Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Foundation Engineering
Built on the basic principles of
Soil mechanics
Soil hydraulics
Structural mechanics
Foundation engineering and design
Begins with the certain assumptions
Choice of specific parameters
Determination of the theoretical outcome
Suit the ideal conditions as far as possible
Ideal conditions are of rare existence
Natural soil conditions are heterogeneous, anisotropic and nonlinear
Progressive updating of theories with the aid of field conditions
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Foundation and Soil-Structure Interaction
Foundation
Footing
Influenced Soil
Soil-Structure Interaction
Stresses and Strains transmitted from the superstructure to the
substructure and the influenced soil
Results in complex interaction phenomenon
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Foundation Design Engineer
Limitations of the theories
Developed for ideal conditions
Do not take into account all the possible contributory parameters that
lead to the soil-structure interaction
Interaction phenomenon becomes more complex in the presence of water
A good design engineer
Thorough knowledge of the theories and their limitation
Should have a knowledge of
Environmental conditions
Strength and settlement characteristics of the soils
Have the capability to modify the design to suit field conditions
Practical and pragmatic approach Safety and Economy
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Requirements for Foundation Design
Reconnaissance Survey
To select site for particular project
Information obtained from the structural counterpart
Layout plan for the project
Plan of load-bearing elements with estimated dead and live loads
Columns, Walls, Caissons
Information obtained from soil exploration
Strength and settlement characteristic of the site soil
Hydraulic conditions of the site
Deciding on the type of foundation required - Safety
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Soil Exploration - Planning
Governing factors
Type, size and importance of the project
Preliminary or detailed site investigation
Preliminary investigation for large projects
Selecting a site and feasibility study of the project
Tentative designs
Cost-estimate of the project
Only a few boreholes are required distributed over the area
Field and laboratory tests of collected samples to gain an idea of
strength characteristics
Rejection of unsuitable sites
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Soil Exploration - Planning
Detailed site investigation
Soil site is chosen
Planning steps
Detailed study of geographical condition
Collection of all available information about the site,
Collection of existing topographical and geological maps
Topographical features in the site
Collection of available hydraulic conditions
Water table fluctuations
Flooding of the site
Access to the site
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Soil Exploration - Planning
Planning steps
Preparation of the layout plan for the project
Preparation of borehole layout plan
Depths of the boreholes
Number of boreholes distributed over the area
Layout plan of any additional soil investigation
Preparation of specification and guidelines for the field execution of the
various elements of soil investigation
Preparation of specification and guidelines for the laboratory testing of
collected samples and preparation of reports
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Depth of Boreholes
Governing factor
Zone of soil affected by foundation bearing pressures
Standard Practice (IS-1892: Code for Subsurface Investigations of Soil)
Boring up to Significant Depth
Excess vertical stress (v) caused by fully loaded foundation 0.1v
Conforms to 1.5B from the base level of foundation
v Net imposed vertical stress at the foundation case level
B Width of the foundation
Closely spaced strip or pad footings
Overlapping of stressed zones
The whole loaded area acts as having a wider foundation
Requires deeper boreholes
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
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Depth of Boreholes
Pile or Pier foundations
Exploration involves to identify the soils and their properties lying even below
the tip of the single-pile of pile-groups
Pier foundations require further depth of exploration
Load is transmitted to larger depths
Foundation on Rocks
Rocks at shallow depths
Foundation should rest on rocky strata
Boring should explore the strength characteristic of rock
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Number of Boreholes
Small building area (<100 m2)
One borehole or test-pit at the centre of the area
Area not more than 4000 m2
One borehole or test-pit at the centre
One borehole at each corners
Large project
Depends on geological features and variation of strata
Grid spacing of 50m
Combination of borehole and sounding tests
Use of DCPT test is recommended
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Number of Boreholes
Requirement of adequate number
of boreholes
Reasonably accurate determination of
the contours of the proposed bearing
stratum
Locating
soft pockets in the
supporting soil
Adverse effect on the safety and
performance of the proposed design
A Typical Borehole-Log
Detailed report from a borehole-log
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
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Broad Classification
Foundation
Depth classification
Shallow Foundation
(Df < B)
Deep Foundation
(Df > B)
Soil at shallow depth possess
adequate strength to bear the
superstructure loads
Df
Upper stratum of the soil is
weak, and the loads are to be
transmitted to larger depths
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Shallow Foundations
Spread footing / Pad footing
Base of column or wall is enlarged
Pad foundation is the footing of a column
Square, circular or rectangular slab of
uniform thickness
Stepped or Launched to distribute load
from a heavy column
Wall footing
Continuous footing or Strip footing
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Shallow Foundations
Combined footing / Strap footing
Footing supporting more than one column
Can vary in shape and size
Continuous / Strip footing
Row of columns connected by a footing
Wide Strip footing
Soil of very low bearing capacity requires a wide strip
Transverse bending occurs in the projected portion of
the beam
Reinforcements are required to prevent cracking
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Shallow Foundations
Raft footing / Mat footing
Normally required on soils of very low bearing
Structural columns or other loaded areas are so
close in both the directions
Individual footings nearly touch each other
Normal practice
Individual spread footing is more than 50% of the loaded
area of structure
Reduce differential settlement arising due to
Variable soil
Variation in loading between adjacent columns and
adjacent loads
Application
Multistoried building, Storage tanks, Silo clusters,
Chimneys, Floor slab of basement
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Shallow Foundations
Strap footing
Narrow rigid beam connects two or more isolated footing
Falls in the category of combined footings
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Deep Foundations
Crude assumption
Depth of foundation greater than the width
Types
Piles
Piers
Caissons
Drilled Shafts
Well
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Types of Deep Foundations
Cylindrical foundation with or without steel reinforcement
Piles and Drilled piers
Caissons and Wells
Multi-storied buildings and Bridges
Piers
With or without enlarged bottom
Concreted in place after excavation or drilling
Drilled shafts
Applied on land and under-water for supporting structures
Large-diameter piles, Bored and Cast-in-situ
Caisson / Well
Large monolith built above ground
Sunk in stages to the founding level as a single unit
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1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
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Requirements for Stable Foundation
Proper location in regard to future influence which can
adversely affect its performance
Many different contributory factors
Some evaluated analytically, some by engineering judgment
Foundation must be stable and safe from failure
Can be evaluated analytically considering various factors
Foundation must not settle or deflect sufficiently to damage the
structure and impair its usefulness
Should not deflect or settle objectionably
Level of deflection with regard to objection is not clearly defined
1/9/2013
CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
Stable Foundation !! ??
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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg
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Thank You for Patient Hearing
