Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

OCCUPATIONAL STANDARD

DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
NTQF Level III and IV

Ministry of Education
July 2010

Introduction
Ethiopia has embarked on a process of reforming its TVET-System. Within the policies
and strategies of the Ethiopian Government, technology transformation by using
international standards and international best practices as the basis, and, adopting,
adapting and verifying them in the Ethiopian context is a pivotal element. TVET is
given an important role with regard to technology transfer. The new paradigm in the
outcome-based TVET system is the orientation at the current and anticipated future
demand of the economy and the labor market.
The Ethiopia Occupational Standard (EOS) is the core element of the Ethiopian
National TVET-Strategy and an important factor within the context of the National
TVET-Qualification Framework (NTQF).They are national Ethiopia standards, which
define the occupational requirements and expected outcome related to a specific
occupation without taking TVET delivery into account.
This document details the mandatory format, sequencing, wording and layout for the
Ethiopia Occupational Standard which comprised of Units of Competence.
A Unit of Competence describes a distinct work activity. It is documented in a standard
format that comprises:
Occupational title and NTQF level
Unit code
Unit title
Unit descriptor
Elements and Performance criteria
Variables and Range statement
Evidence guide
Together all the parts of a Unit of Competence guide the assessor in determining
whether the candidate is competent.
The ensuing sections of this EOS document comprise a description of the respective
occupation with all the key components of a Unit of Competence:

chart with an overview of all Units of Competence for the respective level including
the Unit Codes and the Unit Titles

contents of each Unit of Competence (competence standard)

occupational map providing the technical and vocational education and training
(TVET) providers with information and important requirements to consider when
designing training programs for this standards and for the individual, a career path

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UNIT OF COMPETENCE CHART

Occupational Standard: Database Administration
Occupational Code: ICT DBA
NTQF Level IV
ICT DBA4 01 0710

ICT DBA4 02 0710

ICT DBA4 03 0710

Plan and Organize

Work

Contribute to the
Development of
Strategy

Assist with Policy

Development

ICT DBA4 04 0710

ICT DBA4 05 0710

ICT DBA4 06 0710

Monitor and Support

Data Conversion

Apply Object-Oriented
Programming
Language Skills

Use Advanced
Structured Query
Language

ICT DBA4 07 0710

ICT DBA4 08 0710

ICT DBA4 09 0710

Determine Suitability of
Database Functionality
and Scalability

Perform Database
System Test

Monitor and
Administer Database

ICT DBA4 10 0710

ICT DBA4 11 0710

ICT DBA4 12 0710

Identify and Resolve

Database Performance
Problems

Migrate to New
Technology

Establish Quality
Standards

ICT DBA4 13 0710

ICT DBA4 14 0710

Utilize Specialized
Communication Skills

Develop Team and

Individuals

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NTQF Level III

ICT DBA3 01 0710

ICT DBA3 02 0710

ICT DBA3 03 0710

Gather Data to Identify

Business
Requirements

Identify Physical
Database
Requirements

Design a Database

ICT DBA3 04 0710

ICT DBA3 05 0710

ICT DBA3 06 0710

Use Basic Structured

Query Language

Design Program
Logic

Test Physical
Database
Implementation

ICT DBA3 07 0710

ICT DBA3 08 0710

ICT DBA3 09 0710

Complete Database
Backup and Recovery

Create Technical
Documentation

Model Data Objects

ICT DBA3 10 0710

ICT DBA3 11 0710

ICT DBA3 12 0710

Monitor
Implementation of
Workplan/Activities

Apply Quality Control

Lead Small Teams

ICT DBA3 13 0710

Lead Workplace
Communication

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NTQF Level IV

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title
Unit Code
Unit Descriptor

Plan and Organize Work

ICT DBA4 01 0710
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required in
planning and organizing work. It may be applied to a small
independent operation or to a section of a large organization.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Set objectives

1.1

Objectives are consistent with and linked to work activities in

accordance with organizational aims

1.2

Objectives are stated as measurable targets with clear time

frames

1.3

Support and commitment of team members are reflected in

the objectives

1.4

Realistic and attainable objectives are identified

2.1

Tasks/work activities to be completed are identified and

prioritized as directed

2.2

Tasks/work activities are broken down into steps in

accordance with set time frames achievable components in
accordance with set time frames

2.3

Resources are allocated as per requirements of the activity

2.4

Schedule of work activities is coordinated with personnel

concerned

3.1

Work methods and practices are identified in consultation

with personnel concerned

3.2

Work plans are implemented in accordance with set time

frames, resources and standards

4.1

Work activities are monitored and compared with set

objectives

4.2

Work performance is monitored

4.3

Deviations from work activities are reported and

recommendations are coordinated with appropriate
personnel and in accordance with set standards

4.4

Reporting requirements are complied with in accordance with

recommended format

4.5

Observe timeliness of report

2. Plan and
schedule work
activities

3. Implement
work plans

4. Monitor work
activities

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4.6

5.

Files are established and maintained in accordance with

standard operating procedures

Review and
5.1 Work plans, strategies and implementation are reviewed
evaluate
based on accurate, relevant and current information
work plans
5.2 Review is based on comprehensive consultation with
and activities
appropriate personnel on outcomes of work plans and
reliable feedback

Variable
Objectives
Resources

Schedule of work
activities
Work methods
and practices

Work plans

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5.3

Results of review are provided to concerned parties and

formed as the basis for adjustments/simplifications to be
made to policies, processes and activities

5.4

Performance appraisal is conducted in accordance with

organization rules and regulations

5.5

Performance appraisal report is prepared and documented

regularly as per organization requirements.

5.6

Recommendations are prepared and presented to

appropriate personnel/authorities

5.7

Feedback mechanisms are implemented in line with

organization policies

Range

Specific
General
Personnel
Supplies and materials
Equipment and
Sources for accessing specialist advice
technology
Budget
Services
Daily
Regular
Work-based
Confidential
Contractual
Disclosure /Non-disclosure
Work methods and practices may include but not limited to:
Legislated regulations and codes of practice
Industry regulations and codes of practice
Occupational health and safety practices

Daily work plans

Project plans
Program plans
Organization strategic
and restructuring plans
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Resource plans
Skills development plans
Management strategies and
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Standards

personnel/
authorities
Feedback
mechanisms

Performance targets
Performance management and appraisal systems
National competence standards
Employment contracts
Client contracts
Discipline procedures
Workplace assessment guidelines
Internal quality assurance
Internal and external accountability and auditing requirements
Training Regulation Standards
Safety Standards
Management
Line Staff
Include:
Verbal feedback
Questionnaire
Informal feedback
Survey
Formal feedback
Group discussion

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects
of Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge

Underpinning
Skills

Resource
Implications
Assessment
Methods
Context for
Assessment
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Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:

set objectives
planned and scheduled work activities
implemented work plans
monitored work activities
reviewed and evaluated work plans and activities
Organizations strategic plan, policies rules and regulations,
laws and objectives for work unit activities and priorities
Organizations policies, strategic plans, guidelines related to
the role of the work unit
Team work and consultation strategies
Planning and Organizing
Leading and Coordinating
Presentation skills and Communication Skills
Inter-and intra-person/motivation skills
The following resources must be provided:
Workplace or fully equipped location with necessary tools and
equipment as well as consumable materials
Competence may be assessed through:
Interview / Written exam
Observation / Demonstration
Competence may be assessed in the workplace or in simulated
work
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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title
Unit Code
Unit Descriptor

Contribute to the Development of Strategic Plan

ICT DBA4 02 0710
This unit defines the competency required to participate in the
planning process and to contribute to the development of a
strategic plan

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Plan for
strategy

1.1 A planning committee is formed and clarified the roles of

people involved in the process.
1.2 Issues are identified that the planning process should
address.
1.3 Information that must be collected is identified.

2. Investigate the
current
environment

2.1 Mission and vision statements of the organisation are

investigated.

3. Participate in
feedback
session

3.1 The most important issues facing organisation is identified,

using the information gathered.

4. Finalize and
validate plan

4.1 Written plan is created to document the mission, vision,

issues, objectives and strategies of the organization.

2.2 Current internal and external environment of the

organisation is investigated

3.2 Review session is undertaken with appropriate person(s)

to confirm issues identified.

4.2 Written plan submitted to appropriate person(s) for approval.

4.3 Feedback is reviewed and alterations are made where
appropriate.

Variable

Range

Information

May include but is not limited to system functionality, geography,

environment, client user and cost constraints, competitors
May include a supervisor, teacher, authorized business
representative or client
May be contained in the following:
Business strategy
Business planning document
Client expectations brief

Appropriate
person
Objectives

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Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment must confirm the ability to identify issues, goals and
outcomes that meet the requirements of the stakeholders. In
Competence
particular planed strategy
investigated work environment
participate in feedback session
finalized and validated plan
Underpinning
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and
current business practices in relation to preparing reports,
Attitudes
particularly for contributing to the development of a strategic
plan that identifies the final expected results and details how
these results will be achieved
understanding of components of the business planning
process relevant to the development of strategic plans
basic knowledge of quality assurance practices
basic knowledge of information gathering techniques
Underpinning
Demonstrates skills to:
Skills
conduct strategic planning
conducting investigation
prepare and validate strategic plan
Resources
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implication
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title
Unit Code
Unit Descriptor

Assist with Policy Development for Client Support

ICT DBA4 03 0710
This unit defines the competence required to receive, review and
carry out change requests, while utilizing a change management
system according to client requirements.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Review
change
requests

1.1

Requests are received and documented for hardware and

software changes, utilizing a change management system
and according to organizational help desk procedures.

1.2

System data are gathered and organized relevant to the

change requests, using available diagnostic tools.

1.3

The proposed changes are reviewed against current and

future business requirements.

1.4

System data are examined, with work team, in order to

select appropriate changes to be carried out.

1.5

Selected changes are discussed and e clarified with client.

2.1

Potential solution is identified to solve problems.

