EE 256 - POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Line Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
University of the Philippines
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
LINE PROTECTION
4.1 Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
4.2 Distance Relaying
4.3 Pilot Relaying
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
GENERAL PROCEDURE ON COORDINATION OF
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
1.
Gather data required for coordination.
a. Updated Single Line Diagram of the
system
- show the type & ratings of protective
devices (CB, recloser, relay, fuse, CT,
PT and
other related information)
b. Line currents that goes through the protective
devices (normal, max. and emergency)
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
c. Short circuit currents (min. & max.)
- all types of faults (symm.& asymm)
d. Time-current characteristic curves of
protective device.
2. Select current & voltage reference to be
used in the log-log paper & scale all
quantities to this reference (base)
a. Log-log paper has 4.5 decades
b. Current scale must show lowest
normal current & max. short circuit
current
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
c. Voltage scale: use one reference
(voltage of distribution)
voltage
*refer the current values to the chosen
reference voltage
3. Plot current characteristics of equipment to be
protected (inrush, starting, damage curves &
points)
4. Plot the TCCs of devices being coordinated
-select settings or ratings based on principles of
coordination
5. Draw the line diagram of the portion that you are
coordinating & label the devices
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
Overcurrent protection is directed primarily to the
clearance of faults. The settings are usually adopted to
obtain some measure of overload protection.
Coordination is the selection of ratings, settings and
characteristics of overcurrent protective devices to
ensure that the minimum unfaulted load is interrupted
when protective devices isolate a fault or overload.
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
WHEN DO YOU CONDUCT COORDINATION?
New electrical system is being designed
Significant loads are added to the system
Existing equipment are replaced with higher
rated equipment
Available short circuit current is increased
A fault on the periphery of the system shuts
down a major portion of the system
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Single line diagram
Impedances
Short circuit currents
Starting and Inrush currents
Peak/Full load currents
Decrement curves of generators
Time-current characteristics (TCC) curves
Performance curves of CTs
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
COORDINATION PROCEDURE
Update and/or develop the single line diagram
Calculate fault currents (maximum and minimum)
Determine protection requirements of various elements of the
system (motors, transformers, generators, feeders, etc.)
Prepare load analysis (maximum load and characteristics of
load)
Obtain TCC of protective devices
Select proper scale (voltage and current) using a log-log
paper
Select rating or setting which provide coordination margin
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
COORDINATION MARGIN
The time interval between the operation of two adjacent
relays depends on the following factors:
circuit breaker interrupting time
Overshoot time of the relay
Errors
Final margin
Recommended Time: 0.3 0.5 seconds
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
10
Overcurrent Protection and
Coordination
4500A
2860A
MAX 7850A
MIN 3920A
2690A
2003A
1395A
1182A
500/5
400/5
200/5
100/5
R4
R3
R2
R1
B
120A
170A
80A
E
50A
Determine settings of R1 to R4 using the following relay
data:
Normal Inverse Curve (see manufacturers TCC)
Current Tap Setting: 0.5 2.5 x In (multiples of 0.5)
Time Multiplier: 0.05 1.0 (multiples of 0.05)
Instantaneous: 2.5 20 x In (multiples of 0.5)
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
11
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
12
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
13
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
14
Distance Relaying
Distance relaying provides discriminating zones of
protection, provided that fault distance is a simple
function of impedance
Distance Relay Types
Impedance Relay
Reactance Relay
Mho Relay
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
15
Distance Relaying
ZONES OF PROTECTION
Zone 1 (instantaneous zone)
- Choose relay ohmic setting of 80% of the protected
line impedance (to provide an ample margin against
over-reach)
Zone 2
- 100% of the protected line
- Plus 50% of the next shortest line (to deal with
possible under-reach)
Zone 3
- 100% of the protected line
- Plus 100% of longest second line
- Plus 25% of longest third line (to provide back-up)
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
16
Distance Relaying
500 MVA fault
@ 115 kV
34.5 kV
36kV/
120V
400/5
Transformers
50MVA, 115/34.5kV
Z = 10%
Transmission Lines
Z1 = 2.5 + j5
Zo = 7.5 + j20.5
34.5 kV
Radial Feeders
Z1 = 3.5 + j7
Zo = 10.5 +j28.7
Determine the settings
of the distance relay
using:
a. Impedance relay
b. 45 Mho relay
Assignment:
Compute minimum
voltage at relay for a
fault at Zone 1 reach
a. Phase fault
b. Ground fault
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
17
Pilot Relaying
Pilot Relaying is an adaptation of the principles of
differential relaying that avoids the use of control cable
between terminals for fast clearing of faults of
transmission lines
Communication Channels
Power Line Carrier (PLC)
Microwave
Fiber Optics
Pilot Wire
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
18
Pilot Relaying
Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme
Unblocking Scheme
Tripping Scheme
Underreaching Transfer Trip
Overreaching Transfer Trip
Phase Comparison
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
19
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
20
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
21
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
22
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
23
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
24
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
25
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
26
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
27
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
28
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
29
