Codes for

Homeowners
Updated 3rd Edition

Electrical Mechanical Plumbing Building

Current with 2015-2017 Codes

Bruce A. Barker

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOtA

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First published in 2015 by Cool Springs Press,

an imprint of Quarto Publishing Group USa Inc.,
400 First avenue North, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN 55401
2015 Quarto Publishing Group USa Inc.
all rights reserved. With the exception of quoting brief passages for the purposes of review, no part of this publication may be reproduced without prior
written permission from the Publisher.
The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. all recommendations are made without any guarantee on the part of
the author or Publisher, who also disclaims any liability incurred in connection with the use of this data or specific details.

acquisitions Editor: Mark Johanson

Design Manager: Brad Springer
layout: Danielle Smith-Boldt
author: Bruce Barker
Illustration: Bruce Barker
additional Illustration: Mark abdellah
Photography: rau + Barber
Photo assistance: Jon Hegge
Cover Photo: rau + Barber
Printed in China
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Cool Springs Press titles are also available at discounts in bulk quantity for
industrial or sales-promotional use. For details write to Special Sales Manager at Quarto Publishing Group USa Inc., 400 First avenue North, Suite 400,
Minneapolis, MN 55401 USa. To find out more about our books, visit us online
at www.coolspringspress.com.
Digital edition: 978-1-62788-605-5
Softcover edition: 978-1-59186-906-1
library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barker, Bruce a.
Codes for homeowners : electrical, mechanical, plumbing, building, current
with 2015-2017 codes / by Bruce a. Barker.
pages cm.
at head of title: Black & Decker.
Summary: "Detailed step-by-step photos and how-to information explaining
the current codes necessary for homeowners to follow when doing home
remodeling or improvement"-- Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-59186-906-1 (paperback)
1. House construction--Standards--Popular works. 2. Building laws--United
States--Popular works. 3. Dwellings--Maintenance and repair--Pictorial works
I. Title. II. Title: Black & Decker codes for homeowners.
TH4815.5.B365 2015
690'.8021873--dc23
2014038250
ISBN: 978-1-59186-906-1

Codes for Homeowners

Created by: The Editors of Cool Springs Press, in cooperation with BlaCk+DECkEr.
BlaCk+DECkEr and the BlaCk+DECkEr logo are trademarks of The Black & Decker Corporation and are used under license. all rights reserved.

NOTICE TO READERS
For safety, use caution, care, and good judgment when following the procedures described in this book. The publisher
and Black+Decker cannot assume responsibility for any damage to property or injury to persons as a result of misuse
of the information provided.
The techniques shown in this book are general techniques for various applications. In some instances, additional
techniques not shown in this book may be required. always follow manufacturers instructions included with products,
since deviating from the directions may void warranties. The projects in this book vary widely as to skill levels required:
some may not be appropriate for all do-it-yourselfers, and some may require professional help.
consult your local building department for information on building permits, codes, and other laws as they apply to
your project.

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Contents
Codes for Homeowners

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Heating &

Switch Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Codes & Permits: The Basics . . . . . . . . . 6

Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . 107

Light Fixture Installation . . . . . . . . . . 212

HVAC Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Satellite Dishes, Television

Building Design & Safety . . . 17

Habitable Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fire Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

HVAC Duct Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Combustion Air

& Radio Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Broadband Cable Wiring . . . . . . . . . . 218

for Fuel-burning Appliances . . . . . . . . 116

Stairways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Vents for Fuel-burning Appliances . . . 119

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Plumbing System . . . . . . . . 123

Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . 232

The Home Plumbing System . . . . . . . 128

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Water Supply Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Photography Credits . . . . . 233

Drain, Waste & Vent Piping (DWV) . . . 135

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Emergency Escape Openings . . . . . . . . 28

Egress Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exterior Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Door & Window Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Ventilation & Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Alarms . . . 40

Structural Components . . . . 43
Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Plumbing Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Plumbing Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Plumbing Appliances & Fixtures . . . . 155

Crawlspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Electrical System . . . . . . . . 167

Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Understanding Electrical Circuits . . . . 171

Floor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Electrical Grounding & Bonding . . . . . 182

