.33%) mothers were Christians.
30 (50%) of mothers were from nuclear family and 29 (48.33%) from joint family and
the remaining 1 (1.67%) from extended family.
28 (46. 67%) of mothers had high school education, 24 (40%) had primary school
education and remaining 8 (13.33%) of mothers had PUC & Above.
69

Out of 60 mothers, 51 (85%) of mothers were house wives, 6 (10%) of mothers were
coolie and 3 (5%) of mothers were employee.
31 (51.67%) of mothers had one child at home, 29 (48.33%) had more than one child
at home.
19 (31.67%) of mothers obtained information regarding prevention of home accidents
from family members, 16 (26.66%) obtained information from health professionals,
13 (21.67%) received information from others and 12 (20%) of mothers obtained
information from mass media.
The results of the pre test knowledge score (13.63) showed that there is need for the
planned teaching programme to update the knowledge on prevention of home
accidents in children among underfive mothers.
The post test knowledge score (27.13) revealed that the planned teaching programme
was effective in improving the knowledge of mothers. There was a significant
difference between pre test and post test knowledge scores of mothers of underfive
children.
There was a significant association between selected demographic variable such as
educational status of the mother with pre test knowledge scores of the respondents.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
The nursing implications of the study could be discussed under nursing
practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research.
Nursing Practice:
Nurses play a major role in the health care system. Health education is an
important aspect of nursing practice. Nurses take care of patients with different
diseases and disorders. They can provide supportive and educative services which will
70

help individuals, families and communities to obtain, restore, or recover optimal
health. This study finding will create the awareness among the nurses about the
importance of prevention of home accidents. This will helps them to prevent
increased mortality rates among underfive children. It will helps the nurses to
understand the effectiveness of planned teaching programme among the mothers of
underfive children regarding prevention of home accidents.
Nursing Education:
Nursing curriculum consists of the theoretical and practical training provided
to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care
professionals. The topic home accidents in children and its prevention are included in
the nursing curriculum in the third year B.Sc and 1
st
year P. C. B. Sc Nursing in the
subject Child Health Nursing. The present study would help to nursing students to
understand the importance and provide need based care to the mothers of underfive
children regarding prevention of home accidents. This study would help the student
nurses to understand the importance of educating mothers of underfive children
regarding prevention of home accidents.
Nursing Administration:
Nurse administrators must provide platform to facilitate improving
knowledge of nurses on prevention of home accidents in children. They should take
actions in developing a practical information booklet on prevention of home accidents
in children. Nurse administrators should see that the aspect of prevention is taken into
consideration by the nurses while caring for the children. The nurse administrators
should arrange continuing nursing education programme for nursing personnel on
prevention of home accidents in children.
71

Nursing Research:
The main goal of research is to improve quality patient care. Research has
become a vital part of nursing. Nursing research has tremendous influence on
professional nursing practice as well as on improving the health status of the
community. Many studies have been conducted on prevention of home accidents in
children. By pursuing research in this area, nurses can contribute to reducing the
mortality and morbidity rates of home accidents in children and thus improve the
health of the future generation. Emphasis should be given to the utilization of research
findings and encourage evidence based practice in nursing. Appropriate utilization of
research help the nurses to make evidence based decision regarding care of children.
LIMITATIONS
1. The findings could be generalized only for mothers of underfive children in the
pediatrics wards of Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum.
2. Only a structured interview schedule was used for data collection which restricted the
amount of information that could be obtained from the respondents.
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of the findings of the study following recommendations have been
made:
1. A comparative study can be conducted between rural and urban mothers.
2. A similar study can be replicated on fathers of underfive children.
3. A similar study can be replicated on a large sample to generalize the findings.
72

4. A similar study can be conducted to find out the attitude and knowledge regarding
prevention of home accidents and first aid for home accidents among parents of
underfive children.
5. A similar study can be replicated on mothers of children below 10 years.











73

CHAPTER VIII
SUMMARY
The present study was under taken in the direction to contribute to the present
knowledge of mothers of under five children and thus upgrade their knowledge to
care effectively for children in preventing the home accidents. The present study was
conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme for mothers
of under five children regarding prevention of home accidents in children.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on
knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of under five
children admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable)
Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
Objectives of the study were:
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of
under five children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program regarding prevention of
home accidents among mothers of under five children.
3. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.
The study involved the testing of following hypothesis
H
1
-There will be a significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge
scores of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children at
0.05 level of significance.
74

H
2
- There will be a significant association between the pretest knowledge scores and
selected demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Need for the study was based on prevalence and incidence of home accidents in
children in India due to lack of knowledge of parents, negligence of parents or lack of
supervision.
In this study various literatures reviewed were organized under following
headings.
Review related to mothers knowledge on prevention of home accidents.
Review related to prevention of various types of home accidents.
Review related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme on prevention of
home accidents in children.
The independent variable was planned teaching programme regarding
prevention of home accidents and the dependent variables were the knowledge scores.
The extraneous variables such as age, religion, type of family, educational status,
occupation of mother, number of underfive children, previous sources of information
regarding prevention of home accidents.
The conceptual framework used for the present study was based on Ludwig
Von Bertalanffys general system theory. The study assumed that the planned
teaching programme would help the mothers of underfive children to update and
improve their knowledge on prevention of home accidents in children.
A pre experimental one group pre test post test design, with an evaluative
approach was used to test the proposed hypothesis. The study sample consisted of 60
mothers of under five children, who are admitted in the pediatric wards of Dr.
75

Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka. Purposive
sampling technique was used for the collection of study samples.
The tool developed and used for the data collection was structured knowledge
questionnaire which includes 36 questions. Content validity of the tool and planned
teaching programme was established through expert judgment and the reliability was
obtained through pilot study. Pilot study was conducted on 10 mothers of underfive
children from 15
th
January 2013 to 22th January 2013 from the Pediatric wards of
BIMS Hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka. The reliability coefficient of structured
interview schedule was r=0.97.
The main study was under taken from 1
st
March to 10
th
March 2013. The data
was collected from the mothers of under five children from the pediatric wards of Dr.
Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.
The data was collected by using structured interview schedule. A planned
teaching programme was administered to the mothers of underfive children at the end
of pre test and a post test was conducted on the seventh day by using same interview
schedule.
The data obtained were analyzed in terms of the objectives of the study using
descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were percentage, mean,
median, mode, standard deviation and range. The inferential statistics used to test the
hypothesis at p<0.05 level of significance was:
1. Pairedt test for the hypothesis on the effectiveness of planned teaching programme
(PTP).
2. Chi-square test (Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation) for finding the association
between the pre test knowledge scores and the selected demographic variables.



