RMIT University Programming Techniques COSC 1284

Lecturer Charles Thevathayan (charles.thevathayan@rmit.edu.au) Office location: 14.10.12 Head Tutor Rodney Cocker Contact him for any Admin matters (coursework, absence, etc)
Course Content Developed by: Charles Thevathayan, Caspar Ryan, Craig Hamilton and Peter Tilmanis

COSC1284 Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Introduction, programming languages, SE lifecycle Data Types, Decisions, Loops, Arrays Writing simple classes Inheritance Polymorphism Abstract classes and Interfaces Introduction to GUI Introduction to Event Driven Programming Exception handling and Files Generic Classes Revision

Programming Techniques
One of the most important subject in CS as it is prerequisite for many others. Practical subject - requires at least 8 -10 hours of programming practice per week. Assessment 1. 40% Exam 2. 60% Coursework Programming Assignments 40% Mid-semester Test 20% Note: You need to pass both components ( 1 and 2).

Resources
Prescribed: Programming Techniques Student Notes (2014), Department of Computer Science, RMIT Daniel Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, Prentice Hall (ISBN 978-0-13-293652-1 Recommended Reference: Absolute Java, by Walter Savitch Java Concepts, by Cay HorstMann There are numerous texts in Java On-line Materials WebLearn Quiz Copy of these Slides, detailed notes

Assessment Schedule For detailed up to date guide refer to Course Guide

Week 5 First Assignment submit by Monday Week 8 Mid Semester Test to be taken during the week Week 12 Second assignment submission Week 14 Exam (10%) (20%). (30%) (40%)

Recipe for Doing Well

Read the Subject Notes, on-line materials before going for Lectures. Review it afterwards. Attend all Lectures (2hr), Labs (1hr) & Tutes (1hr). Attempt the review questions before tutes (10%) Start Assignments Early - always takes longer than you think. They are all made available now. Complete all the lab exercises even if youre not required to submit them. Read the relevant section in text book before lecture Start Writing Programs in week 1 itself !!! Those who start early always do well.

Introduction to the course Origin of Java Types of Computer Languages Compiling and Interpreting Components of a Java Program Classes and Objects Using the Java Docs to view the Class details Creating and Manipulating objects Packages in Java Algorithms Programming Style Programming Errors

Week 1

Origins of Java
Originated as part of a Research Project Embedding networking capabilities and Cross platform portability

Originally called Green, then changed to Oak, finally Java

Design decisions drew from C++, Eiffel, SmallTalk Launched as an Internet extension for browser early 1995.

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Javas Design Philosophy

Simple Familiar to Developers Object Oriented Portable Multi-threaded Robust and Secure

Can you start tomorrow ?

What are the programming skills currently most sought after by employers? __________

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Machine language
Languages that a computer can directly understand. Differs from Machine to Machine. Example: 0010 0000 0011 0111 1100 0100 1100 0100

Operation code (load, add, save, )

Memory location

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Assembly language
One level higher than machine languages
Specified in terms of basic operations and symbolic names.

LOAD MOVE ADD

Hcost Tax Profit

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High- Level languages

Programs specified in an English-like syntax, and a compiler is used to translate it.
for (int year = 2000; year <2010; year++) System.out.println(Year is + year);

Each compiler produces a translation for a specific computer. Same source program can be run in another computer if it is compiled by the appropriate compiler.
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Divisions of High- Level Languages

Procedural - C, Pascal divided into procedures

Object-oriented - Java, C++, SmallTalk

based on interaction of objects

Logic languages - prolog

setting up goals

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Traditional Steps:
Compiling, Linking and Executing
Standard way of producing and creating an application 1.Create the program. Int add(int x, int y)
{ int z = ...

2. Traditional compilers translate source code into machine language directly. Int add(int x, int y) 01100 1001010
{ int z = ... 00010 1110101

3.Linkers link Standard code and library modules into executables

00100 1001010 11010 1110101 01100 1001010 00010 1110101

Executable file

00100 1001010 11010 1110101

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Whats different about Java ?