Wall Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Electrical Branch

Wall Penetration Flashing . . . . . . . . . . 82

Roof Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Exterior Components . . . . . 95
Shingle Roof-Covering Installation . . . . 96
Fireplaces & Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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Circuit Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Electrical Receptacle Installation . . . . 196
Ground-fault (GFCI)
& Arc-fault (AFCI) Protection . . . . . . . 200
Junction Boxes, Device Boxes
& Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

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Introduction
T

he purpose of the 2015 International Residential Code (IRC), and of all building codes for that matter,
is expressed in IRC Section R101.3: The purpose of this code is to establish minimum requirements to
safeguard the public safety, health, and general welfare This statement provides important information about
building codes and code inspections. Building codes are minimum requirements. A house built to minimum
requirements is not necessarily a high quality house built by craftsmen according to best practices. Code
inspections are about safety and health. They are not about fit, finish, and other cosmetic issues. They are not
even about functional issues that are not specifically addressed in the code. Understanding the purpose of
building codes helps you set realistic expectations about the limits of building codes and code inspections.
Building codes change; most do so on a three year cycle. Many code changes are little more than rewording
or reorganization in an attempt to make code provisions easier to understand and easier to find. Many code
changes and additions are substantive and homeowners should be aware of these as they perform repairs
and remodeling projects. Substantive additions and changes are the reasons for this updated edition of Codes
forHomeowners.
One substantive change and addition to the 2015 IRC involves the section on decks and we have expanded
the deck section of this book to reflect these changes. Decks are one of the most frequent sources of injuries and
fatalities of any structure in and around the home. The expanded decks section provides important information
to help you build a deck that complies with 2015 IRC requirements. It will also point you to information that will
help you go beyond minimum code requirements and build your deck according to best practices.
Another substantive change to the 2015 IRC involves energy efficiency requirements. We all want to use
less energy in our homes, not only to save the environment but to save money. We have added a significant new
section to this edition of Codes for Homeowners that will not only help you understand new IRC requirements,
but also provides tips on how you can save energy and save money.
Trying to condense a 900-page code book that is mostly text and tables in very small print into significantly
fewer pages filled with pictures and illustrations is a challenge. We have not included many code provisions
because homeowners will not use them. The provisions we include have been simplified to make them easier
to understand. This means that Codes for Homeowners is not your local building code. Your local building code,
as interpreted by your building inspector, is the code with which you must comply. You must do so even if you
do not obtain a building permit for your work. If you have any doubts or questions about how a building
code provision applies in your area, you should ask your local building inspectors. In almost every
case, if you approach them as a resource and not as an obstacle, you will find your local inspectors to be friendly,
knowledgeable, and eager to help.
Bruce A. Barker
Residential Combination Inspector
International Code Council

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Codes & Permits: The Basics

n just the United States you will find hundreds of

code books describing thousands upon thousands
of building code provisions. On top of this, there
are even more books that look and feel like code
books but are really only attempting to describe best
practices. Almost all of these have their own inherent
value. But almost none of them apply to a typical

homeowner living in a typical single-family home. As

a homeowner and DIYer, perhaps the hardest thing
about building codes is learning how to tell which one
applies to you and, if there is a disagreement, which
takes precedence. As an introduction, here are some
brief biographies of the more common codes and
enforcement agencies youre likely to encounter.

The International Residential Code

The International Residential Code (IRC) 2012 is
one of an extensive collection of model building codes
published by the International Code Council (ICC).
A model building code is a recommended building
code that is developed by a national organization that
specializes in writing building codes. Whenadopted

by a government agency, the IRC regulates the

construction, renovation, maintenance, and repair
of buildings used as homes. The IRC, by itself, has
no formal legal status. A government agency must
first adopt the IRC before it has any legal status in a
localarea.

State & Local Building Codes

Almost all areas of the United States have
adopted some version of a building code. Some
states, such as California, Florida, and New York,
have a state building code. Some large cities,
such as Chicago and New York City, have a city
building code. Many of these state and local
building codes are based on model building
codes from the ICC.