76

CHAPTER IX
BIBLIOGRAGHY
1. Govt. of India, National child survival and safe motherhood programmes modules
for health workers, Ministry of health and family welfare, Delhi: 1992; p.30-36.
2. Dorothy R, Marlow Barhara. A Redding "Textbook of paediaricnursing", 6
th
ed.
W.B. Saunders company' Publications.1988.
3. Gulani K K. Community health nursing principles and practices, 1
st
Ed. New
Delhi: Kumar publishing house; 2005; p.285-290.
4. Cuttle. L, Kravchuk O. An audit of first aid treatment of pediatric burns patients
and their clinical outcome, Journal of Royal childrens hospital Burns research
group, Australia: 2009 Nov-Dec;30(96):28-34.
5. Nordberg E. Injuries as a public health problem in sub Sahara Africa:
Epidemiology & prospects for control. East Africa Medical Journal [serial online].
2000 Dec [cited 2012 Jan3]; 77(12): 41-43.
6. Wani K A, Ahmed M, Prof. Sethi A S. Dept of pediatrics, Govt Medical college,
JK publications: 2004; 11(4): 274-275.
7. GroHarlem B. Healthy environments, shapes future life of children, Journal of
Health Education and Promotion, 2003; 23(4): 6-16.
8. Wayne Elford R. Prevention of household injuries in children, Chemical
Preventive Health Care 1994; 25(7): 306-17.
9. David R, Gold Mann. Complete Home Medical Guide, 18th American ed, United
states: Dk Publishing Inc; 1999.
10. Sudehs Raha. Harmful effects of chemicals on children. Nightingale Nursing
times. 2004; 1 (111): 39-40.
77

11. Wongs L Donna, Whaley and Wongs. Essentials of pediatrics nursing, 4th ed.
Philadelphia: The CV Mosby Company; 1997. p. 376-377.
12. Mohan D, Anderson R. Injury prevention and control. International course on
injury prevention and control, TRIPP. NewDelhi: 2000;
Available from: URL: http//www.tripp.iitd.ernet.in/publications/pubgroup/ injury
control.htm
13. Elizabeth B H. Child Development. 16
th
ed. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing
company Ltd; New Delhi: 1997; p.127-29
14. Xavier.B. Preventing children accidents & improving home safety in the European
region. World Health Organization.2005;
Available from: URL: http//www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/.../Bonn_
accident_rep.pdf
15. Childhood Injury Report- injury center; Protect the ones you love: Child injuries
are preventable. Available from: URL:http://www.cdc.gov/safechild/ images/CDC
childhoodinjury.pdf.
16. Ravinder K, Gupta, Ritu G. Home related accidents during infancy, vol.6: No.2,
April-June 2004;
Available from:URL: http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume 62/home.pdf
17. Crawley T, Coha. Childhood injury: A status report. Journal of Pediatric nursing.
2001; 5: 371-374.
18. Robert J H. Home accidents in childhood. Injury prevention.2006; 2:290-298
19. Miller T R, Spicer R S. How safe are our schools? American journal of Public
Health.1998; 88:413-418.
20. Basavanthappa B T. Nursing Research, Jaypee Brothers Medical publications (p)
Ltd, p 49.
78

21. Patel U. Prevention of Accidents among Toddlers. Nightingale, Nursing Times,
Volume 4, December 2008:31-32.
22. Sehgal A, Jain S, Jyothi M C. Parental awareness regarding childhood injuries.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2004; 71(2): 125-8.
23. Cheng W, Tam P K. Foreign body ingestion in children. Journal of pediatric
surgery. 1999; 34 (10): 1472-6.
24. Nanthini S. Knowledge of mothers on prevention of childhood accidents. The
Nursing Journal of India 2006 Oct; 97(5): 10.
25. Morrongiello B A, Kirikaou S. Mothers safety practices for preventing six types
of child injuries. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2004; 29(4): 285-97.
26. Garling A, Garwag J. Mothers anticipations and prevention of unintentional
injury to young children in the home. Journal of Pediatrics Psychology 1995;
20(1): 23-26.
27. Morrongiello B A, Ondejko L. understanding toddlers in home injuries. Journal of
pediatric psychology. 2004; 29 (6): 433-46.
28. Glick D C, Greaves D E, Krosen J. Safety hozards in households with young
children J. of pedia psychology. 1993; 18 (1): 115-31.
29. Jan M M, Hasangil F H. Parents awareness about use and storage of drugs. Saudi
Medical Journal 2000; 21(12): 1142-6.
30. Prof. S.P. Goel. Common poisonings and their management in children. Current
medical Journal. 2005; XI (6): 7-14.
31. Evans S A, Kohli H S. Socio-economic status and prevention of child home
injuries. J of inj prevention. 1997; 3 (1): 29-34.
32. Thein M M, Lee B W. Knowledge, attitude and practices of childhood injuries.
Singapore Medical Journal. 2005; 46(3): 122-6.
79

33. Pichoff B E, Schydlower M. Children at risk for accidental burns from hot tap
water. Journal of pediatrics. 1994; 90 (11): 54-8.
34. Gulliver P, Dav N, Simpson T. The epidemiology of house injuries in children
underfive years in New Zealand: Australia NZ Journal of Public Health 2005 Feb;
29(1): 29-34.
35. Morrongiello B A, Kiriakou S. Mothers home safety practices for preventing six
types of childhood injuries: What do they do, and why? Journal of Pediatrics
Psychology 2004 Jun; 29(4): 285-97. Available from:
jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/4/285.full
36. HU X, Wessen D. pediatric injuries: parental knowledge, attitudes and needs.
Canadial Journal of public health. 1996; 87 (2): 101-5.
37. Agran P F, Anderson C. Rates of pediatric injuries for children 0-3 years of age J.
of pedi injury prevention. 2004; 32 (4): 111-14.
38. Tietze kw, HessH. Poisoning in small children, Article in German, 1998 April; 60
(4); 259-62.
39. Ramakrishnan K M, Sankar J, Venkatraman J. Profile of pediatric burns Indian
experience in tertiary care burn unit, Burns 2005 May; 31(3): 351-3.
40. Mukerji G. Epidemiology of paediatric burns in Indore, India. Burns 2001 Feb;
27(1): 33-8.
41. Dinesh M. Childhood injuries in India: extent of the problem and strategies for
control. The Indian Journal of Paediatrics 1986; 53: 607-15.
42. Gibbs L. Understanding parental mothers and barriers to update of child poison
safety strategies. Journal of Injury Prevention 2005 Dec; 11(6): 373-7.
43. Honnungar Ravindras, Kumar Lavlesh, Shetty Ashok Kumar, Jirlip S. A study of
pediatric poisoning cases at district hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka. Medico- Legal
80