2.2

Recommendations about possible solutions are developed,

documented, ranked and presented to the appropriate
person for decision.

2.3

Implementation and evaluation of solutions are planned.

2.4

Recommended solutions are technically documented and

submitted to appropriate person for confirmation.

2. Modify system
according to
requested
changes

3. Train on the
3.1
use of modified
system
3.2

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Training is prepared to meet the needs of client in using the

changed system.
Prepared training is delivered appropriately for client

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Variable

Range

May include but not limited to:

workstations, personal computers, modems or other
connectivity devices, networks, DSL modems, remote sites,
servers
May
include but is not limited to commercial, in-house, packaged
Software
or customized software
May include but not limited to:
System
the hardware and software components that run a computer
May be in reference to the business, system, application,
Requirements
network or people in the organization
May include but is not limited to internal departments, external
Client
organizations, individual people and employees
May include but not limited to:
Organizational
personal use of emails and internet access, content of emails,
guidelines
downloading information and accessing particular websites,
opening mail with attachments, virus risk, dispute resolution,
document procedures and templates, communication methods
and financial control mechanisms.
May include but not limited to:
Technical
project specifications, reports, help references, technical
documentation
manuals, training materials and self-paced tutorials, on-line
help, user guides, brochures
May
include but not limited to:
Standards
ISO/IEC/AS standards, organizational standards, project
standards
May follow ISO/IEC/AS standards, audit trails, naming standards,
Documentation
version control, project management templates and report writing,
maintaining equipment inventory; client training and satisfaction
reports
Occupational
May include but not limited to:
Health and Safety correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of
(OHS)
chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury prevention,
ventilation, light position, correct lifting method, and length of
time in front of computer
May also include licensing-related and physical safety
considerations such as general electrical safety and cabling,
power supply and leads as they apply to computer and
peripheral installations.
Hardware

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Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

Modifying system according to requested changes
Preparing and delivering training on use of modified system

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Demonstrates knowledge of:

Broad knowledge of help desk practices
Current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
with broad knowledge of general features and capabilities and
detailed knowledge in some areas
Broad knowledge of the role of stakeholders and the degree of
stakeholder involvement
General knowledge of the client business domain
Detailed knowledge of the system's current functionality
Broad knowledge of quality assurance practices
Change management tools
Broad knowledge of system testing
Broad knowledge of the organizations service-level
agreements.
Demonstrates skills to:
system and policy development
review change request
facilitate change request
perform technical documentation
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication
Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a simulated

work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Monitor and Support Data Conversion

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 04 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to monitor and support

data.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Monitor data
conversion

1.1 Conversion supporting documentation is obtained and

applied to conversion process.
1.2 Production data is protected by taking action to ensure backup before conversion.
1.3 Requirements of the client are determined and impacted
on business operation.
1.4 Software, hardware or environmental pre-requisites are
identified and confirmed in the conversion plan.
1.5 Data accuracy and integrity is validated according to
conversion specifications.
1.6 Data rejected by conversion tools is identified and actions
detailed in conversion plan are carried out.
1.7 Data rejection or errant behavior of the conversion process
is documented.

2. Support data
conversion

2.1 Results are verified based on relevant checklist.

2.2 Verified data are presented and have them signed by
appropriate persons.
2.3 Back-up copies of conversion files are maintained and
documented according to requirements
2.4 Clear and coherent technical documentation is developed

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Variable

Range

Supporting
documentation
Requirements

May include data conversion plan, conversion specifications and

documentation guidelines
May be in reference to the business, system, platform,
application, database, network or people in the organization
May include but is not limited to internal departments, external
organizations, clubs, individual people and internal employees
May include but is not limited to workstations, personal
computers, modems and other connectivity devices, networks,
remote sites, servers, DSL modems
May include but is not limited to commercial software
applications; organization-specific software, packaged software,
in-house or customized software.
May consist of but is not limited to dust, heat, extreme cold,
temperature stability, air circulation and moisture.
May include project specifications, reports, help references,
technical manuals, training materials and self-paced tutorials, online help, user guides, brochures.
May include but not limited to:
Tools that analyze data quality
Tools for extraction and transformation
Tools for cleansing data (identifying invalid field entries and
forcing to legal values
Data management tools

Client
Hardware

Software

Environmental
pre-requisites
Technical
documentation
Tools and
equipment

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Demonstrates ability to:
Competence
achieve a physical transfer or transformation of data
migrate data from the legacy systems to the staging area (if
necessary)
data conditioning, cleaning, transformation, and integration in
the staging area
storing, updating and exporting converted data
data loading and indexing on the production server
ensuring data quality throughout the data conversion process
ensure data is complete and valid
ensure sound structural integrity of both the legacy system and
the new database/data warehouse
ensure data reflects and works with the business rules and
data standards
monitor and support data conversion
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Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication

Demonstrates knowledge of:

inherent data requirements of both old and upgraded or new
systems
Broad knowledge of data conversion from legacy systems
Broad knowledge of current industry data conversion tools
Current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
with broad knowledge of general features and
capabilities and detailed knowledge in some areas
Broad knowledge of current data modeling methodologies
data conditioning, cleaning, transformation, and integration in
the staging area
storing, updating and exporting converted data
data loading and indexing on the production server
ensuring data quality throughout the data conversion process
monitor and support data conversion
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Apply Object-Oriented Programming Language Skills

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 05 0710

This unit defines the competency required to undertake
programming tasks using an object oriented programming
language. Competence includes tool usage, documentation,
debugging and testing techniques in support of the programming
activity.

Unit Descriptor

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Apply basic
language
syntax and
layout

1.1

Basic language syntax rules and best practices are

observed

1.2

Language data-types, operators and expressions are used

1.3

The appropriate language syntax for sequence, selection

and iteration constructs is used.

1.4

A modular programming approach is used

1.5

Arrays and arrays of objects are used

2. Apply basic
OO principles
in the target
language

2.1 A class that contains primitive member/instance variables is

implemented
2.2 A class that contains multiple options for object construction
is implemented
2.3 A class uses user defined aggregation
2.4 Inheritance is implemented to at least 2 levels of depth
2.5 Polymorphism is used at a simple level through inheritance
to enable easy code extension

3. Debug code

3.1 An integrated development environment is used,

particularly the language debugging facilities
3.2 Program debugging techniques are used to detect and
resolve errors.

4. Document
activities

4.1 Guidelines for developing maintainable code adhering to a

set of coding standard is followed
4.2 Internal documentation standards and tools are followed and
used

5. Test code

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5.1 Simple tests are developed and conducted to confirm the

coding process meets design specification
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5.2 The tests performed are documented

5.3 Corrections are made to the code and the documentation as
needed

Variable

Range

Language

This may be any of the following languages, but is not limited to:
Visual Basic
Java
C++
Small Talk
Eiffel
This may include but not limited to:
Visual C++
Visual Studio suite
Eclipse
J-Edit
Code Warrior
Jbuilder

Integrated
development
environment

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication
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Assessment must confirm that:

Application programs are designed and built in accordance
with systems and programming requirements and standards.
Application or programs developed using object-oriented
language meets required user specifications
Knowledge includes:
Understanding of Object oriented programming concepts
Object oriented programming language
Small size application development
Using a GUI to interact with operator
Skills include:
Reading and interpreting program specifications, translating
requirements from problem space to machine space
Integrated Development environment usage
Programming techniques
Internal (code) documentation techniques
Testing and debugging techniques
Documentation techniques
To demonstrate this unit of competence the following resources
will be required:
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Assessment
Methods
Context of
Assessment

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Programming language and development environment

User requirements and specification
Program and documentation standards
Personal computer or workstation
Competence may be assessed through:
Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration
Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Use Advanced Structured Query Language

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 06 0710

This unit defines the competency required to use advanced
structured query language (SQL) to define, create and
manipulate database structures and associated data in a
relational database.

Unit Descriptor

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Write
2.1 Data from a table and specific columns is retrieved using
ADVANCED
specific query and 'Order by' used to sort query output
SQL statement 2.2 Number of rows restricted is retrieved by placing specific
to retrieve and
criteria in the 'where' clause and select statement
sort data
2.3 Comparison operators in the 'where' clause is used to
compare numeric, character, string, date and time data
2.4 Boolean operators is used with the correct precedence
2.5 Criteria in the 'where' clause is used to check for a range of
values, to select values from a list, and to check for values
that match a pattern
2.6 SQL syntax is used to suppress duplicate values from query
results and action taken to exclude null values from a query
result
2.7 Inner join syntax is employed to retrieve data from two or
more tables
2.8 'Left outer', 'right outer' and 'full outer' syntax is used to join
tables in the select statement
2.9 Correct syntax in the 'where' clause is used to retrieve data
from multiple tables
2.10 Union query that retrieves data from more than one table is
written
2. Write
ADVANCED
SQL
statements
that use
functions

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2.1 Arithmetical operations are used with the correct

precedence.
2.2 String functions and operators is used to obtain the required
query output
2.3 Mathematical functions are used to obtain the required
output, where required
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2.4 Date functions are used to obtain the required output

2.5 SQL aggregate functions are used to obtain the required
output
3. Write
ADVANCED
SQL
statements
that use
aggregation
and filtering

3.1 'Group by' used to aggregate data by multiple columns

Variable

Range

Comparison
operators

May include
equal to
not equal to
greater than
less than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
May include
use of AND, OR, NOT
May include but not limited to
Oracle
Sybase,
Microsoft SQL Server
Ingres
DB2
Informix
MySQL
Postgres SQL
May include but not limited to:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Modulus
division
May include but not limited to:
COS
log
power
Sin

Boolean
operators
Database

Arithmetical
operators

Mathematical
functions

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3.2 Aggregated data is sorted in the query output

3.3 Aggregated data is filtered using the 'having' clause

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Information
requirements

Tools and
equipment

square root
May include but not limited to:
reports
summaries
letters
other business documents required by the organisation
May include but not limited to:
Computer
DBMS software

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Resources
Implication

Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

Write advanced SQL statement to retrieve and sort data
Write advanced SQL statements that use functions
Write advanced SQL statements that use aggregation and
filtering
Write and execute SQL sub-queries
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Broad knowledge of data modeling structures
Data analysis, particularly in determining data types, data
structures and to query and report design
Run time facilities in relation to implementing live database
DBMS fundamentals
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title
Unit Code

Determine Suitability of Database Functionality and

Scalability
ICT DBA4 07 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competence required to identify current and

future business requirements for a database.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Determine
database
functionality

1.1 Business requirements are defined following existing data.

1.2 Database objectives are confirmed inline with defined
requirements.
1.3 Database is analyzed to identify the business rules, entities
and relationships.
1.4 Existing and proposed business models are identified.
1.5 Existing database and environment are documented
according to work place procedure.
1.6 Database functionality is confirmed with client.