Smaller cities and counties often use ICC model

building codes, such as the IRC. Some rural areas may
not have adopted a building code, but this is becoming
a rare situation. If you do any work that is regulated
by the local building code, you are responsible for
knowing, or for hiring someone who knows, the
applicable building code where the building is located.
Ignorance of the code is no excuse.

The International Residential Code has no jurisdiction of

its own but is the basis for many state and local residential
building codes.

Some states and cities have their own building codes.

6 Codes for Homeowners

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Local Code Amendments

Most building departments that use the IRC adopt
local changes to the IRC. Many of these changes are
minor and help to adapt the IRC to local conditions
and needs. Some of these changes can significantly
alter IRC provisions. The building department
should publish, in writing, any changes adopted
by the local government. You are responsible for
knowing and complying with all local changes.
Ask the building official if there are any local
codechanges.

Most jurisdictions have their own code amendments. Your

city or municipality likely maintains a website with building
ordinances posted and updated regularly.

Other Building Codes

The IRC is not the only building code. Other
commonly used building codes include: The
International Building Code (IBC), The International
Mechanical Code (IMC), The International Plumbing
Code (IPC), The Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC),
The International Fuel Gas Code (IFG), The National
Electrical Code (NEC), and The International
Energy Conservation Code (IECC). Each of these
building codes regulates a different aspect of
buildingconstruction.
The IBC regulates the structural aspects of all
buildings, although it is not commonly applied to
residential buildings. The IBC usually applies to
commercial, industrial, and multi-family buildings
such as apartments. The IRC references the IBC and
the IECC when a part of a residential building is not
addressed by the IRC.
Each major system in a building has its own
code. The IMC regulates heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning systems; the IPC regulates plumbing
systems; and the IFG regulates gas piping and gas
equipment. These codes usually apply to commercialtype buildings. The UPC is a separate code, published
by another code-writing organization, that also
regulates plumbing systems. It may replace the IRC
plumbing chapters in areas that adopt the UPC. The
NEC regulates electrical systems. The IRC contains
an adapted version of the NEC in the IRC electrical
chapters. When the IRC does not address an electrical
situation in a home, the NEC usually applies.

The IECC regulates energy-related aspects of

all buildings. These aspects include: insulation, air
infiltration, and window and door energy efficiency.
The IRC contains a simplified subset of the IECC in
IRC Chapter Eleven.
You should know which codes apply to your
construction project. Ask your local building official
which codes apply in your area.

Trade-oriented building codes with a more specific focus

apply in some situations. Most of these are primarily for
nonresidential construction.

Introduction 7

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 Zoning Ordinances
Many areas, particularly the more densely populated
ones, have land use and zoning ordinances that control
what you can build on your property. You are responsible
for knowing and complying with them. In larger
jurisdictions, the planning and zoning department may
be separate from the building inspection department,
and sometimes one does not know what the other

is doing. It is possible that the building inspection

department might issue a permit that would create
a zoning violation. Projects that might run afoul of
zoning ordinances include new, free-standing buildings,
basement remodels that add a bedroom, bathroom, and
kitchen, and any project that adds an additional full
kitchen on property zoned for single-family use.

Buildings Governed by the IRC

Apply the IRC to buildings containing one or two
individual residential dwelling units in one building.
Duplex is a common term for one building containing
two individual dwelling units.
Apply the IRC to townhouses. A townhouse
contains at least 3 individual dwelling units in
onebuilding.
Each dwelling unit in any building within scope
of the IRC must have a separate means of egress. This
is often interpreted to mean that each dwelling unit
must have a separate door to the outside.
Apply the IRC to residential buildings with not
more than 3 stories above grade plane. A story above
grade plane is: (a) one where the finished floor is
entirely above grade plane, or (b) is more than 6 feet
above grade plane, or (c) is more than 12 feet above
finished ground level at any point. The definition
of grade plane is complex and is measured at the

lowest point 6 feet from each building foundation

wall. Refer to the definitions in IRC Chapter 2
and consult the local building official if there is a
question about whether a basement is a story above
grade plane.
Apply the IRC to owner-occupied guest
accommodations (such as a bed and breakfast) if the
building contains not more than 5 guest rooms and if a
fire suppression system is installed in thebuilding.
Do not apply the IRC to buildings used for
business, office, commercial, industrial, or other
residential purposes such as a fraternity house. This is
true even if the building was once used as a residence.
You may apply the IRC to an office in the home if
the office is incidental to the residential use of the
building. Refer to the International Building Code
(IBC) and other applicable codes for code provisions
governing buildings not governed by the IRC.