Update-An international journal [serial online] 2010 [cited 2010 Nov
17];10(1):4750
44. Ozanne-Smith J. Childhood poisoning: access and prevention. Journal of
Paediatric Child Health 2001 Jun; 37(3): 262-5.
45. Datta A K, Seth A, Goyal P K, Agarwal, Mittal S K, Sharma R. Poisoning in
Indian children scenario. Indian Journal of Paediatrics 1998 May-Jun; 65(3): 365-
76.
46. Bleun C, Shield J. Toddler drowning in domestic pools. Journal of Ped. Inj
prevention. 2003; 44(5):200-12.
47. Somers G R, Chiasson D A, Smith C R. Pediatric drowning: a 20 yr reference of
autopsied cases. American Journal of Forensic Medicine Pathology 2006 Jun;
27(2): 113-6.
48. Stevenson M R, Rimajoua M C. Childhood drowning. Journal of Paediatrics 2003;
111(2): 15-19.
49. Ramadas. Prevention of drowning in infants and children. Journal of Pediatrics
2003; 15(6): 517-9.
50. Goren S. Foreign body aspiration in children. Indian Pediatrics 2005 Nov; 42(11):
1131-3.
51. Oliveira C R. Complications of trachebronchial FBA in children. Review of
Hospital das Clinical Faculty Medicine. Sao Paulo 2002 May-Jun; 57(3): 108-11.
52. Gielen A C, Wilson M E. Enhanced anticipatory guidance for injury prevention.
Arch. Pedi. Med. Journal, 2001; 155 (1): 42-9.
53. Lifschultz B D, Donoghue E R. Deaths due FBA in children. Journal of Forensic
Defence 1996 Mar; 41(2): 247-51.
54. Aswathi S, Agarwal S. Determinants of childhood mortality and morbidity in
81

urban slums in India. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40: 1145-61.
55. Norton C, Nixon J, Sibert J R. Playground injuries to children. Archives of
Disease Childhood 2004; 89(2): 103-7.
56. Shrivastava A, Shah S P, Thomas K, Gupta S K. An epidemiological study of
poisioning cases. Human and experimental toxology. 2005; 24: 279-285
57. Jann M M, Hasernain F H. Infant and Child Safety Practices of Parents. Saudi
Medical Journal, 2005; 142-146.
58. Beivens T M. Prevention of Home Accidents. The knowledge and practice of
mother regarding prevention of burn between 9 months 9 years (2006 May); 312-
318.
59. Gielen A C, Wilsar M E. In home injury prevention practices for toddlers. J of
health education. 1995; 22 (1): 85-95.
60. Oztric M C. Prevention of Home Accidents. To assess the effects of safety
education on taking precaution and reducing the frequency of home accidents,
(1998) October; 812-820.
61. Alice C O. A study to determine the knowledge of primary school teachers on
health appraisal of school children and effectiveness of a planned teaching
programme on knowledge of health appraisal in selected schools of udupi district,
Karnataka Unpublished master of nursing thesis, manipal academy of higher
Education:2005
62. Ferguson A. Child accident prevention as a health promotion issues. Accidental
Emergency Nursing 1994; 2(4): 193-9. Available from:
URL:http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/17/1/27.full
63. Drago D A. Kitchen Scalds and thermal burns in children five years and younger
pediatrics. Journal of Paediatrics 2005 Jan; 115(1):10-6.
82

64. Kendrick D, et. al. Home safety education and provision of safety equipment for
injury prevention, University of Nottingham, Division of Primary Care, Floor 13,
Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham, UK, NG72RD.
65. Polit D F, Beck C T. Nursing research: Principles and methods, 7
th
ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2004; p.114-29
66. Dinesh. M A comparative study to assess the knowledge and practice of primipara
mothers of selected rural and urban area regarding exclusive breast feeding with a
view to develop an health education programme. Unpublished M.Sc (N)
dissertation, RGUHS, Bangalore: 2008
67. Kapoor R, Vyas S, Indian J Pediatr. Awareness and knowledge of mothers of
under five children regarding immunization in Ahmedabad. 1998, May-Jun;
65(3):365-70.
68. Ambika K A. study to assess the knowledge of mothers of underfive children
regarding iron deficiency anemia and its prevention in a selected hospital at
Bangalore with a view to develop an information booklet. Unpublished M.Sc (N)
dissertation, RGUHS, Bangalore: 2004.
69. John J. A study to determine the knowledge of mothers regarding weaning with a
view to prepare a learning material. Unpublished M.Sc (n) dissertation, RGUHS,
Bangalore: 2001.
70. Bharathi C. A study to assess knowledge and practice among mothers of under
five children regarding prevention of home tragedies in a selected urban slum
areas in Bangalore with a view to develop an information Guide sheet.
Unpublished M.Sc (n) dissertation, RGUHS, Bangalore: 2007
71. Vijayakumari G. A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among mothers of
83

toddlers in a selected area of Raichur. Unpublished M.Sc (n) dissertation, RGUHS,
Bangalore: 2005
72. Lakshmi B M. a study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme
to mothers on first aid for home accidents among toddlers residing in selected
areas at Tumkur. Unpublished M.Sc (n) dissertation, RGUHS, Bangalore: 2011.
73. Minu G. A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
regarding prevention of poisoning in children among mothers of underfive
children in a selected rural area, Bangalore, Unpublished M.Sc (n) dissertation,
RGUHS, Bangalore: 2012.









84

CHAPTER-X
ANNEXURE- A
ETHICAL COMMITTEE PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDY





85

ANNEXURE- B
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT PILOT STUDY






86

ANNEXURE- C
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDY
FROM HOSPITAL






87

ANNEXURE- D
STATEMENT OF CONSENT BY THE MOTHERS
The contents of the information sheet that have been provided have been read
carefully by me, explained in detail to me in a language that I comprehend. I have fully
understood the contents. I confirm that I have had an opportunity to ask questions.
The nature and purpose of the study, its potential risks /benefits, expected duration
of the study and other relevant details of the study has been explained to me in detail. I
understand that my participant is voluntary and I can withdraw at any time, without any
reason.
I understand that the information collected about me from my participation in this
research may be looked at by responsible individuals from KLE Universitys Institute of
Nursing Sciences, Belgaum and JN Medical College, Belgaum. I give permission for
these individuals to have access to my records and I agree to take part in the above study.
Date:
Place:


Signature of the participants Signature of the investigator
MS. Neethu Paul





88



,
.

.
, , /



.
KLES
.

.
.
.





: :





89

ANNEXURE- E
INFORMATION SHEET FOR MOTHERS OF UNDERFIVE CHILDREN
Date:

Title: Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme (PTP) on knowledge
regarding Prevention of Home accidents among mothers of underfive children.
You are requested to participate in a study that is to assess the effectiveness of
Planned Teaching Programme (PTP) on knowledge regarding Prevention of Home
accidents among mothers of underfive children. The study is being done by Ms.
Neethu Paul, Post Graduate student in Child Health Nursing under direct supervision
and guidance of Prof. Sumitra L.A, HOD, Department of Child Health Nursing, KLE
Universitys Institute of Nursing Sciences. About 60 mothers of underfive children
who are admitted in the paediatric wards of KLES Dr.Prabhakar Kore Charitable
hospital, Belgaum will be enrolled in the study.
Purpose of the study and duration
Purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of Planned Teaching
Programme (PTP) on knowledge regarding Prevention of Home accidents among the
mothers of underfive children. The expected duration of the study is 6 months.
Procedure:
You shall meet the selection criteria to be eligible to participate in the study .If
you agree to participate in this study; you should fill the structured knowledge
questionnaire before and after administration of learning package on Prevention of
Home accidents in children.