Java compilers translate source code into an intermediate language called (platform independent) bytecode.
Public class HelloWorld { String s = Hello World;

Compiler (javac)

bytecode

The Java interpreter reads the bytecodes (loads the necessary library bytecodes) and executes it on a specific machine.
bytecodes

Interpreter (java)

Hello World

Unlike machine code Java bytecode is not tied to any particular machine making it architecture neutral.
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Editing, Compiling & Interpreting

Step1 - Create the code using an editor H:\>edit HelloWorld.java Step2 - Compile the code using javac H:\>javac HelloWorld.java Step3 - Interpret and execute the program H:\>java HelloWorld
Java source code

Java compiler

Java bytecode

Java interpreter

Bytecode compiler

Machine code

Give one benefit and one drawback of Java over other high level languages such as C or Pascal. _____________________________________________
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Two type of Java Programs: Applets

Designed to be remotely downloaded as part of an HTML page and executed in the client machine. They are executed in a browser or appletviewer.

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Two type of Java Programs: Stand Alone Applications

Stand-alone applications are similar to other applications written in high level language. Though stand-alone applications can incorporate Graphical user interface and events (mouse-moved, buttonpressed) we will concentrate on console based applications in this module.
Enter Name Robert Homewood Enter Course CS Hello Robert Homewood Welcome to CS Course

Console application
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First Java Program

// The first Java program // The famous Hello World! public class HelloWorld { static int year; public static void main(String[] args){ year = 2007; System.out.println(new String("Hello world ) + year); } }

H:\>javac HelloWorld.java H:\> java HelloWorld H:\>Hello World 2007

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Java is about creating & using classes !!!

All Java programs must have at least one of this
public class HelloWorld { static int year; public static void main(String[] args) { .. } }

Classes contain variables and methods

Classes, methods and related statements are enclosed between { ... }

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Making code more Readable

Use Comments, they make your programs readable They can appear anywhere in a program They are ignored by compiler Type 1 // up to the end of the line is a comment Type 2 /* all character enclosed between these are comments - hence ignored */ Dont overdo it x = y; // assigning y to x (obvious!)

/* My first Java program prints the famous Hello World! The tradition says all great programmers must do this*/ public class HelloWorld { static int year; // current year public static void main(String[] args){ .. } }

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Quiz Time:What is the output ?

// The first Java program // The famous Hello World! public class HelloWorld { static int year; public static void main(String[] args){ // year = 2001; System.out.println("Hello world + year); } }

(a) (b) (c)

Hello World Hello World 0 Hello World 2001

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Where does the execution begin ?

Recall how we ran the program HelloWorld with: H:\> java HelloWorld Q. Where does the execution begin ? A. With the main() method of HelloWorld

public class HelloWorld { int year; public static void main(String[] args) { .. } }
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What will be the output when we compile and interpret the code below ?
public class HelloThere { public static void anotherMethod( ) { System.out.print("There "); } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("Hello "); } }
(A) (B) (C) (D) Hello There Hello There There Hello
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What will be the output now ? (note the additional line in main() )
public class HelloThere { public static void anotherMethod( ) { System.out.print("There "); } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("Hello "); anotherMethod(); } }
(A) (B) (C) (D) Hello There Hello There There Hello

Why do we use methods? _____________________

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Terminating statements
Each statement must ends with a semicolon ';

System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("World");

Hello World

The effect is still the same with two statements in the same line as in: (but considered poor style !)

System.out.println(); System.out.println();
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Class and Objects

A class can be compared to a blueprint created by an architect when designing a house. It defines the important characteristics of the house such as walls, windows, electrical outlets etc. Once we have the blueprint several houses can be built using that . They may have different addresses, furniture, colors etc.

12 Sydney rd

67 Yale ct

82 Betula av

Similarly a class is a blueprint for objects.

String

String Hello

String World

String Universe

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Using the Java Docs

All the classes available and their method details can be viewed easily using the Java Docs. Get lab-assistants help this week

classes

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Creating new Objects with new

In Java we are provided with a number of pre-created classes such as String, Rectangle ... New String and Rectangle objects can be created with these class by using the operator new (see below). The statement below creates a new Rectangle object and passes it to the println() method which is a method of the pre-defined PrintStream class.
System.out.println(new Rectangle(10,5,20,30));

This method causes the details of the Rectangle object to be printed in the terminal.
java.awt.Rectangle[x=10,y=5,width=20,height=30]
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Getting a handle to an Object

Suppose we want to manipulate the Rectangle object created, before printing its details (using one of its own methods). For example, we may want to apply the translate(int x, int y) method of Rectangle class on that object. Before we can call one if its own methods, somehow we need to get a handle to the object ! Next program declares a Rectangle reference and sets it to point (refer) to the newly created Rectangle object with:
Rectangle rect1 = new Rectangle(10,5,20,30);

Rectangle reference rect1

Rectangle Object

Subsequently its own methods are called through that reference.