Apply the IRC to all single-family homes.

Apply the IRC to multi-family buildings, such as duplexes

andtownhomes.

8 Codes for Homeowners

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Building Departments
A local building department enforces the building
code in its jurisdiction. The technical term often
used to describe this department is the Authority
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The term used to describe
the person responsible for enforcing the code is the
Building Official or Chief Building Official. The
public name for the local building department varies
by jurisdiction. Many building departments will
have the terms building or safety somewhere in
the name. In some larger jurisdictions, the building
department may be a division of a larger agency that
is also responsible for land planning, zoning, and
development. Some building department names may
not sound like they have anything at all to do with
building code enforcement. If you do any work that
requires a building permit, you are responsible for
finding and contacting the building department. Work
done without a permit can have serious legal and
financial consequences.

Consider your local building department to be a friendly

place with extremely valuable resources to help you get your
projects done correctly.

Working with Government Building Inspectors

The building official is the king of his building
jurisdiction. Dont mess with the king. He can make
your life very difficult. If you must disagree with
him, do so respectfully and with facts that support
your position. The building official has the right to
interpret any code provision. While he does not have
the right to waive code provisions or to require more
than the code requires, interpretations can sometimes
have that effect. Even if his interpretation seems

unreasonable, eventually it will probably prevail. In

almost all cases, you should just smile and do what he
tells you.
Most building officials and inspectors are honest,
hardworking people who want to ensure that your
project is safe and complies with local building codes.
They can be a valuable resource. Take advantage of
that resource. Ask questions and work with them.
Most will, in turn, work with you.

A city building inspector is accustomed

to making site inspections in person. Make
sure you are prepared for the visit at the
allotted time and try to be present so you
can take notes and answer questions.

Introduction 9

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Working with Private Building Inspectors

Time is not the friend of government building inspectors.

In addition, a private inspector usually inspects areas

From an eight-hour day, they must subtract doing

such as attics and roofs, where government inspectors

paperwork, discussing inspections with stakeholders,

rarelygo.

traveling between inspections, and performing other

When building a new home or during a major

duties. Divide the remaining time by 20 to 30 inspections

remodeling project, a private inspector is often most

per day, or more, and they may have only a few minutes

useful at two critical points. The most critical point is just

to perform each inspection. Its a credit to government

before insulation and drywall are installed. This inspection

inspectors that they find many major code violations.

is sometimes called the pre-drywall inspection and is the

Most will admit, however, that they cannot find all code

most important inspection a home will ever have. At this

violations. They will also admit that they are not even

time, an inspector can see many important components

looking for issues that, although they are not code

that will be covered by finish materials and, in most cases,

violations, can have a significant negative impact on the

will never be visible again. The other critical point is at the

cost to operate and maintain the home.

end of construction. At this time, an inspector can see and

Private building inspectors fill this quality control

gap for many people. People building homes and

test important systems in the home.

Private inspectors are increasingly common on

peopleperforming major remodeling projects hire a

construction sites. While some contractors welcome

private inspector who helps the government inspector

private inspectors, many do not. Even if you decide not to

and the contractor provide quality construction. A

engage a private inspector, it is wise to discuss the option

private inspector can perform a far more thorough

with the contractor before signing a contract, and it is wise

inspection than a government inspector because a

to agree, in writing, to how the contractor will work with

privateinspectorcan invest more time on each inspection.

the private inspector during construction.

Private building inspectors

(such as the author, seen here)
may be hired by a client to
check the contractors work at
keypoints.