2. Identify
scalability and
functionality
requirements

2.1 Reserve and long-term capacity of the database is identified.

2.2 Implications for the system architecture, data models, data
structures, and hardware and software requirements are
identified for scalability.
2.3 Functionality and scalability features of the database are
compared.
2.4 Gap between the features is determined and documented.

3. Prepare report

3.1 Functionality and scalability of database are documented.

3.2 Report on database functionality and scalability is submitted
to client for review.

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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Variable

Range

Objectives

May include but are not limited to how and what the organization
wants to achieve in:
work environment
problem solution processes
preventative maintenance and diagnostic policy
roles and technical responsibilities in the IT department
vendor and product service-level support agreements
May include but not limited to:
relational databases
object-relational databases
proprietary databases
commercial off the shelf (COTS)database packages
May follow:
ISO/IEC/AS standards,
audit trails,
naming standards,
version control,
project management templates and report writing principles
May include but not limited to:
internal departments,
external organizations,
individual people and employees
May include but not limited to:
Operating system: Novell NetWare 5 or above or any
operating system that has multi-user ability, Linux, Windows
2000 or above
Database software: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL server,
Ingres, DB2, Informix, mSQL, MySQL, SQL server
Configuration: small memory model, large memory model,
requests per second
May include but not limited to:
workstations
personal computers
modems and other connectivity devices
networks
DSL modems
remote sites and servers
May include but not limited to:
commercial
in-house
packaged or customized software

Database

Documentation

Client

System
architecture

Hardware

Software

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Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Requirements

Scalability

Tools and
equipment

May be in reference to:

the business
system
platform
application
database
network or people in the organization
May include:
reserve capacity and long-term capacity
In relation to databases
scalability relates to multi-tier architecture
scalable workflow architecture
database replication
distributed databases, server clustering
May include but not limited to:
Computers ,
DBMS software

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills
Resources
Implication
Context of
Assessment

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Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

Identifying entities and relationships
Developing normalization
Validating model
Demonstrates knowledge of:
OHS principles and responsibilities in regard to self and
others
Function and features of databases
Data modeling
Network architecture
Common system hardware in relation to
client/server/database architecture
Demonstrates skills to:
Determine database functionality
identify scalability and functionality requirements
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting

Ministry of Education
Copyright

Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Perform Database System Test

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 08 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to ensure that the

properties of the entire system are tested and proved adequate
before handover to the client/user for final acceptance testing.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Prepare for test 1.1 Test environment is prepared inline with work guideline.
1.2 Software life cycle is determined based on work principles.
1.3 Test plan and appropriate test tools are defined.
1.4 System is recognized and separated into run able modules
mirroring live scenarios.
1.5 Logs and result sheets are gathered and prepared.
1.6 Scheduled test are announced to ensure preparedness and
understanding of implications for operations.
1.7 Test scripts (online test) or test run (batch test) are prepared
for running.
1.8 Expected results are reviewed against acceptance criteria
(walkthrough) and system requirements Documentation.
2. Conduct test

2.1 Test scripts and document results are run in line with test
and acceptance processes.
2.2 Required quality benchmarks or comparisons are performed
in readiness for acceptance testing.
2.3 Organization/industry standards are adopted, where
appropriate.
2.4 Actual results to expected results are compared on
completion of each system unit, and completed result
sheets.

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Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Variable

Range

Test environment

May include but not limited to:

Data
program libraries
network/communications and other equipment
operating system and other support software
May include:
Code/unit/class testing:
Assert Mate, Bounds Checker, C-Cover, Code Review,
Code Wizard, Deep Cover, FailSafe, Hindsight, Insure++,
JCAST, Logiscope, Java Pure Check
Stress load testing:
automated test facilities, e-Load, E-TEST Suite, eMONITO, Astra SiteManager, Astra SiteTest, AutoTester
Web, LoadRunner, JavaLoad
Applications testing:
DataShark, Cyrano Suite, Datatect, preVue-C/S
May include but not limited to:
Test server (computer),
DBMS and DB applications

Test tools

Tools and
equipment

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:
Competence
preparing test cases
conducting test
Underpinning
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and
broad general knowledge of system requirements with detailed
Attitudes
knowledge of particular system requirements and features
broad knowledge of automated test tools with detailed
knowledge of features and processes in some areas
organizational rules for preparing test
detailed knowledge of underlying test data
detailed knowledge of input/output requirements
Underpinning
Demonstrates skills to:
Skills
prepare for test
conduct test
Resources
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implication
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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Assessment
Methods
Context of
Assessment

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Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration
Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting

Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Monitor and Administer Database

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 09 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to manage, monitor

and administer a database.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Start up a
database

1.1 Configure system for database start-up

2. Manage
database

2.1 Take action to ensure that a data dictionary has been

compiled and that data structures are in place

1.2 Monitor database start-up and operation for irregularities

2.2 Maintain data integrity constraints according to business

requirements
2.3 Create and design indexes and multiple-field keys according
to business requirements
2.4 Monitor the locking options chosen for the database
2.5 Confirm that recent back-ups of the database have been
stored and that back-ups can be retrieved as a full working
copy
2.6 Monitor the data storage space for ongoing viability and
resize as needed
2.7 Update data according to organizational guidelines
3. Manage
database
access

3.1 Allocate or remove access privileges according to user

status
3.2 Monitor network server log-in log file for illegal log-in
attempts or for security breaches
3.3 Manage system resources in the context of database
administration

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Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Variable

Range

Database

May include but is not limited to relational databases, objectrelational databases, proprietary databases, commercial off the
shelf (COTS) database packages such as Oracle, PostgreSQL,
Sybase, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, Ingres, DB2,
DB4, Informix, mSQL, MySQL, SQL server
May include, customer, supplier, payroll, inventory or tax
requirements
May include but are not limited to personal use of emails and
internet access, content of emails, downloading information and
accessing particular websites, opening mail with attachments,
virus risk, dispute resolution, document procedures and
templates, communication methods and financial control
mechanisms.
May include but is not limited to Novell NetWare 5 or above or
any operating system that has multi-user ability, Linux, Mac OS,
Windows 2000 or above
May include but is not limited to hardware and software
components that run a computer

Business
requirements
Organizational
guidelines

Network server

System

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

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Assessment must confirm the ability to consistently manage

and administer a database.
Monitor data and provide solutions to a defined range of
unpredictable problems
Demonstrates knowledge of:
General knowledge of structured query language (SQL)
General knowledge of database administration
Detailed knowledge of tuning methodologies
General knowledge of the principles of databases
Detailed knowledge of database management tools
Detailed knowledge of back-up and recovery methodologies
Detailed knowledge of database security
Analysis skills in relation to working database processes
Report writing skills for business
Database management skills requiring depth in some areas
Analysis and evaluation of information relating to database
performance
Problem solving skills in database processes
Research skills for identifying, analyzing and evaluating
features of a
particular database
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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Resource
Implications
Assessment
Methods
Context of
Assessment

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To demonstrate competence in this unit the candidate will require

access to a live database, preferably on a LAN on which there is
a server that offers log-in functionality.
Competency may be assessed through:
Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration
Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting

Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Identify and Resolve Database Performance Problems

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 10 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to identify and solve

database problems to improve performance.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Diagnose
problems

1.1 Appropriate database performance diagnostic tool to use

based on organizational database requirements and vendor
recommendations are determined.
1.2 Diagnostic tool is run to identify latch contentions and
events causing waits and record outcomes.
1.3 Inappropriate use of database and temporary table spaces
occurs are determined and recorded.
1.4 Appropriate fixes are carried out based on diagnostic results.

2. Configure
database

2.1 Distributed files architecture is adopted to minimize I/O

(input/output) contention.
2.2 Database back-up procedures are ensured to be appropriate
for method of data storage.
2.3 Rollback segments are reconfigured.
2.4 Database is configured and tests its performance.

3. Tune database

3.1 Module performance is tracked according to specifications.

3.2 Efficiency of structured query language is monitored and
tuned as required.
3.3 Performance of shared pool, blocks and buffers are
monitored and measured.
3.4 Contentions are detected, identified and resolved that may
arise in the real-time operation of the database.
3.5 Database is reconfigured according to specifications.

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Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Variable

Range

Diagnostic tools

May include:
software or electronics equipment (e.g. volt-meter,
oscilloscope, data analyzer)
May include but not limited to:
relational databases,
object-relational databases,
proprietary databases,
commercial off the shelf (COTS) database packages
May include but not limited to:
Operating system: Novell NetWare 5 or above or any
operating system that has multi-user ability, Linux, Windows
2000 or above
Database software: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL server,
Ingres, DB2, Informix, mSQL, MySQL, SQL server
Configuration: small memory model, large memory model,
requests per second
May include but not limited to:
improvements to response time,
simultaneous access,
Compacting database files and repairing the database.
May include:
Information technology
database languages SQL definition
May include Information technology - database languages SQL - definition
of data structures and basic operations of data structures and
basic operations
May include but not limited to:
Computers , DBMS software, tapes, Server

Database

Architecture

Performance

Structured Query
Language

Tools and
equipment

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Ministry of Education
Copyright

Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication

Assessment must confirm the ability to:

apply problem solving techniques to determine the root cause
of a routine malfunction or to refer the problem according to
escalation procedures
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Broad knowledge of SQL
Detailed knowledge of database administration
Detailed knowledge of tuning methodologies
General knowledge of the principles of database design
Detailed knowledge of diagnostic tools
Demonstrates skills to:
diagnose problems
configure database
tune database
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Ministry of Education
Copyright

Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Migrate to New Technology

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 11 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competence required to apply skills and

knowledge in using new or upgraded technology.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Apply existing
knowledge and
techniques to
technology
transfer

1.1 Situations are identified where existing knowledge can be

used as the basis for developing new skills.
1.2 New or upgraded technology skills are acquired and used to
enhance learning.
1.3 New or upgraded equipment is Identified, classified and used
where appropriate, for the benefit of the organization.