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
30
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
31
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
32
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
33
Lateral Tap Fusing
Fuse must clear a Bolted SLGF in 3
seconds; or
Bolted SLGF = 6 X Fuse rating; or
Fuse must clear a SLGF with a 30ohm fault resistance in 5 seconds
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
34
Expulsion Fuse Expulsion Fuse Coordination
Downstream Fuse (referred to as the Protecting Fuse)
should operate before the Upstream Fuse (the
Protected Fuse)
Total Clearing Time of the Protecting Fuse should be less
than the Damage Time of the Protected Fuse [Note:
Damage Time is 75% of the Minimum Melting Time]
Fuse-Fuse Coordination Table provides maximum fault
currents that the protecting and protected fuse are
coordinated
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
35
Backup Current Limiting Fuse Coordination
CLF protecting Expulsion Fuse
Select a Backup CLF that have a maximum melting I2t below the
maximum clearing I2t of the expulsion element (Matched-Melt
Coordination Principle)
Check the TCC The expulsion link should always clear fault
currents in the low current operating region, especially below the
minimum interrupting current of the CLF
Estimating maximum melting I2t of expulsion links Take the
minimum calculated from the minimum melting TCC at 0.0125
sec. and multiply by 1.2 for Tin or 1.1 for Silver links
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
36
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
37
Recloser Expulsion Fuse Coordination
Adjust Fast Curve (A) of the recloser
For one fast operation: A curve time x 1.25
For two fast operation with a reclosing time
greater or equal to 1 sec.: A curve time x
1.25
For two fast operation with a reclosing time
from 25 to 30 cycles: A curve time x 1.8
Smallest fuse must coordinate with the fast operation (A
curve) of the recloser.
Largest fuse must coordinate with the delayed operation (B
or C curve) of the recloser. Choose C curve if largest fuse
cannot coordinate with B curve
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
38
Recloser Recloser Coordination
Hydraulically-controlled Reclosers (Cooper)
Series-Coil Operated: Need more than 12 cycles
Solenoid Closing: Need 8 cycles separation
Coordinating Instantaneous Elements
Find a setting where the instantaneous relay will not operate for faults downstream of the
second protective device. The upstream relay will not operate if its pickup is above the
available fault current at the location of the downstream element. The instantaneous pickup
on the element must be higher than its time-overcurrent pickup.
[Note: This rules out hydraulic reclosers which have the same pickup for the fast (A) curve &
delayed curves (A&B)]
Use a time delay on the upstream instantaneous element. Choose enough time delay (6 to
10 cycles), to allow downstream device to clear before the station device operates.
Sequence Coordination If the device senses current above some minimum trip setting and
the current does not last long enough to trip based on the devices fast curve, the device
advances its control-sequence counter as if the unit had operated on its fast curve. So when
the downstream device moves to its delayed curve, the upstream device with sequence
coordination also is operating on its delayed curve.
Station device detects and counts faults (but does not open) for a fault cleared by a
downstream protection on the fast trip
If the fault current occurs again (usually because the fault is permanent), the station device
switches to the time-overcurrent element because it counted the first as an operation.
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
39
Station Relay and Recloser Settings
Phase Time-Overcurrent (TOC) Relay
Pickup at 2X the normal designed peak load on the circuit
Pickup < 75% of the bolted LTLF
Ground Time-Overcurrent (TOC) Relay
Pickup at 0.75X the normal designed peak load on the
circuit
Pickup < 75% of the SLGF current at the end of the line or
the next protective device
Must coordinate with the largest lateral fuse
Instantaneous Phase and Ground Relays
2X the TOC relay pickup
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
40
Sequence Coordination
Even with coordinated Fast Curves, nuisance momentary
interruptions occur for faults cleared by downstream recloser
Sequence:
R2 operates on its A curve. (R1 will not operate)
After a delay, R2 recloses. The fault is still there, so R2 operates
on its delayed B curve
R1 operates too on its a curve which operates before R2s curve
After R1 recloses, R2 should then clear the fault on its B curve,
which should operate before R1s B curve
The fault is still cleared properly, but customers upstream of R2
have extra momentary interruptions
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
41
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
42
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
43
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
44
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
45
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
46
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
47
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
48
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
49
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
50
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
51
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
52
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
53
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
54
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
55
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
56
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
57
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
58
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
59
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
60
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
61
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
62
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
63
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
64
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
65
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
66
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
67
University of the Philippines
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EE 256 Power System Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
68