I D
NO


90

Risk and benefits
This study may help you to gain knowledge regarding prevention of Home
accidents in children. There is no risk present in this study.
Institutional policy
The K.L.E. University will provide, within the limitation of the laws of the
Karnataka State, facilities and medical attention to subject who suffer injuries as a
result of participating in this project. In the event if you believe that you have suffered
any physical injury as the result of your participation in this study, you may contact
principal investigator Mr. Neethu Paul, mobile no: 9886857021.
Voluntary participation
If you decide not to participate or continue the study, you will be allowed to
drop out at any time. The investigator will always be ready to treat you appropriately
if required any time.

Financial incentives for participation
You will not be provided any incentives for participating in the study.

Privacy and confidentiality
Every effort will be made to protect the confidentiality of the information you
provide. No person other than the person involved in the study will have access to the
information provided by you. The study if published for scientific purpose will not
include your personal identity.




91

Contact details
If you have any questions about the study, you can contact Prof. Sumitra L.A,
HOD, Department of Child Health Nursing, K.L.E. University Institute of Nursing
Sciences , Belgaum, mobile no 9845896114 . If you need any further information
regarding your rights as a study participant, you may please contact Prof. Sudha A.
Raddi, Principal of K.L.E. Universitys Institute of Nursing Sciences, Belgaum,
mobile no: 9448354712.



















92

ANNEXURE- F

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

This is to certify that the,

Tool: The self administered knowledge questionnaire which consists of two sections,
Section A consists of information related to socio-demographic variables
Section B consists of questions related to knowledge regarding Prevention of home
accidents among the mothers of under five children.

Teaching plan:
Planned teaching program on knowledge regarding prevention of home
accidents prepared by Ms. Neethu Paul, II year M.Sc Nursing student of KLEUs
Institute of Nursing Sciences Belgaum, is found to be valid for this titled A study to
evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on knowledge
regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of under five children
admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital
and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.





Name:
Designation:
Place: Signature & Seal of Expert
Date:






93

ANNEXURE- G

LETTER SEEKING EXPERT GUIDANCE FOR CONTENT VALIDATION
OF THE TOOL AND THE PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME

From,
Ms. Neethu Paul
M. Sc Nursing 2
nd
year
KLEUs Institute of Nursing Sciences Belgaum - 10

To,
.
.
.

Through the Principal
Subject: Requesting for the content validation of the tool and the planned
teaching.

I Ms. Neethu Paul, II year M. Sc Nursing student (Child Health Nursing) of
KLEUs Institute of Nursing Sciences Belgaum have undertaken a research study on
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on
knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of under five
children admitted in pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable)
Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka.

Objectives of the study:
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents among mothers of
under five children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program regarding prevention of
home accidents among mothers of under five children.
3. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.


94

To achieve the above mentioned objectives, I request your kind self to validate the
tool for its relevance, appropriateness and arrangement of the content and the planned
teaching program using the criteria checklist enclosed.
Here with I am enclosing the:
Self administered knowledge questionnaire
Scoring key
Blue print of tool (self administered knowledge questionnaire)
Criteria checklist for validation of tool
Planned Teaching Program on Prevention of Home Accidents
Criteria checklist for evaluation of Planned Teaching Program.
Certificate of validation

I request you to kindly go through the content and give your expert and valuable
suggestions. Your expert opinion and cooperation will be highly appreciated and great
fully acknowledged.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Place: Belgaum Yours sincerely,
Date:
(Ms. Neethu Paul)

Signature of the Principal Signature of the Guide
Prof. Sudha. A.Raddi Prof.Sumitra L.A.
HOD of Child Health Nursing








95

ANNEXURE- H

CONTENT BLUE PRINT OF THE TOOL (PTP)





Sl no. Items on knowledge regarding
home accidents and its
prevention
Number of
items
Number of
questions
Percentage
(%)
1 Items on knowledge regarding
prevention of home accidents
1,2,3,4,5 5 13.88%
2 Knowledge regarding
burns/scalds and its prevention
6,7,8,9,10 5 13.88%

3 Knowledge regarding falls and
its prevention
11,12,13,14 4 11.11%
4 Knowledge regarding drowning
and its prevention
15,16,17,18 4 11.11%
5 Knowledge regarding poisoning
and its prevention
19,20,21,22,23
,24,25,26
8 22.22%
6 Knowledge regarding foreign
body aspiration and its
prevention

27,28,29,30,31
5 13.88%
7 Knowledge regarding electric
shock and its prevention

32,33,34
3 8.33%
8 Knowledge regarding trauma
due to sharp objects and its
prevention

35,36,37
2 5.55%

Total

36

100%


96

ANNEXURE- I
STRUCTURED KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE
Instruction: The following form contains questions on the personal information. I assure
you that the information given will be kept confidential. Tick mark ( ) to be placed in
the appropriate bracket against the item.
PART A
Demographic Data
Code No:
1. Age of the mother
a) Below 20 years ( )
b) 21-25 years ( )
c) 26-30 years ( )
d) 31-35 years ( )
2. Religion
a) Hindu ( )
b) Muslim ( )
c) Christian ( )
3. Types of family
a) Nuclear family ( )
b) Joint family ( )
c) Extended family ( )
4. Educational status
a) Illiterate ( )


97

b) Primary school ( )
c) High school ( )
d) PUC & Above ( )
5. Occupation
a) House wife ( )
b) Coolie ( )
c) Employee ( )
d) Any other (please specify)
6. Number of the under five children in the family
7. Previous source of information regarding prevention of home
accidents
a) Mass media ( )
b) Family members ( )
c) Health professionals ( )
d) Others ( )

PART B
Structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge regarding
prevention of home accidents among the mothers of under five children.
INSTRUCTIONS TO PARTICIPANTS:
1. Read each statement carefully and follow the instructions given.
2. Your answers will be kept confidential.
3. Each right answer scores 1.
4. Kindly return the completed questionnaire to the research investigator.


98


1. What do you mean by home accidents?
a) Injury of any type ( )
b) Unexpected, fatal injury ( )
c) Expected incident of injury ( )
d) All of the above ( )
2. What are the common accidents that take place at home among under five
children?
a) Foreign body aspiration ( )
b) Burns ( )
c) Poisoning ( )
d) All of the above ( )
3. How does an accident occur at home?
a) More attention by parents ( )
b) Lack of love by parents ( )
c) Lack of attention by parents ( )
d) Illiteracy of care givers. ( )
4. Which age groups of children are more vulnerable for Home accidents?
a) 0-5yrs ( )
b) 5-10 yrs ( )
c) 10-15 yrs ( )
d) 15-20 yrs ( )
5. The most common accidents happens in
a) Living room ( )
b) Kitchen ( )