2. Apply functions
of technology
to assist in
solving
organizational
problems

2.1 Testing of new or upgraded equipment is conducted.

3. Evaluate new
or upgraded
technology
performance

3.1 New or upgraded equipment is evaluated for performance

usability and against OH&S standards.

2.2 Features of new or upgraded equipment and software are

applied within the organization.
2.3 Features and functions of new or upgraded equipment is used
2.4 Sources of information relating to new or upgraded equipment
is accessed and used.

3.2 Environmental considerations are determined from new or

upgraded equipment.
3.3 Feedback from users are looked for, where appropriate.

Variable

Range

Equipment

May include but not limited to:

workstations
personal computers, hard drives and monitors
modems and other connectivity devices
printers
DSL modems
switches and hubs
personal digital assistant (PDA) and other peripheral devices

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Ministry of Education
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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Applications

Technology skills

Feedback

Software

OHS standards

Environmental
Considerations

Tools and
equipment

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May include but not limited to:

commercial software applications; organization-specific
software; word processing
spreadsheet
database
graphic
communication packages
May include but not limited to:
hardware
PCs
networks
storage and communications equipment
May include but not limited to:
surveys
questionnaires
interviews and meetings
May include but not limited to:
user-based software for new business processes,
customer relationship management,
integrated services (e.g. banking and financial services)
May include but not limited to:
correct posture
lighting
type of desk and style of chair
type of monitor
typing position
repetitive strain injury prevention
ventilation
light position
correct lifting method, and length of time in front of computer
physical safety considerations such as general electrical
safety and cabling
Power supply and leads as they apply to computer and
peripheral installations
May include but not limited to:
recycling
safe disposal of packaging (e.g. cardboard, polystyrene,
paper, plastic)
correct disposal of redundant hardware (e.g. motherboards,
hard drives, circuit boards) by an authorized body
May include but not limited to:
Computers , appropriate new technology,
software and hardware, Internet
Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication

Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

Applying existing knowledge and techniques to technology
transfer
Applying functions of technology to assist in solving
organizational problems
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Broad awareness of current technology trends and directions
in IT (e.g. software, hardware, services, new developments,
new protocols)
Broad knowledge of vendor product directions
Ability to locate appropriate sources of information regarding
IT and new technologies
Current industry hardware and software products, with broad
knowledge of general features and capabilities
Demonstrates skills to:
apply existing knowledge and techniques to technology
transfer
evaluate new or upgraded technology performance
evaluate new or upgraded technology performance
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Establish Quality Standards

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 12 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills required to

monitor quality of work, establish quality specifications for
service, participate in maintaining and improving quality at work,
assist in planning and implementing quality assurance
procedures, and report problems that affect quality.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Establish
quality
specifications
for service

1.1 Quality specifications are developed and agreed upon in

accordance with legislated requirements.
1.3 Quality specifications are documented and introduced to
organization staff / personnel in accordance with the
organization policy.
1.4 Quality specifications are updated when necessary.

2. Identify
hazards and
critical control
points

2.1 Critical control points impacting on quality are identified.

3. Assist in
planning of
quality
assurance
procedures

3.1 Procedures for each identified control point are developed

to ensure optimum quality.

2.2 Degree of risk for each hazard is determined.

2.3 Necessary documentation is accomplished in accordance
with organization quality procedures

3.2 Hazards and risks are minimized through application of

appropriate controls and OHS procedures and standards.
3.3 Processes to monitor the effectiveness of quality assurance
procedures are developed.

4. Implement
quality
assurance
procedures

4.1 Responsibilities for carrying out procedures are allocated to

staff.
4.2 Instructions are prepared in accordance with the sector
quality assurance program.
4.3 Staff is given induction training on the quality assurance
policy.

5. Monitor quality
of work
outcome

5.1 Quality requirements are identified

5.2 Inputs are inspected to confirm capability to meet quality
requirements
5.3 Process is conducted to produce required outcomes

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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

5.4 Production processes are monitored to confirm quality of

output
5.5 Process is adjusted to maintain outputs within specification.
6. Participate in
maintaining
and improving
quality at work

6.1 Work area, materials, processes and service are routinely

monitored to ensure compliance with quality requirements.
6.2 Non-conformance process is identified and reported
according to reporting requirements
6.3 Corrective action is taken within level of responsibility, to
maintain quality standards
6.4 Quality issues are raised with designated personnel

7. Report
problems that
affect quality

7.1 Recognize potential or existing quality problems.

7.2 Identify instances of variation in quality from specifications
or work instructions.
7.3 Report variation and potential problems to
supervisor/manager according to sector guidelines

Variable

Range

Legislated
requirements

May include but not limited to:

Verification of work quality as part of sector legislation or
specific legislation related to process of work content or
composition.
It may include but not limited to:
Use of tools and equipment
Working place environment handling of material safety
Following Occupational health and safety procedures
designated for the task

Safety
procedures

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
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Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

Monitoring quality of work
Establishing quality requirements for work
Participating in maintaining and improving quality of work
Assisting in planning of quality assurance procedures
Reporting problems that affect quality
Implementing quality assurance procedures
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Applying federal and regional legislation within day-today
Ministry of Education
Copyright

Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication

work activities
Accessing and using management systems to keep and
maintain accurate records
Demonstrates skills to:
Monitoring quality of work
Establishing quality specifications for work
Participating in maintaining and improving quality at work
Identifying hazards and critical control points in process of
production
Assisting in planning of quality assurance procedures
Reporting problems that affect quality
Implementing quality assurance procedures
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Ministry of Education
Copyright

Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

Version 2
July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Develop Team and Individuals

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 13 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit covers the skills, knowledge and attitudes required to

determine individual and team development needs and facilitate
the development of the workgroup.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Provide team
leadership

1.1

Learning and development needs are systematically

identified and implemented in line with organizational
requirements

1.2

Learning plan to meet individual and group training and

developmental needs is collaboratively developed and
implemented

1.3

Individuals are encouraged to self-evaluate performance and

identify areas for improvement

1.4

Feedback on performance of team members is collected

from relevant sources and compared with established team
learning process

2. Foster
individual and
organizational
growth

3. Monitor and
evaluate
workplace
learning

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2.1

Learning and development program goals and objectives are

identified to match the specific knowledge and skills
requirements of competence standards

2.2

Learning delivery methods are appropriate to the learning

goals, the learning style of participants and availability of
equipment and resources

2.3

Workplace learning opportunities and coaching/ mentoring

assistance are provided to facilitate individual and team
achievement of competencies

2.4

Resources and timelines required for learning activities are

identified and approved in accordance with organizational
requirements

3.1

Feedback from individuals or teams is used to identify and

implement improvements in future learning arrangements

3.2

Outcomes and performance of individuals/teams are

assessed and recorded to determine the effectiveness of
development programs and the extent of additional support

3.3

Modifications to learning plans are negotiated to improve the

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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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efficiency and effectiveness of learning

4. Develop team
commitment
and
cooperation

5. Facilitate
accomplishme
nt of
organizational
goals

3.4

Records and reports of competence are maintained within

organizational requirement

4.1

Open communication processes to obtain and share

information is used by team

4.2

Decisions are reached by the team in accordance with its

agreed roles and responsibilities

4.3

Mutual concern and camaraderie are developed in the team

5.1

Team members actively participated in team activities and

communication processes

5.2

Teams members developed individual and joint

responsibility for their actions

5.3

Collaborative efforts are sustained to attain organizational

goals

Variable

Range

Learning and
development
needs

Organizational
requirements

Feedback on
performance

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Coaching, mentoring and/or supervision

Formal/informal learning program
Internal/external training provision
Work experience/exchange/opportunities
Personal study
Career planning/development
Performance appraisals
Workplace skills assessment
Recognition of prior learning
Quality assurance and/or procedures manuals
Goals, objectives, plans, systems and processes
Legal and organizational policy/guidelines and requirements
Safety policies, procedures and programs
Confidentiality and security requirements
Business and performance plans
Ethical standards
Quality and continuous improvement processes and
standards
Formal/informal performance appraisals
Obtaining feedback from supervisors and colleagues
Obtaining feedback from clients
Personal and reflective behavior strategies
Routine and organizational methods for monitoring service

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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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Learning delivery
methods

delivery
On the job coaching or mentoring
Problem solving
Presentation/demonstration
Formal course participation / induction
Work experience
Involvement in professional networks
Conference and seminar attendance

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitude

Underpinning
Skills

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Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:

Identified and implemented learning opportunities for others
Gave and received feedback constructively
Facilitated participation of individuals in the work of the team
Negotiated learning plans to improve the effectiveness of
learning
Prepared learning plans to match skill needs
Accessed and designated learning opportunities
Coaching and mentoring principles
Understanding how to work effectively with team members
who have diverse work styles, aspirations, cultures and
perspective
Understanding how to facilitate team development and
improvement
Understanding methods and techniques for eliciting and
interpreting feedback
Understanding methods for identifying and prioritizing
personal development opportunities and options
Knowledge of career paths and competence standards
Ability to read and understand a variety of texts, prepare
general information and documents according to target
audience; spell with accuracy; use grammar and punctuation
effective relationships and conflict management
Communication skills including receiving feedback and
reporting, maintaining effective relationships and conflict
management
Planning skills to organize required resources and equipment
to meet learning needs
Coaching and mentoring skills to provide support to
colleagues
Reporting skills to organize information; assess information
for relevance and accuracy; identify and elaborate on
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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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Resource
Implications
Assessment
Methods
Context of
Assessment

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learning outcomes
Facilitation skills to conduct small group training sessions
Ability to relate to people from a range of social, cultural,
physical and mental backgrounds
Access to relevant workplace or appropriately simulated
environment where assessment can take place
Competence may be assessed through:
Interview / Written exam
Observation / Demonstration
Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting

Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Utilize Specialized Communication Skills

Unit Code

ICT DBA4 14 0710

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to
use specialized communication skills to meet specific needs of
internal and external clients, conduct interviews, facilitate group
discussions, and contribute to the development of communication
strategies.

