LINKERS & DISCOURSE MARKERS
Purpose
Examples
Focusing and linking:
As for, with reference to, regarding, as regards, concerning, in
relation to,
Emphasising a contrast:
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding,, still, yet,
despite this conversely...
Balancing contrasting points:
On the one hand (formal), on the one hand, whereas, while...
Emphasising :
Above all, in particular, to highlight, especially, more importantly,
Similarity:
Similarly, In the same way, just as, likewise
Contradicting:
On the contrary, quite the opposite, otherwise
Structuring, sequencing
first(ly), first of all, second(ly), third(ly),etc. Lastly,
finally, to begin with, to start with, in the
first/second/ third place, last but not least
Adding:
moreover (very formal), furthermore (formal), in addition, as well
as that, on top of that (informal), another thing is (informal), what
is more, also, besides,
Generalising:
On the whole, in general, in all/most/many/some cases, broadly
speaking, by and large, to a great extent, to some extent,
Giving examples:
For instance, for example, e.g., in particular, such as , like , as in
the case of
Logical consequence:
therefore (formal), as a result (formal), consequently (formal), so,
then, hence, thus...
Making things clear; giving details:
I mean, actually, that is to say, in other words,...
Giving ones opinion:
As I see it, As far as I am concerned,
from my point of view, in my view, to my
view, to tell the truth, to be honest
Softening and correcting:
I think, I feel, I reckon (informal), I guess (informal), in my view/
opinion (formal), apparently, so to speak, more or less, sort of
(informal), kind of (informal), well, really, that is to say, at least,
Im afraid, I suppose, or rather, actually, I mean,...
Expressing Certainty:
without any doubt, undoubtedly,
obviously,doubtless, needless to say,
certainly
Summing up:
in conclusion, to sum up, briefly, in short, all in all,
on the whole, lastly, Given these facts,
LINKING & LOGICAL CONNECTORS
Addition & Alternatives
Contrast, balancing contrasting points and counter-arguments
X and/ or Y
X. In addition, Y/ In addition to X, Y
(Adems)
X. Similarly, [clause]
(Del mismo modo, asimismo)
X also Y
(Tambin)
X, Y too/ as well
(Tambin)
X as well as Y/ As well as X, [clause]
(Adems de X,...)
X. Besides, Y or Besides (X), Y
(Adems,)
X. Moreover/ Furthermore, Y
(Y adems)
X. On top of that, [clause] [informal] (Encima de eso)
X. In fact/ What is more, Y
(De hecho/ y lo que es ms)
X but Y
(Pero)
X although/ though Y [though, informal] (Aunque)
X, yet [clause]
(An as)
X. Mind you/ Still [clause] [spoken, informal] (Eso s, aun as)
Both X and Y
Not only X but also Y
Either X or Y
Neither X nor Y
(Ambos X e Y)
(No slo X, sino tambin Y)
[o (bien) X o (bien) Y]
[ni X ni Y]
So + Aux.+ Pronoun [So do I]
Neither + Aux.+ Pronoun
(Y yo tambin)
(Y yo tampoco)
Reason (cause) & Result (consequence)
X because Y
(porque)
Because of X, Y
(a causa de)
Due to X, Y / Owing to X, Y
(debido a) [formal]
X, since [clause]
(ya que) [formal]
As X, Y [clause]
(puesto que)
X, for Y [clause]
(Pues)
X, so [clause]
(As que)
X. As a result, [clause] [formal] (Como resultado)
X. Consequently/ In consequence,Y (Como consecuencia)
X. That's why [clause]
(Esa es la razn por la que
X. For this reason [clause]
(Por esta razn)
X. Then [clause]
(luego)
X. Therefore [clause] [formal] (Por lo tanto)
Xso + adj./adv. that clause
(Tan.que)
Xsuch + (art) (adj) Noun, that [clause] (Tanque)
Reference & Focus (announce the subject in advance)
As for/ as regards X, Y
(En cuanto a/ acerca de...)
As far as X is concerned, Y
(En lo que concierne a...)
Regarding X, Y
(En lo que respecta a)
With regard to X, Y
(Con respecto/ relacin a)
With reference to X, Y
(Con referencia a)
Talking/ Speaking of/about X, Y (Hablando de)
In spite of X, Y [X= noun, pronoun, -ing] (A pesar de)
Despite X, Y [ X= noun, pronoun, -ing] (A pesar de)
[Despite/ In spite] of the fact that [clause] (A pesar de que)
X. However, Y
[registro ms formal] (Sin embargo)
X. Nevertheless/ Nonetheless, Y [formal] (No obstante)
X. Even so, Y
(An as)
X. In contrast, [clause]
(Por el contrario)
X. On the other hand, [clause]
(Por otraparte)
X. All the same, [clause] (De todas formas/ con todo)
X. Anyway, [clause]
(En cualquier caso)
While/ Whilst/ Whereas X, [clause] (Mientras/ En tanto que)
(While) Some X, others [clause] (Mientras unos X, otros Y)
Even though/ if X,
(Incluso si/ An si X, Y)
Purpose
X to Y (Y= verb; infinitive of purpose)
X for Y (Y=noun, pronoun, gerund)
(para)
(para)
X in order (not) to [verb] [formal](para, con la finalidad de)
X so as (not) to [verb]
[formal]
(de forma que)
X in order that [clause]
X so that [clause]
X in case [clause]
(para, con la finalidad de)
(de forma que)
(por si acaso, en caso de que)
Similarity & Comparison
Xmorethan Y/
X adj/adv-ER than Y
X less thanY
X (not) as + adj./adv. + as Y
(Tancomo)
(X) the same as Y
(Lo mismo que)
(X) different from Y
(Diferente de)
X. Similarly/in the same way, Y
(De igual modo, )
Just as X, [clause] (As como, de la misma manera que)
Like+noun, [clause]
Unlike + noun, [clause]
(Del mismo modo que,)
(A diferencia de,)
Sequencers & Organisers
Time
First of all,
(Antes que nada)
First and foremost
(Primero, y ms importante)
First(ly),Second(ly),Thirdly, (En primer lugar,...)
Then,
(Luego/ despus)
Next,
(A continuacin)
Afterwards,
(Despus)
After that/ it/ noun, V-ing
(Despus de ...)
Later (on),
(Ms tarde)
(Just) before/ after X, Y
(Justo antes de que)
(Immediately/ Soon) after/ before X, Y (No mucho despus
de que/antes de que)
X. Afterwards/ after that, [clause] (Despus de ello,)
X. Subsequently, [clause]
(Posteriormente,)
Once X, [clause]
(Una vez que)
X. [Some time] later, [clause]
(Tiempo despus,)
X (not) till/ until Y or Until X, Y (Hasta que)
When/ While/ Whilst X, [clause] (Cuando/ Mientras)
X. Meanwhile/ At the same time, [clause](Al mismo tiempo)
X since Y
(Desde que...)
Finally, Eventually
(Finalmente)
Last (but not least),...(Y por ltimo, no menos importante)