Rectangle
x=10, y=5, width=20, height=30
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Manipulating the Rectangle Object

import java.awt.Rectangle; public class HelloRectangle { public static void main(String[] args){ Rectangle rect1 = new Rectangle(10,5,20,30) System.out.println(rect1); rect1.translate(20,30);//shifting the location System.out.println(rect1); } }

rect1

Rectangle Object

(initial state)
x=10, y=5, width=20, height=30

Rectangle

rect1

Rectangle Object (final state) x=30, y=35,

Output from the program

java.awt.Rectangle[x=10,y=5,width=20,height=30] java.awt.Rectangle[x=30,y=35,width=20,height=30]

Rectangle

width=20,
height=30
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Creating and manipulating Objects Summary

To access an object of class X say, we must declare a reference to that class X. Then this reference must be set to refer to that object with a statement of the form X refX = new X(); Now we can easily manipulate the X object using one of its own methods say meth1() as in refX.meth1(...);
X reference refX

X meth1(...) meth2() X Object

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Time to pause.
1. Which of the following is true? I. A class can have many objects (or instances) II. An object (or instance) can have many classes 2. How do we create an object (or instance) of a specific class? ______________________________________

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Another Quiz
What will be the output of the program below?
public class RefTest { public static void main(String args[]) { String s; // a String reference s = new String("Apple"); s = new String("Orange"); s = new String("Banana"); System.out.println("s is now referring to " + s); } }

____________________________________________________ Conclusion: At any one time, a reference can refer to ________ (single/multiple) object(s).
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Spot the Errors and state the Reasons

Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(10,10,5,10); String s = new String(" Good day "); String r2 = new Rectangle(10,10,5,10); String r3 = new String(" Good day "); // // // // A B C D

Ans:
Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(10,10,5,10); r1.translate(20,30); String s1 = new String(" Monday "); s1.translate(20,30); // // // // A B C D

Ans:
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String class - a special one

program below declares a String reference aMessage and sets it to refer to a newly created String object. Subsequently we output that String object using the String reference aMessage .
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { String aMessage = new String("Hello"); System.out.println(aMessage); } }

String Hello
object

aMessage
reference

As String objects are commonly used, they need not be created explicitly using the operator new. Hence the 3rd line can be replaced with: String aMessage = Hello";
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Java provides pre-created objects for Input/Output

System.out refers to an object of PrintStream class. As console input/output is common in Java, they have pre-created objects of type PrintStream (for output) and InputStream (for input). To make them easily accessible the System classes contains references to these objects as shown here. System.in InputStream PrintStream

System.out

Pre-created PrintStream Object (associated with keyboard) (associated with terminal)

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Pre-created InputStream Object

So what do I need to know about these precreated objects ?

You are free to write to the terminal by writing directly to the object System.out. You are free to use any of the methods of PrintStream class Keyboard input requires little more processing - we will have to wait until next week

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Using packages
In the last program we specified that we are using the Rectangle class of the java.awt package. import java.awt.Rectangle; All classes in standard library are placed in packages: java.awt, java.io, To import all classes use: import java.awt.*; Package java.lang is automatically imported - contains String,System, ... You can place your own classes in packages too - to avoid name clash.
Frame java.awt package Rectangle

Menu

myown.graphics package
Ellipse Rectangle

Parabola

Square
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Stages in Software Development

Specify
What must it accomplish ?

Analyze
Refine the requirements.