Unit Descriptor

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Meet common
and specific
communicatio
n needs of
clients and
colleagues

1.1

Specific communication needs of clients and colleagues are

identified and met

1.2

Different approaches are used to meet communication

needs of clients and colleagues

1.3

Conflict is addressed promptly and in a timely way and in a

manner which does not compromise the standing of the
organization

2. Contribute to
the
development
of
communicatio
n strategies

2.1

Strategies for internal and external dissemination of

information are developed, promoted, implemented and
reviewed as required

2.2

Channels of communication are established and reviewed

regularly

2.3

Coaching in effective communication is provided

2.4

Work related network and relationship are maintained as

necessary

2.5

Negotiation and conflict resolution strategies are used

where required

2.6

Communication with clients and colleagues is appropriate

to individual needs and organizational objectives

3.1

When participating in internal or external forums,

presentation is relevant, appropriately researched and
presented in a manner to promote the organization

3.2

Presentation is clear and sequential and delivered within a

predetermined time

3.3

appropriate media to enhance presentation is utilized

3.4

Differences in views are respected

3. Represent the
organization

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Ethiopia Occupational Standard

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4. Facilitate
group
discussion

5. Conduct
interview

Variable
Strategies

Effective group
interaction

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3.5

Written communication is consistent with organizational

standards

3.6

Inquiries are responded in a manner consistent with

organizational standard

4.1

Mechanisms which enhance effective group interaction

is defined and implemented

4.2

Strategies which encourage all group members to

participate are used routinely

4.3

Objectives and agenda for meetings and discussions are

routinely set and followed

4.4

Relevant information is provided to group to facilitate

outcomes

4.5

Evaluation of group communication strategies is

undertaken to promote participation of all parties

4.6

Specific communication needs of individuals are identified

and addressed

5.1

A range of appropriate communication strategies are

employed in interview situations

5.2

Records of interviews are made and maintained in

accordance with organizational procedures

5.3

Effective questioning, listening and nonverbal

communication techniques are used to ensure that required
message is communicated

Range

Recognizing own limitations

Referral to specialists
Utilizing techniques and aids
Providing written drafts
Verbal and non verbal communication
Identifying and evaluating what is occurring within an
interaction in a non-judgmental way
Using active listening
Making decision about appropriate words, behavior
Putting together response which is culturally appropriate
Expressing an individual perspective
Expressing own philosophy, ideology and background and
exploring impact with relevance to communication

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Types of
Interview
Interview
situations

Related to staff issues

Evidential
Routine
Non-disclosure
Confidential
Disclosure
Establish rapport
Elicit facts and information
Facilitate resolution of issues
Develop action plans
Diffuse potentially difficult situation

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
Competence
Demonstrated effective communication skills with clients
accessing service and work colleagues

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Values
Underpinning
Skills

Adopted relevant communication techniques and strategies to

meet client particular needs and difficulties
Communication process
Dynamics of groups and different styles of group leadership
Communication skills relevant to client groups
Full range of communication techniques including:
Full range of communication
Active listening
Feedback
Interpretation
Role boundaries setting
Negotiation
Establishing empathy
Communication skills required to fulfill job roles as specified
by the organization

Resource
Implications
Methods of
Assessment
Context for
Assessment

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Access to appropriate workplace where assessment can take

place
Competence may be assessed through
Direct observation
Oral Interview
This unit should be assessed on the job through simulation

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NTQF Level III

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Gather Data to Identify Business Requirements

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 01 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competence required to identify, analyze

and document business requirements.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Identify key
information
sources

1.1 Information repositories are identified across the business

1.2 Current organizational documentation are reviewed
1.3 Critical questions are developed to elicit information from key
stakeholders using a mixture of open and closed questions
1.4 Information gathering techniques are ensured to use a
quality assurance methodology and meet budgetary
constraints

2. Gather data
through formal
and informal
processes

2.1 Information gathering workshops and interviews are

conducted to gather data
2.2 Reports and other data sources are reviewed for relevant
business information
2.3 Business-critical factors relating to current and future
directions of the organization are confirmed with
stakeholders
2.4 Group and individual responses are analyzed to clearly
define business priorities

3. Ensure
analysis is
accurate and
complete

3.1 Information gathered are analyzed and evaluated for

accuracy and consistency
3.2 Document conflicts in information are gathered
3.3 Conflicts in information or points of view are resolved with
stakeholders

4. Submit analysis 4.1 Detailed document according to documentation standards

and gain
and organizational templates are prepared
agreement
4.2 Document in a style are written that is succinct and
appropriate to the audience
4.3 Data gathered are communicated to client to gain
consensus and agreement on business requirements

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Variable

Range

Organizational
documentation

May include but not limited to:

Business forms
Policy documents
Financial statements
Performance reports
Annual reports
Correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of
chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury prevention,
ventilation, light position, correct lifting method, and length of
time in front of computer
May also include physical safety considerations such as
general electrical safety and cabling, power supply and leads
as they apply to computer and peripheral installations.
May include but not limited to:
interviews,
Questionnaires
surveys
observation
May include but not limited to:
sponsor
user
development team
project team
May include but is not limited to
internal departments
external
organizations
individual people
employees
May include but are not restricted to
policy relating to sign-off
storage
distribution
revision Standards may include ISO/IEC/AS standards,
organizational standards, project standards
May include tools for documenting (e.g. word processing
packages, desktop publishing packages)
response times
security
scalability
customer demographics
traffic
customer confidence
data knowledge and expectations
management

Occupational
Health and Safety
(OHS)

Information
gathering
techniques

Stakeholders

Client

Documentation
standards

Business-critical
factors

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Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:

identifying key information sources
gathering data through different processes
ensuring analysis is accurate and complete
submitting analysis and gained agreement
Demonstrates knowledge of:
client business domain, so that the business need is
understood by project team and client
current industry systems development methodologies
Current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
including broad knowledge of general features and capabilities
the role of stakeholders and the degree of stakeholder
involvement (e.g. when specifying people (especially the
owner, sponsor and those that will contribute to defining the
requirements and using the system), and roles of client users
are identified)
Detailed knowledge of the system's current functionality (e.g.
when specifying physical requirements of the system are
identified taking into account current system functionality,
geography, environment, client user and cost constraints)
quality assurance practices (e.g. when planning the
requirements phase)
Demonstrates skills to:
gather data through formal and informal processes
ensure analysis is accurate and complete

Resources
Implication

Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,

including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Identify Physical Database Requirements

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 02 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to create a physical

database using a data dictionary and design specifications.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Identify
database
scope

1.1

Requirements of the user and current system

architecture are reviewed

1.2

Database size is determined from requirements and

technical specifications

1.3

Database and scope of project are documented

1.4

Several database management systems are evaluated

against requirements and make appropriate selection

2.1

Technical specifications are reviewed for the database

2.2

Database tables and relationships are identified

2.3

Database data dictionary, table attributes and keys are

identified

2.4

Database reports are developed based on acceptance

criteria and requirements

3.1

System security plan is reviewed

3.2

Chosen database management system and user security

required for the database clarified and confirmed to ensure
database security is aligned to security system plan

3.3

Database performance, recovery and audit trail needs are

identified, evaluated and recorded

4.1

Database scope and technical requirements are presented

to user for feedback

4.2

User feedback are reviewed and database adjusted as

required

4.3

Database and documentation are presented to user for final

approval

2. Identify
database
requirements

3. Identify
security
requirements

4. Seek client
feedback and
approval

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Variable

Range

Requirements

May be in reference to the business, system, application, network

or people in the organization
May include but is not limited to:
Operating system: Novell NetWare 5 or above or operating
system that has multi-user ability; Linux, Windows 2000 or
above
Database software: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server,
Ingres, DB2, Informix, mSQL, MySQL, SQL server
Configuration: small memory model, large memory model,
requests per second
May include but is not limited to relational databases, objectrelational databases, proprietary databases, commercial off-theshelf (COTS) database packages.

System
architecture

Database
Database
management
system
Acceptance
criteria
System

Tools and
equipment
Occupational
Health and Safety

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May include distributed or centralized, on-line, partitioned

geographically or thematically distributed
May include timeframe, cost implications, technical and logistical
considerations
May include but is not limited to network, application, software,
business, computers, financial system, management system and
information system
May include but not limited to:
Computers , DBMS software
Correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of
chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury prevention,
ventilation, light position, correct lifting method, and length of
time in front of computer.
May also include physical safety considerations such as
general electrical safety and cabling, power supply and leads
as they apply to computer and peripheral installations.