10 Codes for Homeowners

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Manufacturers Instructions
The IRC requires installing all components,
equipment, and appliances according to the
manufacturers instructions. This requirement is
so important that it is repeated many times in the
IRC. Manufacturers instructions are an enforceable
extension of the IRC. This means that it is a code
violation to install something in a manner that does
not conform to manufacturers instructions.
Manufacturers instructions are an important part
of ensuring that components are safe. Independent
organizations test many components used to build
homes. This includes almost all manufactured
components. The tests are conducted under defined
conditions that include using the manufacturers
instructions to install the component. The testing
organization certifies that the component is safe
when installed and used according to manufacturers

instructions. The testing organization places the

certified components on a list maintained by the
testing organization. This process is called listing, and
the components are referred to in the IRC as listed.
The IRC cannot anticipate every possible
building component and every possible way the
component could be installed. As such, the IRC relies
on the manufacturers instructions to specify how
components should be installed.
When a difference between the IRC and the
manufacturers instructions occurs, the IRC assumes
that the manufacturer is in a better position to know
its product and how it should be installed in a given
situation. This is why the IRC usually defers to the
manufacturers instructions. Ask the local building
official for an interpretation if there is a difference
between the manufacturers instructions and the IRC.

Manufacturers installation instructions

must be followed to the letter, and they
are an enforceable extension of the IRC.

Grandfathering Existing Work

In almost all situations, you are not required
to abandon, remove, or alter existing work that
is lawfully in existence and safely functioning.
Lawfully in existence means the work was
inspectedand complied with the code when
installed and/ormodified.

In almost all situations, when updating,

modifying, or repairing existing work, you are
required to perform the update, modification, or
repair according to the code in force when the work
is performed. You are usually not required to make
the existing work comply with current code.
Introduction 11

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 Building Permits & Inspections

Contact your local building officials to determine
which construction activities require a building permit
and to determine the documents and procedures
required to obtain a permit. The building official you
speak with may not enforce some building permit
requirements contained in the IRC, but may add
additional building permit requirements not contained
in the IRC.
You must wait until the required permit is
issued before beginning work. Beginning work
before the permit is issued may result in fines,

and the building official could require removal of

thework.
Comply with the building code applicable to
where the building is located. The applicable building
code is usually the code in force when the permit is
issued. If you do not obtain a building permit, comply
with the building code in force when the work is
performed. The building code applies whether or not
you obtain a building permit. This is important. Lack of
a building permit does not relieve the building owner
or the contractor of responsibility for codecompliance.

When Is a Permit Required?

You typically will need a building permit for:

Construction of new buildings

Additions and structural modifications to

existingbuildings

Driveways and sidewalks

Painting, papering, floor covering installation,

cabinet and countertop installation, and similar
finish work

Structural repairs to existing buildings

Replacement of or major repairs to building

decorative lights and similar plug-and-cord

connected electrical equipment

components, such as roof coverings and exterior

Replacement of fuses and circuit breakers

wallcoverings

Low-voltage lights and other electrical wires and

Movement and demolition of existing buildings

Changes to building occupancy. A change to building

occupancy means changing how the building is used.

equipment operating at less than 25 volts and not

more than 50 watts

Example: using a single-family home as a place of

business is a change in occupancy that may require
zoning waiver.

Installation of portable gas heating, cooking, and

clothes-drying equipment

a building permit and may require a zoning change or

Installation of portable plug-and-cord connected

Installation of portable HVAC equipment (such as

window air conditioners)

Clearing of plumbing stoppages and repair of

Additions to, major changes to, and/or replacement

plumbing leaks, and removal and reinstallation of

of electrical, plumbing, gas, and HVAC components

toilets if the repairs do not involve replacement or

rearrangement of valves, pipes, or fixtures

You may not need a building permit for:

Decks that are not more than 30 inches above

ground, and are not more than 200 square feet in

Building or installation of one-story detached

area, and are not attached to the building, and do not

accessory structures (such as storage sheds

serve the required egress door.

and playhouses) with a floor area not more than

200square feet

You usually do not need a building permit for:

Fences not more than seven feet tall

Retaining walls not more than four feet tall measured

Routine maintenance of existing buildings, fixtures,

from the bottom of the footing to the top of the

and equipment, if the building structure is not

wall and not supporting a surcharge (a surcharge

affected and if the nature and use of the electrical,

is a vertical load in addition to and/or above the

plumbing, gas, or HVAC system is not changed

retainedground)

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Permit Expiration
Verify building permit expiration rules with your local
building official. A building permit may expire if more
than 180 days lapse without an inspection or without
some other evidence that work is progressing on
theproject.