99

c) Courtyard ( )
d) All of the above ( )
BURNS/ SCALDS
6. What do you mean by Burns?
a) Injuries that result from moist heat ( )
b) Injuries that result from dry heat and fire ( )
c) Injuries that result from contact with chemicals ( )
d) All of the above ( )
7. Which among the following is a cause of Burns?
a) Children are aware of consequences of heat and fire ( )
b) While cooking pay extra attention towards children ( )
c) Child is fed hot food stuffs beyond reasonable temperature ( )
d) More use of electronics at home ( )
8. What measure you will take to prevent flame injury?
a) Allowing the child to play with combustive material ( )
b) Not allowing the child to play with combustive material ( )
c) Neglect the child while playing with combustive material ( )
d) Involve with the child while playing with combustive material ( )
9. How do scalds occur at home among under five children?
a) Touching to the ice cold liquids ( )
b) Drowning in warm water ( )
c) Spilling of hot liquids ( )
d) Giving luke warm liquid feeds to the child ( )




100

10. How will you check the temperature of the water for bathing the child?
a) By pouring little water on the child ( )
b) By keeping back of hand in water ( )
c) By keeping leg in water ( )
d) None of the above ( )
FALLS
11. What is a cause of Trauma in home settings?
a) Burns ( )
b) Drowning ( )
c) Fall from height ( )
d) Electric shock ( )
12. What are the causes of falls at home among under five children?
a) Slippery flooring ( )
b) Hard flooring ( )
c) Locked stairs ( )
d) Keeping doors locked ( )
13. What precaution will you take to prevent falls from cradle?
a) Make the child to sleep on the floor ( )
b) Put side rails for the cradle ( )
c) Keep pillows on both the sides ( )
d) All of the above ( )
14. How do you prevent the accidents from fall?
a) Place a chair next to a window ( )
b) Floors should not be dry ( )
c) Keep play materials on the floor ( )


101

d) Dont allow the child to lean on the higher ends ( )
DROWNING
15. How drowning takes place at home among under five children?
a) Covered water tank ( )
b) Open water tank ( )
c) Fenced pond ( )
d) Playing in river ( )
16. What will be an immediate effect of drowning?
a) Vomiting ( )
b) Asphyxia ( )
c) Giddiness ( )
d) Fracture ( )
17. What measure will you take to prevent drowning in children at home?
a) Leaving the child to go near the pond or well along with adults ( )
b) Try to create fear of water ( )
c) Never leave the children alone in bath tub ( )
d) All of the above ( )
18. What care you will give to the child to prevent drowning?
a) Try to be with the parents always ( )
b) Try to teach swimming ( )
c) Try to create fear of water ( )
d) Avoid going near to water reservoirs ( )




102


POISONING
19. What do you mean by accidental poisoning?
a) Ingestion of excess food ( )
b) Ingestion of foreign body ( )
c) Ingestion of toxic substances ( )
d) Ingestion of more water ( )
20. Kerosene causes.
a) Drowning ( )
b) Poisoning ( )
c) Skin disorder ( )
d) Neurological disorder ( )
21. Putting Batteries of the torch in the mouth causes
a) Burns ( )
b) Foreign body aspiration ( )
c) Traumatic injury ( )
d) Lead poisoning ( )

22. How does kerosene poisoning take place at home among under five children?
a) By storing kerosene in a drinking water bottle ( )
b) By storing kerosene in kerosene can ( )
c) By storing kerosene in a stove ( )
d) By storing kerosene out of reach of children ( )
23. What are the common causes of poisoning?
a) Ingestion of excess of milk, meat ( )


103

b) Ingestion of kerosene, insecticides or medications ( )
c) Ingestion of tea, coffee ( )
d) ingestion of ghee, juice, paneer ( )
24. How will you prevent poisoning by medication among under five children?
a) Keep away medicines in high place ( )
b) Keep away medicines under lock and key ( )
c) Keep away medicines in a open cupboard ( )
d) keep away medicines in a box ( )
25. What measure you will follow to prevent insecticidal poisoning among under five
children?
a) Sticking wrong label on it ( )
b) Removing the label ( )
c) Proper labeling and keep it under lock and key ( )
d) None of the above ( )
26. What measures will you take to reduce chances of poisoning in children?
a) By creating fear for poisonous substances ( )
b) By using poisonous substance only when needed ( )
c) Keeping all poisonous materials at height ( )
d) Keeping all poisonous substances safely under lock and key ( )






104

FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION/ CHOKING
27. What do you mean by foreign body aspiration?
a) Entry of air into stomach ( )
b) Entry of any small objects or materials in to the lungs via
mouth ( )
c) Ingestion of drugs ( )
d) Entry of toxic substances ( )
28. What are the common objects for foreign body aspiration?
a) Beads, nuts, buttons ( )
b) Banana, mashed potato ( )
c) Ice cream, butter ( )
d) Papaya, Paneer ( )
29. What precautions you will take to prevent foreign body aspiration when an infant
is playing with toys?
a) Ensure that toys are big enough to play ( )
b) Ensure that toys dont have detachable parts ( )
c) Ensure that toys have no rough edges ( )
d) Ensure that the toys are not hard ( )
30. What precautions will you take to prevent foreign body aspiration while child is
having food?
a) Advice him to swallow food ( )
b) Feed the child while playing ( )
c) Develop habit of chew and eat ( )
d) Advice him to drink water while eating ( )
31. How will you prevent foreign body aspiration?


105

a) Keep all expected objects out of reach of children ( )
b) Always hold the child ( )
c) Permit the child to play only with big toys ( )
d) permit the child to play only with soft toys ( )

ELECTRICAL SHOCK
32. What are the causes for electrical shock at home?
a) Child coming in contact with heated bulb ( )
b) Child coming in contact with heated plate ( )
c) Child coming in contact with live electrical wire or electrical
appliances ( )
d) Child coming in contact with batteries ( )
33. How will you prevent electrical hazards in children at home?
a) Keeping electrical sockets covered with electrical plugs ( )
b) Keeping electrical sockets covered with dummy plugs ( )
c) Keeping electrical sockets covered with a paper ( )
d) All of the above ( )
34. What advice you will give to the child to prevent electrical shock?
a) Teach the children about the dangers of electricity ( )
b) Children can play with electrical when adults are near ( )
c) Try to create fear of electrical appliances ( )
d) Teach the children to handle electrical equipments ( )



106

TRAUMA DUE TO SHARP OBJECTS
35. What are the main causes of trauma due to sharp objects?
a) Fall from height ( )
b) Playing with sharp objects ( )
c) Proper handling of objects ( )
d) None of the above ( )
36. What advice you will give to child to prevent injury due to sharp objects?
a) Allow the children to play with sharp objects when parents are
near ( )
b) Teach the children how to handle sharp objects ( )
c) Teach them the dangers of sharp objects ( )
d) Dont allow the child to play with sharp objects ( )









107

:
.

,
,
,
.

-

: ........................
1.
a) ( )
b) - ( )
c) '-- ( )
d) --- ( )
2.
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) ( )
3.
a) , ( )
b) , ( )
c) ( )
4. .
a) . ( )
b) . ( )
c) . ( )
d) ( )
108

5.
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) ( )
d) ()
6.
7.
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) ( )
d) ( )












109

-


.

:
1. .
2. , , .
3. , .
4. , .
1.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
3. ,
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
4. ,,
?

110

a) -
b) -
c) -
d) -
5
.

a)
b)
c)
d)

/
6
.

?

a)
b)
c)
d)
7
.