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Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment must confirm the ability to identify technical
considerations affecting the physical design of a database and
Competence
the ability to build a database that meets the client's database
performance requirements.
The final database will meet specified business rules, agreed
budget and timeframe. The database will perform efficiently in
the runtime environment (the environment required to operate
the designed solution, not the development environment).
Reports must meet the specific output requirements and be
presented in a logical and accessible manner.
An individual demonstrating this competency would be able to:
System on business continuity
Evaluated threats to system
Formulated prevention and recovery strategy
Developed disaster recovery plan to support strategy
Underpinning
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and
Three or more current principles of databases
Attitudes
Current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
with knowledge of general features and capabilities
Database design
Knowledge of quality assurance practices (e.g. when
identifying database scope and database requirements)
General knowledge of the client business domain(e.g. when
identifying database scope)
Detailed technical knowledge of database requirements
Underpinning
Demonstrates skills to:
Skills
Identify database scope
Identify database requirements
Identify security requirements
Resources
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implication
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Design a Database

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 03 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competence required to establish client

needs and technical requirements, and to design a database that
meets those requirements.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Determine
database
requirements

1.1 Client is met and a user needs analysis is conducted to

determine database functionality
1.2 Results of user needs analysis are analyzed to identify
technical requirements
1.3 A conceptual model of the database is developed.
1.4 Conceptual model to client is submitted for review
1.5 Client feedback is evaluated and changes are made as
required.

2. Develop
logical data
model

2.1 Attributes are identified and data types are determined

2.2 Normalization of attributes are undertaken
2.3 Entity relationship diagram are developed to clarify
cardinality of relationships
2.4 Document attributes are normalized data and entity
relationship diagram
2.5 Documentation to client is forwarded for confirmation

3. Design data
structures

3.1 Primary and foreign keys are confirmed for tables

3.2 Client business rules are reviewed
3.3 Referential integrity constraints are identified
3.4 Relevant database management system constraints are
established and database design is incorporated
3.5 Validation rules are developed for data
3.6 Indexes are designed and data dictionary developed
3.7 Database design is documented

4. Design
queries,
screens and
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4.1 User interface for database is designed, including menus,

input screens and outputs
4.2 Queries based on requirements are designed
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reports

4.3 Output reports are designed based on requirements

4.4 Physical design with conceptual model /user needs analysis
is compared
4.5 Changes as required are incorporated

5. Design access
and security
systems

5.1 Business security plan is reviewed as basis for

commencing access and security design
5.2 Password and access system is designed for database
5.3 Multiple-user requirements are identified
5.4 Client access profiles are developed using client business
model

6. Confirm
database
design

6.1 Database back-up and recovery requirements are identified

6.2 Database back-up and recovery procedures are developed
and documented
6.3 Database and documentation is submitted to client for final
approval

Variable

Range

Client

May include but is not limited to internal departments, external

organizations, individual people and employees
May include but is not limited to relational databases, objectrelational databases, proprietary databases, commercial off the
shelf (COTS) database packages
May be in reference to the business, system, platform,
application, database, network or people in the organization
May follow ISO/IEC/AS standards, audit trails, naming standards,
version control, project management templates and report writing
principles
May include distributed or centralized, on-line, partitioned
geographically or thematically distributed

Database

Technical
requirements
Documentation

Database
management
system
Security plan

Requirements

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May include privacy, authentication, authorization and integrity,

and usually relates directly to the security objectives of the
organization
May be in reference to the business, system, platform,
application, database, network or people in the organization

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July 2010

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment must confirm the ability to design a well-structured
database that represents the client's business reality and
Competence
provides the user with a productive business tool.
Determine database requirements
Developed logical data model
Designed data structures
Designed queries, screens and reports
Designed access and security systems
Confirmed database design
Underpinning
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and
Function and features of databases
Attitudes
Logical design concepts, particularly in relation to designing
data structures, queries screens and reports
Data modeling in relation to developing the conceptual data
model
Object model design concepts, particularly in relation to
designing data structures, queries, screens and reports
Data analysis, particularly in determining data types and data
structures and query and report design
DBMS fundamentals, particularly during the design phase
Function and features of data types and data structures
Data redundancy
Encryption and authentication as they apply to database
security features
Scalability of databases
Underpinning
Demonstrates skills to:
Skills
determine database requirements
develop logical data model
design data structures
design queries, screens and reports
design access and security systems
confirm database design
Resources
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implication
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title
Unit Code

Use Basic Structured Query Language

ICT DBA3 04 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to use a basic

structured query language (SQL) to define, create and
manipulate database structures and associated data in a
relational database.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Write an SQL
statement to
retrieve and
sort data

1.1

All the data from a table is retrieved following work

procedure.

1.2

Data from specific columns in a single table is retrieved.

1.3

'Order by' is used to sort query output.

1.4

Number of rows restricted is retrieved by placing criteria in

the 'where' clause.

1.5

Number of rows restricted is retrieved by placing specific

criteria in the select statement.

1.6

Comparison operators in the 'where' clause is used to

compare numeric, character, string, date and time data

1.7

Boolean operators is used with the correct precedence

1.8

Criteria in the 'where' clause is used to check for a range of

values, to select values from a list, and to check for values
that match a pattern

1.9

SQL syntax is used to suppress duplicate values from

query results

1.10 Action is taken to exclude null values from a query result

2. Write SQL
statements
that use
functions

2.1 Arithmetical operators is used with the correct

precedence
2.2 String functions and operators is used to obtain the required
query output
2.3 Mathematical functions is used to obtain the required
output, where required
2.4 Date functions are used to obtain the required output
2.5 SQL aggregate functions are used to obtain the required
output

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3. Write SQL
statements
that use
aggregation
and filtering

3.1 'Group by' used to aggregate data by multiple columns

4. Write and
execute SQL
sub-queries

4.1 Single and nested sub-queries are constructed

3.2 Aggregated data is sorted in the query output

3.3 Aggregated data is filtered using the 'having' clause

4.2 Sub-queries are constructed that return a single row, and

multiple rows
4.3 Correlated sub-queries are used to retrieve required data
4.4 Sub-queries are written that use aggregates

Variable

Range

Comparison
operators

May include
equal to,
not equal to
greater than
less than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
May include
the use of AND, OR, NOT
May include but are not limited to
Oracle
Sybase,
Microsoft SQL Server
Ingres
DB2
Informix
MySQL
Postgres SQL
May include but not limited to:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Modulus
division
May include but not limited to:
COS
log
power

Boolean
operators
Database

Arithmetical
operators

Mathematical
functions

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Information
requirements

Tools and
equipment

Sine
square root
May include but not limited to:
reports
Summaries
letters
other business documents required by the organization
May include but not limited to:
Computers , DBMS software

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Resources
Implication

Assessment must confirm the ability to use a structured query

language to create database structures, and store, retrieve and
manipulate data in a relational database.
An individual demonstrating this competency would be able to:
Write an SQL statement to retrieve and sort data
Write SQL statements that use functions
Write SQL statements that use aggregation and filtering
Write and execute SQL sub-queries
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Broad knowledge of data modeling structures
Data analysis, particularly in determining data types, data
structures and to query and report design
Run time facilities in relation to implementing live database
DBMS fundamentals
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level IV

Unit Title

Design Program Logic

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 05 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to describe the various

processes in a program to ensure that there is understanding of
user and design requirements.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Select the
program logic
design
approach

1.1 Design documentation is obtained and the requirements

for the programs are reviewed and clarified.

2. Document the
program logic
or design

2.1 Diagrams of program flow and modules are structured

according to project standards

1.2 Design approach to be taken in coding and the modules

and links required is determined

2.2 Program scope and limits are documented according to

project standards
2.3 Special routines or procedures are documented or
referenced according to project standards
2.4 References for tables, files, inputs, outputs, and other
program functionalities are identified and revised according
to program requirements
2.5 Templates are used as applicable

3. Validate the
design

3.1 Program flow, states or conditions are checked for interfaces

and compliance to design documentation requirements
3.2 Feedback/input is gained from appropriate person as
needed

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Variable

Range

Design approach

The various program logic design approach may include, but not
limited to the use of:
pseudo codes
flowcharts
diagrams
ERDs
HIPO Charts
data flow diagrams
data structures
RAD
case tools
prototyping
modular programming

Design
documentation

Any form of written documentation of the system or program

requirements received by a programmer from the systems
analyst, project manager or supervisor.

This may be the:

systems analyst
supervisor
another programmer
teacher
user
Project standards This may include, but not limited to:
Client imposed systems development standards
methodologies
Available commercial tools like: Visio, Smart draw, or case
tools
Appropriate
person

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Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
Programming and program logic formulation or design skills
Competence
Assessment must confirm the ability to meet technical
requirements by successfully producing the required program
design
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Underpinning
Understanding of system specification and requirements
Knowledge and
Knowledge of programming or coding
Attitudes
Knowledge of programming using constructs/ modules/
objects
Concepts of various program and system lifecycle options
Knowledge of program design and structure
Demonstrates
skills to:
Underpinning
Use and application of various design documentation tools
Skills
Coding programs
Designing and debugging program logic and flow
Resources
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implication
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Test Physical Database Implementation

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 06 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to test database

performance using database management system modeling.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Undertake
database
management
system
modeling

1.1 Database prototype is reviewed, as appropriate, to

determine acceptance criteria and performance standards
1.2 Test data is loaded according to the technical sequence
detailed in documentation
1.3 A test schedule is generated for the database of tasks to be
performed and results expected

2. Test database
performance

2.1 Database performance is evaluated against acceptance

criteria and performance standards
2.2 Discrepancies in results are identified where expected
outcomes do not meet acceptance criteria
2.3 Areas needing enhancement is identified and changes to
be made documented
2.4 Database is modified according to project standards
2.5 Performance testing is repeated until expected results are
achieved

3. Seek client
feedback and
signoff

3.1 Test results in a document is presented and provided to

client for feedback
3.2 Client change requests are incorporated as appropriate
3.3 Client sign-off is secured for testing process

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Variable

Range

Documentation

May follow ISO/IEC/AS standards, audit trails, naming standards,

version control, project management templates and report
writing, maintaining equipment inventory; client training and
satisfaction reports.
May include but are not limited to relational databases, objectrelational databases, proprietary databases, commercial off-theshelf (COTS) database packages.
May include timeframe, cost implications, technical and logistical
considerations
May include but is not limited to internal departments, external
organizations, clubs, individual people and internal employees.
May include but are not limited to work, activities, function or job.
May include but not limited to:
Computers , DBMS software

Database

Acceptance
criteria
Client
Tasks
Tools and
equipment
Occupational
Health and Safety

Correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of

chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury prevention,
ventilation, light position, correct lifting method, and length of
time in front of computer.
May also include physical safety considerations such as
general electrical safety and cabling, power supply and leads
as they apply to computer and peripheral installations.