Design
How to do it ?
Use Algorithms, classes, Object Interactions

Write a program to find the roots (real) of a quadratic equation of the form: ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Understand specification

Implement
Code the programs

Test
Run program with different inputs and verify results

Document
Make it maintainable
Document the program

Analyse

Design

Code program Debug Test program

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An Algorithm to find the roots of a quadratic equation

Algorithm is a step by step procedure in some form of English 1. Prompt and read the coefficients a, b and c 2. Compute the roots if any and display
2.1 Compute discriminant disc=b2-4ac 2.2 If (disc>=0) compute r1 = -b + disc compute r1 = -b

2a

disc

Refine Step 2

display r1 and r2 2.3 Otherwise display no Real Roots

2a

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Some Reserved Words

Examples: class, static, public, void. They have been reserved by the designers and they can't be used with any other meaning.
For a complete list see the prescribed book.

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Programming style
Java does not impose a particular style but there are rules most Java programmers follow. One statement per line
System.out.println(Welcome to RMIT); System.out.println(Welcome to CS);

Indentaion (3 spaces) show dependency

public static void main(String[] args) { String aMessage = new String("Hello");

Comments help clarify the code Use blank lines to separate logical sections Use meaningful identifiers but not verbose

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Finding the roots of a quadratic Equation

/* Written by CT 23/02/2006 This program finds the roots of a quadratic equation */ import java.util.*; public class FindRoots { public static void main (String[] args) { double a,b,c; // coefficients of the equation double r1=0.0, r2 = 0.0; // real roots of the equation double disc; // discriminant Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in); // Getting user input for coefficients System.out.println ("Enter value for a"); a = console.nextDouble(); System.out.println ("Enter value for b"); b = console.nextDouble(); System.out.println ("Enter value for c"); c = console.nextDouble();

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Finding the roots of a quadratic Equation

// Computing results disc = b*b - 4*a*c; // no real roots exist if discriminant is negative if (disc > 0.0) { r1 = ( -b + Math.sqrt(disc)) / (2*a); r2 = ( -b - Math.sqrt(disc)) / (2*a); } // Displaying results if (disc >= 0) System.out.println("Roots are " + r1+ " and " +r2); else System.out.println("No real roots exist"); } }

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Sample User Interface for FindRoots program

Enter the value for a 1.0 Enter the value for b 3.0 Enter the value for c 2.0 The roots are -1.0 and 2.0 Enter the value for a 4.0 Enter the value for b 2.0 Enter the value for c 6.0 No real roots exist

What if I input an alphabet such as s as input to a ?

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Choosing Identifiers
Identifiers should be meaningful, but not verbose. Any combination of letters, digits, dollar signs '$' underscore characters '_', not beginning with a digit, is legal. Legal: Total, lastWord, TaxCalculation Illegal: 3rdAmmendment, you too, you#too Avoid: s1, theFirstOfTheStudentsInTheClass Acceptable : student1, stud_1, firstStudent

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Programming Errors: Compilation Errors

detected at compile time (javac hello.java) caused by undeclared variables, missing semicolons, incompatible types

disc = b*b - 4*a*c

// missing semicolon

double r1 =0.0, r2=0.0; . root1=(-b + Math.sqrt(disc))/(2*a);

// undeclared variable root1

int disc; .. disc = b*b-4*a*c;

// double value cannot be assigned to int

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Programming Errors: Execution Errors

appear when the program runs (java Hello). Examples are, a division by zero, an input of the wrong type, finding the square root of a negative number etc. Typically execution stops when an exception such as these happens. For example if in the FindRoots program we input an alphabet (such as s) execution will stop with an error.
Non-numeric value
Enter value for coefficient a s Exception in thread main java.NumberFormatException: s

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Programming Errors: Logic Errors

program compiles and runs, but the results are not what they should be. For example in the FindRoots program if we write
r1 = -b + Math.sqrt(disc) / (2*a);

instead of
r1 = (-b + Math.sqrt(disc)) / (2*a);

the wrong roots will be printed.

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Exercise
A. The program below written to find average of two weights has 3 syntax (compilation) errors and 1 logical error. Identify and correct them.
public class Add { public static void main(String args[]) { double weight1 = 85.5 double weight2 = 92.3

double averWeight = weight1 + weight2 / 2; System.out.println("Average is " + aver);

} }

B. What changes are needed to find average of 3 weights 85.5,92.3 and 78.4 ?____________________________

C. What changes are needed to find average of other weights without having to change the program ? _____________
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