?

a) ,
b) ,
c)
d) , ,
8. ?
a) ,
111

b) ,

c) ,
d) ,
9. ,
?

a) ,
b)
c)
d)
10.

?

a)
b) ,
c)
d)

11.
?

a)
b)
c) ,
d)
12.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
112

13.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
14.
?

a)
b)
c)
d) ,

15.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
16.
?

a)
b)
c) ,
d)
17.
?

a) ,
b)
c)
d)
113

18.
?

a)
b) =
c)
d) ,

19.
?

a) ,
b)
c)
d) ,
20.
a) ,
b) ,
c) ,
d) ,
21.
a) ,
b)
c)
d)
22. ,
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
114

23.
?

a) ,
b)
c)
,

d)
,

24. '
?

a) '
b) '
c) '
d) '
25.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
26.
?

a)
b)
c) , ,
d) ,

27.
?

a)
b)
c) '
d)
115

28.
?

a)
,

b)
,

c)
d)
,

29.

?

a)
b)
c)
d)
30.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
31.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)

32.
?

a) ,
b)
c)
116

d)
33.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
34.
?

a)
b)
c)
d)

,
35. ,
?

a) ,
b) ,
c)
d)
36. ,

?

a) ,

b) ,
c) ,
d) ,

117

ANNEXURE- J

ANSWERS FOR THE KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE ON HOME
ACCIDENTS AND ITS PREVENTION (SCORING KEY)

Sl. no. Correct
response
Score Sl. no. Correct
response
Score
1. b 1 21. d 1
2. d 1 22. a 1
3. c 1 23. b 1
4. a 1 24. b 1
5. d 1 25. c 1
6. d 1 26. d 1
7. c 1 27. b 1
8. b 1 28. a 1
9. c 1 29. b 1
10. b 1 30. c 1
11. c 1 31. a 1
12. a 1 32. c 1
13. b 1 33. b 1
14. d 1 34. a 1
15. b 1 35. b 1
16. b 1 36. d 1
17. c 1
18. b 1
19. c 1
20. b 1


Maximum score: 36 Wrong answer: 0 mark

Correct answer: 1 mark Total Marks:
118

ANNEXURE- K
CRITERIA CHECKLIST FOR VALIDATION OF THE TOOL

Kindly review the items in the structured knowledge questionnaire for
assessing the knowledge of mothers regarding Prevention of Home accidents in under
five children. Give your suggestions regarding accuracy, relevance and
appropriateness of the content. There are two columns, namely Agree and Disagree.
Kindly place a tick mark in () the relevant column and give your suggestions in the
remarks column.

Sl no. Agree Disagree Remarks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
119

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.



Date: Signature of Expert







120

Planned Teaching Programme On
Prevention of Home Accidents among
Mothers of under five Children



121

ANNEXURE- L
Lesson plan on prevention of home accidents in children
Name of the teacher: Ms. Neethu Paul
Topic : Prevention of Home Accidents
Group : Mothers of under five children
Place : Pediatric wards of K.L.E.S Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital & MRC, Belgaum
Duration : 45 minutes
Method of teaching: Lecture cum discussion
Medium of instruction: Kannada
Teaching aids : Chart
PowerPoint
Flash cards
Black board
General objectives: By the end of the class mothers will be able to:-
Acquire correct information regarding prevention of home accidents among under five children and apply this
knowledge into practice.

122

Specific objectives:
Gains knowledge regarding prevention of home accidents in under five children.
Acquire knowledge regarding sources and causes of home accidents in under five children.
Makes aware of parents regarding home accidents and its prevention.
123


Time

Specific
objectives

Contents
Teaching learning
activity
A.V
Aids


Evaluation
Teacher

Student

0.0












0.5
























Defines Home
accidents in
children.








I. INTRODUCTION
Accidents can take place in wide variety of
environments; however, the home is the most likely location. Home
accidents are a major cause of death and injury and contribute
substantially to potential years of life lost. There are potential
hazards in every home, such as hot water, household chemicals,
fireplaces and sharp objects. Young children are not able to assess
the risks all these things pose. Their perception of the environment
around them is often limited and their lack of experience and
development, such as their poor co-ordination and balance, can lead
them to being injured. Mother plays a vital role in caring of
children. Educating mother is lighting lamp in the house. She
nourishes, protects & supports the children. The safety environment
helps and unsafely environment dangers the health of the child.
II. CONTENTS
2.1 DEFINITION
Home accidents in children
It refers to physical trauma caused by any unexpected
events such as drowning, falls, poisoning, burns, electric shock
and sharp objects like knife etc. among under five children in the
home settings.

















Explains
























Listens
























Ppt
























Define Home
accidents in
Children?








124

0.7











0.10
















Lists the types
of Home
accidents.



.





Explains the
causes of
home
accidents.













2.2 Types of home accidents

The most common type of accidents that take place at
home are
1. Burns
2. Falls
3. Drowning
4. Poisoning
5. Foreign body aspiration or chocking
6. Electric shock
7. Trauma due to sharp objects like knife.
2.3 Causes of home accidents

Lack of safety knowledge.
The design of some homes, such as those with balconies
and open staircases, can also contribute to accidents.
Inadequate supervision.
Ignorance & negligence of parents.
Poor housing and overcrowded conditions lead to increased
numbers of accidents.
They are not aware of the consequences of the many new
situations that they encounter daily.
Unsafe home environment.
Increased curiosity



Explains











Explains
















Listens











Listens
















Flash
cards










Ppt
















List the types
of Home
accidents?









Explain the
causes of home
accidents?














125


0.14






0.16










0.20










Enumerates
the risk
factors.




Explains the
complications
of home
accidents.







Explains the
causes and
prevention of
burns/scalds.







2.4 WHO IS AT RISK?

0-5 years old have the most accidents at home.
Boys are more likely to have accidents than girls.


2.5 COMPLICATIONS OF HOME ACCIDENTS

Injuries Accidents results in physical injury. Ex: head injury
Trauma due to falls & sharp objects.
Burns are caused by touching or exposure to fire.
Poisoning is caused by ingestion of hazardous toxic chemical.
Death due to burns, trauma, fire, poisoning & drowning.

2.6 PREVENTION OF HOME ACCIDENTS

2.6.1 BURNS/SCALDS
Burns are injury to tissues caused by the contact with
heat, fire or flame, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
Causes :
Unaware of consequences of heat and fire.
Touch on hot objects such as cooking utensils, etc.
A childs skin is much more sensitive than an
adults. Children can also get burns from cookers, irons, cigarettes,
matches, lighters and other hot surfaces.

Explains






Explains









Explains





Listens






Listens









Listens











Black
board





Ppt









Ppt











Enumerate the
risk factors?





Explain the
complications
of home
accidents?






Explain the
causes and
prevention of
burns/scalds?








126























0.25




























Lists the
causes and
prevention of
falls.