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

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Assessment must confirm the ability to identify technical

considerations affecting implementation of the database and
the ability to analyze performance issues during
implementation of the database
An individual demonstrating this competence would be able to:
Undertake database management system modeling
Monitor database performance
Seek client feedback and signoff
Demonstrates knowledge of:
three or more current principles of databases
current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
with broad knowledge of general features and
capabilities and detailed knowledge in some areas
database design
quality assurance practices
general knowledge of the client business domain
testing and benchmarking processes
Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
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Underpinning
Skills
Resources
Implication

Demonstrates skills to:

Test database performance
Undertake database management system modeling
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Complete Database Backup and Recovery

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 07 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to back-up and

recover a database

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Review
database
architecture

1.1 The architecture of a database file system is identified and

consequently, determined the most appropriate methods for
back-up and recovery
1.2 Risks and failure scenarios are identified and examined that
are likely or possible

2. Determine
backup
methods
appropriate to
database
requirements

2.1 A range of back-up and restoration methods are evaluated

based on organizational and security standard and on the
assessment of likely or possible failure scenarios
2.2 Full off-line back-ups are completed according to
organizational and security standards with minimal down time
2.3 On-line file back-ups are completed as determined by
organizational and security standards and with minimal down
time
2.4 Disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks
(RAID) hard disk configurations are employed to keep copies
of files
2.5 Off-site copies of back-up files are arranged

3. Establish
recovery
points and
disaster
recovery
procedures

3.1 Database recovery points are determined based on the backup arrangements according to organizational Guidelines.
3.2 The restore process is tested in order to ensure that the
database can be restored to a given recovery point, with
minimal down time
3.3 The restoration of the database to the point of failure is
completed, without loss of committed transactions

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Variable

Range

Occupational
Health and Safety
(OHS)

Correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of

chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury prevention,
ventilation, light position, correct lifting method, and length of
time in front of computer.
May also include physical safety considerations such as
general electrical safety and cabling, power supply and leads
as they apply to computer and peripheral installations.
May include but not limited to:
Computers , DBMS software, Tapes, Server

Tools and
equipment

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills

Resources
Implication

Assessment must confirm the ability to:

apply problem solving techniques to determine the root cause
of a routine malfunction or to refer the problem according to
escalation procedures
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Broad knowledge of help desk and maintenance practices
Current industry-accepted hardware and software products,
with broad knowledge of general features and capabilities and
detailed knowledge in some areas
Broad knowledge of the operating system
Broad knowledge of current industry practices
Broad knowledge of diagnostic tools
Demonstrates skills to:
review database architecture
determine backup methods appropriate to database
requirements
establish recovery points and disaster recovery procedures
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Create Technical Documentation

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 07 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to create technical

documentation that is clear to the target audience and easy to
navigate

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Identify and
analyze
documentation
needs

1.1 The client is consulted to identify documentation

requirements.
1.2 Documentation requirements are interpreted and evaluated,
and details with the client confirmed
1.3 Industry and documentation standards are investigated for
requirements
1.4 The scope of work is defined and documented to be
produced
1.5 The client is consulted to validate and confirm the scope of
work

2. Design
documentation

2.1 Information requirements are identified with reference to

layout and structure documented
2.2 Document templates and style guides are created consistent
with information requirements
2.3 A review of the system is conducted in order to understand
its functionality
2.4 Content that meets information requirements is extracted in
accordance with relevant copyright restrictions
2.5 The structure of the technical documentation is developed
giving focus to the flow of information, style, tone and
content format
2.6 The technical documentation structure is validated with the
client

3. Develop
documentation

3.1 Technical documentation is written based on the template

and scope of work using the information gathered
3.2 Technical terminology is translated into plain English where
appropriated

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3.3 Content format and style is applied in accordance with

relevant documentation standards and templates
4. Evaluate and
edit
documentation

4.1 Technical documentation is submitted to appropriate

person for reviewed
4.2 Feedback is gathered and analyzed following working
guideline.
4.3 Alterations into the technical documentation is incorporated
4.4 The technical documentation is edited for technical and
grammatical accuracy

Variable

Range

Requirements

May be in reference to the business, system, application,

organizational policies, network or people in the organisation
May include but is not limited to internal departments, external
organizations, individual people and internal employees

Client
System

Technical
documentation

Appropriate
person
Channels

Content

Documentation
standards

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May include but is not limited to network, application, software,

business, computers, financial system, management system and
information system
May include system or project specifications, system design,
system functionality, reports, help references, technical manuals,
operational procedures, training materials and self-paced
tutorials, on-line help, user guides and brochures.
May include a supervisor, teacher, authorized business
representative or client.
May include text, audio, animation and graphics provided through
books, manuals, CD-ROMs, DVDs, computer-based tutorials,
help screens and the world wide web.
May include information and interactive features, such as product
information, company information, copyright and disclaimer
notices, site map, frequently asked questions, what's new,
customer-specific information, customer only information, error
messages, instructions, feedback mechanisms, reference pages,
forms, background articles, ratings/rankings/testimonials/quotes
from reviews, hyperlink titles.
May include but are not limited to policy relating to sign-off,
storage, distribution, revision. May include ISO/IEC/AS
standards, organizational standards, audit trails, naming
conventions, version control, project management templates and
report writing principles

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Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills
Resources
Implication

Assessment must confirm the ability to create technical

documentation that meets business requirements, caters for a
diverse readership, is clear to the target audience and easy to
navigate such as
Identified and analyzed documentation needs
Designed documentation
Developed documentation
Evaluated and edited Documentation
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Content features, such as clarity and readability
Instructional design principles
Functions and features of templates and style guides
Document design, web design and usability
The use of word processing software and multimedia
authoring tools
Identifying target audiences
Analyzing audience needs
Identifying relevant content
Determining appropriate content, formats and styles
Writing content
Demonstrates skills to:
design documentation
develop documentation
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Model Data Objects

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 09 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit defines the competency required to understand

business operations, identify entities and data, diagrammatically
represent their relationships and prepare a data model.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Identify entities
and
relationships

1.1 Business data are analyzed to understand operations

1.2 Boundaries of the system are identified
1.3 Entities, attributes, data types and relationships of data are
identified
1.4 Business rules are reviewed to determine impact
1.5 Relationships are documented in an entity relationship
diagram

2. Develop
normalization

2.1 Normalization of business data undertaken and results are

documented
2.2 Normalization results are compared with entity relationship
diagram
2.3 Differences between data are reconciled, if any

3. Validate model

3.1 Data model is validated with client

3.2 Issues or recommendations arising are resolved
3.3 Completed data model are documented
3.4 Final approval is submitted to client

Variable

Range

Occupational
Health and Safety

May include but not limited to:

Correct posture, lighting, type of desk, type of monitor, style of
chair, typing position, repetitive strain injury
Prevention, ventilation, light position, correct lifting method,
and length of time in front of computer.
May also include physical safety considerations such as
general electrical safety and cabling, power supply and leads
as they apply to computer and peripheral installations.

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System

Entities
Relationships
Data types

Tools and
equipment

May include but not limited to:

databases, applications, servers, operating systems, gateways,
application service provider and ISP
person, object or concept
May include one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many and oneto-one
May include the following categories:
Numeric
Character string
Double-byte (or graphic) character string
Date-time and binary string
Large Object (LOB), binary large object (BLOB)
Character large object (CLOB), double-byte character large
object (DBCLOB)
User-defined type (UDT)
Structured types and reference types
May include but not limited to:
Smart draw, Visio, Rose and others; Computers, secondary
storage devices

Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of
Competence

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

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Assessment must confirm the ability to model valid data

objects and normalize the model.
An individual demonstrating this competency would be able to:
Identify entities, attributes and relationships
Develop normalization
Validate model
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Particular business or domain
Validation procedures and processes
Function and features of an approach to data modeling (e.g.
the entity-relationship model)
Database identifiers and their impact on database usability
Function and features of user-defined types, structured
types, reference types and user-defined functions
Type hierarchies (e.g. sub types, super types, root types
with reference to the development of structured data types)
Features and function of keys (e.g. unique keys, composite
keys, primary keys and primary index)
Features and function of time stamps in relation to the use of
keys
Normalization rules and processes
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July 2010

Underpinning
Skills
Resources
Implication

Demonstrates skills to:

develop normalization
validate model
Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.

Assessment
Methods

Competency may be assessed through:

Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
Observation / Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a

simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Monitor Implementation of Workplan/Activities

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 10 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit deals with the skills and knowledge required to oversee
and monitor the quality of work operations within an enterprise.
This unit may be carried out by team leaders, supervisors or
managers.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Monitor and
improve
workplace
operations

1.1 Efficiency and service levels are monitored on an ongoing

basis.
1.2 Operations in the workplace support overall enterprise goals
and quality assurance initiatives.
1.3 Quality problems and issues are promptly identified and
adjustments are made accordingly.
1.4 Procedures and systems are changed in consultation with
colleagues to improve efficiency and effectiveness.
1.5 Colleagues are consulted about ways to improve efficiency
and service levels.

2. Plan and
organise
workflow

2.1 Current workload of colleagues is accurately assessed.

2.2 Work is scheduled in a manner which enhances efficiency
and customer service quality.
2.3 Work is delegated to appropriate people in accordance with
principles of delegation.
2.4 Workflow is assessed against agreed objectives and
timelines.
2.5 Colleagues are assisted in prioritisation of workload.
2.6 Input is provided to appropriate management regarding
staffing needs.

3. Maintain
workplace
records

3.1 Workplace records are accurately completed and submitted

within required timeframes.

4. Solve
problems and
make
decisions

4.1 Workplace problems are promptly identified and considered

from an operational and customer service perspective.

