Introduction
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Course Description
Title of Subject :
Disciplines :
Term :
Effective :
Pre-requisites : Assessment :
Sessional Work: 20%
Marks : Theory: 100
Credit Hours : 4
Minimum Contact
Hours : 52
ADC
Analog & Digital Communication
Electronic Engineering
(6th Term)
09ES-Batch and onwards
Co-requisite: Written Examination: 80%
Practical: 50
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Sessional Work
?? Quizzes
?? Assignments
2 Class tests
(Aims & objectives of this course + recommended
books available on the website:
http://www.muet.edu.pk/departments/electronicsengineering/course-outline)
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About me
Khuhed Memon
(Lecturer Dept of ES MUET)
MS Signal Processing (Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore)
BE Electronics (Pakistan Navy Engineering
College, National University of Sciences &
Technology, Pakistan)
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Class style
Interactive:
Discussions + questions in class, email,
office..
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Contact Info:
Office: OIC Basic Electronics Lab
E-mail: khuhedkk@hotmail.com
*best way to communicate : e-mail
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Enjoy the course
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This lecture
Concept of Signal Processing
Introduction to Signals
Classification of Signals
Basic elements of SP System
Analog to Digital Conversion
Sampling
Quantization
Nyquist Theorem
Applications of Signal Processing
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Signal Processing
Representation, transformation,
manipulation of signals and the information
they contain.
Classification:
Depends upon the type of signal to be
processed.
Analog Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing
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Signal Processing
Analog SP
Continuous time signals are processed.
Digital SP
Discrete - time discrete - valued signals
processed by digital computers or other data
processing machines.
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Signal??
Any indication / information
A change in which some information is
residing
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Classification of Signals
Continuous-time / Discrete-time Signals
Continuous-valued / Discrete-valued
Signals
Deterministic / Random Signals
One-dimensional / Multi-dimensional
Signals
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Fundamental SP system
Most signals Analog in nature.
Analog to Digital Converter is used as an
interface between analog signal and Digital
Signal Processor.
Analog
Analog
Input Signal
A/D Converter
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Digital Signal
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Output Signal
D/A Converter
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A-D Conversion
1. Sampling
First step in going from analog to digital.
In signal processing, sampling is the
reduction of a continuous signal to a
discrete signal. A common example is the
conversion of a sound wave (a continuoustime signal) to a sequence of samples (a
discrete-time signal).
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Sampling
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Nyquist Theorem
In order the samples represent correctly the
analog signal, the sampling frequency must
be greater than twice the maximum
frequency of the analog signal:
fs2FM
The limiting frequency 2FM is called
Nyquist rate.
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Aliasing (Time Domain)
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Aliasing (Frequency Domain)
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Methods of avoiding Aliasing
To avoid aliasing, there are two approaches:
One is to raise the sampling frequency to satisfy
the sampling theorem.
The other is to filter off the unnecessary highfrequency components from the continuous-time
signal. We limit the signal frequency by an
effective low-pass filter, called anti-aliasing
prefilter, so that the highest frequency left in the
signal is less than half of the intended sampling
rate.
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General DSP System
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Quantization
Slide 143 CCN module 2
MIT OCW
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Companding or Non-linear
Encoding
Companding = compressing + expanding
Why companding?
Quantization levels not evenly spaced
Reduces overall signal distortion
Can also be done by companding
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Applications of SP
RADAR
SONAR
Medical
Image Processing
Pattern recognition
Edge detection
Audio Signal Processing
Speech generation
Speech recognition
Speaker identification
Telecommunications
Multiplexing
Compression
Echo control
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