Prevention
Ensure milk, kanji or other food stuff is at a reasonable
temperature before feeding.
Ensure proper fence or door is installed at the entrance of
kitchen. Such must be closed at all times. Instruct children
not to go into kitchen.
While cooking, pay extra attention towards children. Dont
cook or boil down on the floor.
Check the temperature of water before bath by using
beforehand.
All hot objects including an iron or containers with hot
matter must not be placed near the margin of a table.
Matches and lighters should be placed out of reach of
children.
Instruct children not to wander around when adults are
preparing for a meal.
Install proper cover to sockets.
Warn children never play with fire.
Extinguish and dispose of cigarettes carefully especially at
night.
Do not drink anything hot with a child on your lap or in
your arms.

2.6.2 FALL
Falls are common type of accidents which occur while
child is playing. Falls leads to injuries, trauma, dislocations
& fractures.
Causes:
Unstable gait of the toddler
presence of objects on floor
















Explains


























Listens




























Ppt


























List the causes
and prevention
of falls?



127



























































slippery floor
lack of supervision
curiosity of the children
hurrily climbing up the stairs
leaning on the higher ends
For babies, the biggest danger is rolling off the edge of
something such as a table, bed or sofa.
Prevention: The steps below can help to prevent falls in the
home.
Keep floors free of toys and obstructions.
Exercise close supervision when toddler learns to walk.
Never leave babies unattended on raised surfaces.
Check constantly floor surface for wear and tear.
Keep floor dry. Floors should not be slippery.
Always ensure bed-rail of the baby cot is raised when the baby
is in the cot.
Windows and doors must be locked to avoid misadventure by
children.
Avoid placing step-stones such as a chair next to a window.
Take extra care to avoid side-turning of a baby chair.
Furniture should be placed firmly to prevent fall and the child
should not be allowed to climb over it.
Protect stairs by gate.
Dont allow the child to lean on the higher ends.













































































































128


0.30












0.32















Describes
drowning and
sources of
danger.









Explains the
prevention of
drowning.













2.6.3 DROWNING
It is a form of asphyxia in which death results
from submersion of mouth or nostrils of a living person under
water.
Children can drown in just a few centimeters of water
and should be supervised at all times when near any water.
Drowning leads to severe asphyxia, and may leads to death.
Sources of Danger: open small tanks, bucket of water, wells &
lakes.
Prevention
Never leave babies or children in the bath unsupervised not
even for a minute.
Do not leave uncovered containers of liquid around the house.
Store away paddling pools when not being used.
Never leave children alone in a bath tub or basin filled with
water.
Bucket filled with water must be covered and keep children
away from it.
Try to teach swimming and avoid going near bodies of water.








Explains







Explains













Listens










Listens

















Chart










Ppt















Describe
drowning and
sources of
danger?









Explain the
prevention of
drowning?












129



0.37











0.40
















Explains
poisoning and
its common
sources at
home.







Explains
prevention of
poisoning.













2.6.4 POISONING
Ingestion of toxic substances causes accidental
poisoning. In most cases, a child is exposed to poison without
knowing that it may be harmful. Young children do not know the
difference between what is safe and what is dangerous. Parents
and care givers must take responsibility for making the home safe
for children.
Common sources at home
Most poisoning materials involve medicines, stored kerosene,
petrol & insecticides, hazardous toxic chemicals and cosmetics.
Prevention
Keep anything that may be poisonous out of reach this
includes all medicines and pills, household cleaners and
garden products, preferably in a locked cupboard. Kerosene
chemical should not be kept within reach of children.
Use containers that have child-resistant tops be aware that by
the age of three, many children are able to open child-resistant
tops, even if it takes them a little longer.
Keep all dangerous chemicals in their original containers for
example, do not store weed killer in an old drinks bottle as a
young child may mistake it for something safe to drink.
Dispose of unwanted medicines and chemicals carefully.
Batteries of the torch must not be left free to avoid risk of lead
poisoning.
Keep medicines and chemicals out of sight and reach of
children, preferably in an isolated, locked cabinet.
Avoid taking medicines in front of children.



Explains






Explains













Listens










Listens

















Ppt










Ppt

















Explain
poisoning and
its common
sources at
home?






Explain
prevention of
poisoning?












130











0.45









0.43


















Narrates the
causes of
foreign body
aspiration.






Explains the
prevention of
foreign body
aspiration/
choking.




Always store chemicals in their original containers with
appropriate labels.
Never tell children drugs are sweets as this may give a
wrong idea to children.

2.6.5 FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION/
CHOKING
Babies and young children can easily swallow, inhale or
choke on small items such as marbles, buttons, peanuts and small
toys.
Cause: Accidental swallowing of foreign body.
The steps below can help to prevent this happening.
Prevention:
Choose toys appropriate to the age of children. Avoid toys
with detachable small parts.
Strings and plastic bags should be kept out of reach of
children.
Instruct children not to play while eating.
Never let children use milk bottle or glass by themselves
without adults supervision.
Never use pillow for baby under one year of age. Do not use
large and heavy blanket. Never let the blanket cover the face of
children during sleep.









Explains




Explains













Listens









Listens


















Ppt









Ppt


















Narrate the
causes of
foreign body
aspiration?






Explain the
prevention of
foreign body
aspiration/
choking?




131
















0.50




























Explains the
causes and
prevention of
electric shock.










Keep small objects out of the reach of small children.
Encourage older children to keep their toys away from your
baby.
Beware of clothing with cords, dummies on necklace cords
and bag straps they can easily get caught and pull tightly on
the neck.
Keep plastic bags away from young children they can pull
these over their heads and suffocate.
Dont let the child to play with balloon alone.
Teach them small objects may obstruct their breathing & and it
is dangerous.
2.6.6 ELECTRIC SHOCK

Causes

Biting or chewing on electrical cords.
Contact with live electrical wire or electrical appliances.
Poking metal objects into outlets or pressing mouth
against outlet
Playing with electrical cords and lights (for example on
Christmas trees)
Lightning.
Prevention
Until your child learns to stay away from outlets, cover
them with plug covers and position heavy furniture in front
of them if you can.

















Explains
























Listens




























Chart




























Explain the
causes and
prevention of
electric shock?








132

















0.55




























Explains the
causes and
prevention of
trauma due to
sharp objects.






Don't allow your child to play outside or swim during
electrical storms.
Unplug appliances when not in use .
Supervise your child while he's playing with electric toys
(like a train set) or using electric appliance.
When outdoors with your child, watch for broken electrical
poles and downed wires especially after a storm.
Electric switch should be out of childs reach.
. Always follow s safety instructions when using electrical
appliance.
Keep children away from electrical devices, especially those
that are plugged in.
Keep electrical cords out of children's reach.
Teach children about the dangers of electrical.
Use child safety plugs in all outlet.
2.6.7 TRAUMA DUE TO SHARP OBJECTS

Trauma due to sharp objects like knife, scissors, needle etc.
Causes :
Playing with sharp objects
Improper handling
Lack of attention

Prevention
Here are some important ways to protect kids from
injuries from sharp household objects:
Keep knives, forks, scissors, and other sharp utensils in a drawer
with a safety latch.
Keep glass objects, such as drinking glasses and bowls, in a high














Explains





















Listens

















Ppt

















Explain the
causes and
prevention of
trauma due to
sharp objects?
133






























cabinet far from reach.
Store appliances with sharp blades (like blenders or food
processors) far from reach or in a locked cabinet.
If you use a razor to shave, keep it in a locked cabinet in the
bathroom. Be sure extra blades are stored in a safe place, along
with nail scissors and other sharp personal or grooming
instruments.
Store all tools, including those used for gardening, automotive,
and lawn care, in locked containers.
If you recycle glass and metal in your home, keep the recycling
containers far from reach to prevent cuts and possible poisoning
from substances still left in containers.
Make sure swing-set and outdoor play equipment is free of rust,
splinters, and sharp edges.
Dont allow the childrens to play with sharp objects especially
knives, scissors, needle. it cause injury to the child.
Sharp objects should keep away from children under lock and
key.