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3.2 Where appropriate completion of records is delegated and

monitored prior to submission.

4.2 Short term action in initiated to resolve the immediate

problem where appropriate.
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July 2010

4.3 Problems are analysed for any long term impact and potential
solutions are assessed and actioned in consultation with
relevant colleagues.
4.4 Where problem is raised by a team member, they are
encouraged to participate in solving the problem.
4.5 Follow up action is taken to monitor the effectiveness of
solutions in the workplace.
Variable

Range

Workplace
records

May include but is not limited to:

staff records
regular performance reports

Evidence Guide

Description

Critical Aspects
of Competence

ability to effectively monitor and respond to a range of common

operational and service issues in the workplace
understanding of the role of staff involved in workplace
monitoring
knowledge of quality assurance, principles of workflow planning,
delegation and problem solving
Demonstrate knowledge of:
the roles and responsibilities of those involved in monitoring
work operations
overview of leadership and management responsibilities
principles of work planning and time management
typical work organisation methods appropriate to the industry
quality assurance principles
principles of delegation
problem solving and decision making processes
industrial and/or legislative issues which affect short term work
organization as appropriate to industry sector
Plan and organize workflow
Maintain workplace record
Solve problems and make decisions
Access to relevant workplace or appropriately simulated
environment where assessment can take place
Competence may be assessed through:
Interview / Oral questioning / Written Test
Observation/Demonstration
Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a simulated
work place setting

Underpinning
Knowledge and
Attitudes

Underpinning
Skills
Resource
Implications
Methods of
Assessment
Context of
Assessment
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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Apply Quality Control

Unit Code

ICT DBA3 11 0710

Unit Descriptor

This unit covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills required in

applying quality control on database administration.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Confirm quality
standards

1.1

Quality standard procedures document for hardware and

network services are acquired and confirmed.

1.2

Quality documents are disseminated to staff in accordance

with the organization policy.

1.3

Standard procedures are introduced and explained to

organizational staff / personnel.

1.4

Standard procedures are revised / updated when necessary

2.1

Services delivered are checked against organization quality

standards and specifications

2.2

Service delivered are evaluated using the appropriate

evaluation parameters and in accordance with organization
standards

2.3

Causes of any identified faults are identified and corrective

actions are taken in accordance with organization policies
and procedures

3.1

Basic information on the quality performance is recorded in

accordance with organization procedures

3.2

Records of work quality are maintained according to the

requirements of the organization

4.1

Causes of deviations from final outputs or services are

investigated and reported in accordance with organization
procedures

4.2

Suitable preventive action is recommended based on

organization quality standards and identified causes of
deviation from specified quality standards of final service or
output

5.1

Information on quality and other indicators of service

performance is recorded.

5.2

All service processes and outcomes are recorded.

2. Assess quality
of service
delivered

3. Record
information

4. Study causes
of quality
deviations

5. Complete
documentation

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Variable

Range

Quality check

Quality standards

Quality
parameters

Check against specifications

Visual inspection of final output
Physical inspection of service
materials
components
process
standard specifications
procedures
materials

Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
Competence
Checked completed work continuously against standard
Identified and isolated faulty or poor service
Checked service delivered against organization standards
Identified and applied corrective actions on the causes of
identified faults or error
Recorded basic information regarding quality performance
Investigated causes of deviations of services against standard
Recommended suitable preventive actions
Underpinning
Relevant quality standards, policies and procedures
Knowledge
Characteristics of services
Safety environment aspects of service processes
Relevant evaluation techniques and quality checking
procedures
Workplace procedures and reporting procedures
Underpinning
Interpret work instructions, specifications and standards
Skills
appropriate to the required work or service
Carry out relevant performance evaluation
Maintain accurate work records in accordance with procedures
Meet work specifications and requirements
Communicate effectively within defined workplace procedures
Resource
The following resources should be provided:
Implications
Access to relevant workplace or appropriately simulated
environment and materials relevant to the activity/ task
Methods of
Competence may be assessed through:
Assessment
Interview / Observation / Demonstration
Context for
Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a
Assessment
simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Lead Small Teams

Unit Code
Unit Descriptor

ICT DBA3 12 0710

This unit covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills to lead small
teams including setting and maintaining team and individual
performance standards.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Provide team
leadership

1.1.

Work requirements are identified and presented to team

members.

1.2.

Reasons for instructions and requirements are communicated

to team members.

1.3.

Team members queries and concerns are recognized,

discussed and dealt with.

2.1.

Duties and responsibilities are allocated having regarded to

the skills, knowledge and aptitude required to properly
undertake the assigned task and according to company
policy.

2.2.

Duties are allocated having regard to individual preference,

domestic and personal considerations, whenever possible.

3.1.

Performance expectations are established based on client

needs and according to assignment requirements.

3.2.

Performance expectations are based on individual team

members duties and area of responsibility.

3.3.

Performance expectations are discussed and disseminated to

individual team members.

4.1.

Monitoring of performance takes place against defined

performance criteria and/or assignment instructions and
corrective action taken if required

4.2.

Team members are provided with feedback, positive support

and advice on strategies to overcome any deficiencies

4.3.

Performance issues which cannot be rectified or addressed

within the team are referenced to appropriate personnel
according to employer policy

4.4.

Team members are kept informed of any changes in the

priority allocated to assignments or tasks which might impact
on client/customer needs and satisfaction

2. Assign
responsibilities

3. Set
performance
expectations
for team
members

4. Supervised
team
performance

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4.5.

Team operations are monitored to ensure that employer/

client needs and requirements are met

4.6.

Follow-up communication is provided on all issues affecting

the team

4.7.

All relevant documentation is completed in accordance with

company procedures

Variable

Range

Work
requirements
Team members
concerns
Monitor
performance
Feedback

client profile
assignment instructions

Evidence Guide

Description

roster/shift details

formal process
informal process
formal process
informal process

Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:

maintained or improved individuals and/or team performance
Competence
given a variety of possible scenario
assessed and monitored team and individual performance
against set criteria
represented concerns of a team and individual to next level of
management or appropriate specialist and to negotiate on their
behalf
allocated duties and responsibilities, having regard to
individuals knowledge, skills and aptitude and the needs of the
tasks to be performed
set and communicated performance expectations for a range
of tasks and duties within the team and provided feedback to
team members
Demonstrates
knowledge of:
Underpinning
company policies and procedures
Knowledge and
relevant legal requirements
Attitudes
how performance expectations are set
methods of monitoring performance
client expectations
team members duties and responsibilities
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Underpinning
Skills

Resource
Implications
Methods of
Assessment
Context of
Assessment

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communication skills required for leading teams

informal performance counseling skills
team building skills
negotiating skills
access to relevant workplace or appropriately simulated
environment where assessment can take place
materials relevant to the proposed activity or task
Competence may be assessed through:
Interview / Oral questioning / Written Test
Observation/Demonstration
Competence may be assessed individually in the actual
workplace or through accredited institution

Ministry of Education
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Database Administration
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July 2010

Occupational Standard: Database Administration Level III

Unit Title

Lead Workplace Communication

Unit Code
Unit Descriptor

ICT DBA3 13 0710

This unit covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills to lead in the
dissemination and discussion of information and issues in the
workplace.

Elements

Performance Criteria

1. Communicate
information
about
workplace
processes

1.1

Appropriate communication method is selected

1.2

Multiple operations involving several topics areas are

communicated accordingly.

1.3

Questions are used to gain extra information.

1.4

Correct sources of information are identified.

1.5

Information is selected and organized correctly.

1.6

Verbal and written reporting is undertaken when required.

1.7

Communication skills are maintained in all situations.

2.1

Response to workplace issues is sought.

2.2

Response to workplace issues are provided immediately.

2.3

Constructive contributions are made to workplace

discussions on such issues as production, quality and
safety.

2.4

Goals/objectives and action plan undertaken in the

workplace are communicated.

2. Lead
workplace
discussion

3. Identify and
communicate
issues arising
in the
workplace

3.1

Issues and problems are identified as they arise.

3.2

Information regarding problems and issues are organized

coherently to ensure clear and effective communication.

3.3

Dialogue is initiated with appropriate staff/personnel.

3.4

Communication problems and issues are raised as they

arise.

Variable

Range

Methods of
communication

Non-verbal gestures
Verbal

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 Face to face
Two-way radio
Speaking to groups
Using telephone
Written
Using Internet
Cell phone

Evidence Guide

Description

Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:

Competence
dealt with a range of communication/information at one time
made constructive contributions in workplace issues
sought workplace issues effectively
responded to workplace issues promptly
presented information clearly and effectively written form
used appropriate sources of information
asked appropriate questions
provided accurate information
Underpinning
Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and
organization requirements for written and electronic
Attitudes
communication methods
effective verbal communication methods
Underpinning
Demonstrates skills to:
Skills
organize information
understand and convey intended meaning
participate in variety of workplace discussions
comply with organization requirements for the use of written
and electronic communication methods
Resource
The following resources must be provided:
Implications
variety of information, communication tools, simulated
workplace
Methods of
Assessment

Competence may be assessed through:

Interview
Observation/Demonstration

Context of
Assessment

Competence may be assessed individually in the actual

workplace or through accredited institution

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Sector: Information and Communication Technology

Sub-Sector: Information Technology

Level V

IT Service Management

Hardware and
Network Servicing

Level IV

Level III

Hardware and
Network Servicing

Web and Multimedia Designing

and Development

Web and Multimedia Designing

and Development

Level II

IT Support Service

Level I

IT Support Service

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Database
Administration

Database
Administration

Version 2
July 2010

Acknowledgement

We wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of business,

industry, academe and government agencies who donated their time and expertise to
the development of this occupational standard.

We would like also to express our appreciation to the Staff and Experts of MoFED,
Ministry of Education (MoE) and Engineering Capacity Building Program (ecbp) who
made the development of this occupational standard possible.

This occupational standard was developed on July 2010 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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July 2010