134


0.57






0.59
III. SUMMARY
1. What are the types of home accidents?
2. List the complications of home accidents?
3. How to prevent drowning?
4. Explain the prevention of choking?
IV. CONCLUSION

All these home accidents among under five
children can cause death in many children and also leave
more children crippled than do diseases. Most injuries can
be prevented by timely thought and careful attention of
parents which will make the child to grow in a health
environment. Safety is a key way to a very long and
healthy life.






135

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Accidents-to-children-in-the-home/Pages/Introduction.aspx
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1372360/
3. www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/safety/Children_home_accident.html
4. http://www.nevdgp.org.au/info/murtagh/Childrens/accidentprevent.htm

136








137

: .
:
:
: .. .
:
:
:
: , , .
:
,



138

:
.
.
.
139

0.0











0.5



















I.
,
.
. .
, , .

. .
.
.
II.
2.1

.
, , ,
.

?

140


0.7









0.10














.





.



2.2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. .
2.3
.
.
.
.
.
.




























































?









?



141

0.14




0.16







0.20

.








2.4 ?
- .
, .

2.5
- .
.
.
, .

2.6
2.6.1 /
,
.
:
.
.

?







?
142





































,
.

:

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.

.



































































143


0.25






















.











2.6.2
.
, .
:








:

.
.
.





















































?












144











0.30






0.32












.





.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
2.6.3

, .
,
.
: , .
:

?



145







0.37









0.40



.






.

.
.
.
.
.
2.6.4

. ,
.
.
.

, ,
.
:
, ,




















































?








?





?
146













0.43





















.


.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
2.6.5

: , ,
.
: .































































?





147

0.45





















.














:
..
.
.

.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.


























































?














148


0.50





















.













2.6.6
:

.
.

.
.
:
.
.

.

.






















































?













149






0.55































.
.

.
2.6.7

, , .
:
.


:
,
.
.
.

.





































?

150






0.57





0.59

.
.
.
III. :
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
IV. :

.

. .


151

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS ON PREVENTION OF HOME
ACCIDENTS IN CHILDREN


BURNS/SCALDS

FALL

DROWNING


152


POISONING

FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION/ CHOKING

ELECTRIC SHOCK

TRAUMA DUE TO SHARP OBJECTS

153

ANNEXURE- M
CRITERIA CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATION OF PLANNED TEACHING
PROGRAMME

The expert is requested to go through the following evaluative criteria
checklist prepared for validating planned teaching program on knowledge regarding
Prevention of Home accidents among mothers of under five children admitted in
pediatric wards of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore (Charitable) Hospital and MRC,
Belgaum, Karnataka.
There are three columns given for responses and also a column for remarks.
Kindly tick in the appropriate column and give your expert opinion and suggestions in
the remark column.
Sl no. Criteria Fulfill
the
criteria
Partially
fulfill the
criteria
Will not
fulfill the
criteria
Remark


I Objectives
1 Formulation of
objectives

1.1 General objective is
comprehensive in terms
of understanding
application

1.2 Specific objectives
stated in terms of
learners outcome.

II Content
2 Selection of content
2.1 Is the content on
Prevention of home
accidents
2.1.1.Appropriate
2.1.2.Adequate
2.1.3.Accurate

III Organization of the
content


3.1 Is the content organized
in logical sequence

IV Presentation
154

4.1 Does the teaching plan
have
4.1.1. an introduction
4.1.2.specific objectives
4.1.3.content outline
4.1.4.teaching and
learning activities

V Language
5.1 The language used is
easy to understand

5.2 Is the terminology used
defined clearly?

VI Audio-visual aids
6.1 The audio-visual aids
are
6.1.1.easy to follow
6.1.2.appropriate and
attractive

VII Practicability
7.1 The teaching program is
interesting to the learner

7.2 The teaching program
contains answers to the
questions asked

VIII Time allotted for
covering the content is
adequate

IX Any other suggestions


155

ANNEXURE- N
LIST OF EXPERTS WHO HAVE VALIDATED THE TOOL

1.
Dr. Dyanesh D. K
Associate Professor
Dept of Paediatrics,
JNMC, Belgaum
5.
Prof. Mrs. Shameem Gulnaz
Unnisa
HOD, Dept of Child Health Nursing
Navodaya College of Nursing,
Raichur
2.
Dr. Preeti B. A
Associate Professor
Dept of Paediatrics,
JNMC, Belgaum
6.
Mr. R.K. Muniswamy
Associate Professor
HOD, Dept of Child Health Nursing
MSRINER, Bangalore-54
3.
Dr. G Kasthuri
Consultant,
Dept of Nursing Education
RGUHS
4
th
T block, Jayanagar
Bangalore-560041
7.






8.

Mr. Sureshgouda S. Patil
Asst. Professor
Dept of Child Health Nursing
S.I.O.N.S, Bagalkot-587102
Mrs. Kavita K
Associate Professor
4.
Dr. Baby S Nayak
Prof & HOD
Dept of Child Health
Nursing
MCON Manipal-576104


Dept of Child Health Nursing
BLDEAs Shri BM Patil INS,
Bijapur-586103






156

ANNEXURE O
MASTER SHEET

Code
Number
Pretest score
(X)

Post test
score (Y)

Code
Number

Pretest score
(X)

Post test
score (Y)
A1 17 26 A31 15 30
A2 16 26 A32 14 28
A3 15 28 A33 11 26
A4 15 25 A34 13 27
A5 19 28 A35 9 24
A6 13 22 A36 10 25
A7 18 28 A37 14 28
A8 12 23 A38 17 30
A9 14 24 A39 12 28
A10 14 25 A40 11 25
A11 16 30 A41 17 29
A12 11 27 A42 19 31
A13 15 29 A43 14 27
A14 18 31 A44 12 25
A15 14 28 A45 13 26
A16 10 25 A46 15 29
A17 12 28 A47 15 30
A18 15 32 A48 10 26
A19 13 27 A49 12 26
A20 12 26 A50 11 27
A21 11 26 A51 13 28
A22 14 28 A52 14 28
A23 14 29 A53 15 29
A24 14 27 A54 15 27
A25 12 26 A55 17 28
A26 10 26 A56 11 25
A27 16 33 A57 9 24
A28 13 25 A58 14 27
A29 16 31 A59 12 25
A30 14 27 A60 11 24