Required Inspections
Post the job site inspection card so the inspector can see it.

Certificates of Occupancy
A certificate of occupancy is issued by your building
official to affirm that your structure is safe to inhabit.
Do not move into or occupy a building until after the
building official issues a certificate of occupancy.
Do not change the use of a building without a new
certificate of occupancy. Example: do not use a
building as an office if the building was once a home
without receiving a new certificate of occupancy. The
new certificate of occupancy may require changes to
the building that reflect its new commercial use. You
are not required to obtain a certificate of occupancy
for accessory structures.

Contact the building official to determine the

required inspections for a construction project.
Each jurisdiction has its own rules for inspections.
These rules include: which inspections it performs,
what work must be complete before requesting the
inspection, how and when to schedule the inspection,
and how it handles inspections of work that
failsinspection.
Note that some jurisdictions conduct a separate
inspection for each trade, some jurisdictions conduct
one inspection when all trade work is complete, and
some jurisdictions conduct trade inspections during
the framing inspection. Check with the building
official to determine if other inspections are required.
Further required inspections may include flood plain
and elevation, roof coverings, insulation and energy
efficiency, interior drywall, and exterior wall coverings
such as stucco and masonry.

Final Inspections
Prior to final inspection, you should: Install all
plumbing, HVAC, and electrical fixtures, equipment,
and appliances; Install all required safety components
such as stair handrails and guards, safety glazing,
and smoke alarms. Note that jurisdictions have
different rules about whether you must install finish
components, such as floor coverings, before the
final inspection. Jurisdictions also differ on whether
tasks such as final grading and landscaping must
beinstalled.
Do not assume that passing an inspection or
receiving a certificate of occupancy is a waiver of any
code violations. The building owner and contractor
are responsible for any code violations regardless of
whether the building has passed inspections.

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 Preparing for Inspections

Concrete footing inspections must be done before

concrete is poured. Try to coordinate the inspection for the day
before the planned pour, so you leave enough time to make
corrections if required.
1. Install, square, and level forms.
2. Dig footing and pier trenches.
3. Install any required reinforcing bars.

Typical Freestanding
WallForm

Isolated footings such as those used to support deck

columns must be inspected before the concrete is poured. The
footings will be inspected for size and depth. Some footings
may require reinforcing bars.

Pull wire

4" plywood

Spacer
3

4" plywood

24
frame

2 2 frame
forstopboard

#3 rebar
4" plywood
stopboard

Concrete
footing

Diagonal
bracing
Stake

Stake

Concrete foundation wall inspections will focus on the wall thickness, base preparation, and reinforcement. All forms must be
approved prior to the pour.
1. Install, square, straighten, plumb, and secure wall forms.
2. Install any required reinforcing bars.

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Plumbing rough-in inspection .

1. Install plumbing water supply and drain pipes in the building.
The building sewer pipe inspection is usually a different
inspection from the interior drainage and water supply pipe
inspection. Install fixtures such as tubs and showers that may
be difficult to install after the wall construction is complete.

HVAC inspection .
1. Install HVAC ducts, pipes, and thermostat wires.
2. Install (or have installed) appliances such as furnaces
and air handlers that may be difficult to install after the
construction is complete.

Electrical rough-in inspection .

1. Have electrical service panel and subpanel
cabinetsinstalled.
2. Install boxes for switches, receptacles, and fixtures, and all
electrical cables.

Framing inspection .
1. Install all interior and exterior walls, floor joists and
subflooring, ceiling joists and rafters, and roof sheathing.
Install all required wall bracing, firestops, and draftstops.
2. Note that some jurisdictions may require installation of
other components such as moisture barriers and roofing
felt before calling for a framing inspection.

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Building Design
& Safety
O

ne of the most important reasons for building

codes is to promote the health and safety of
building occupants. Health issues involve topics such
as minimum room size, minimum ceiling height,
and requirements for removing moisture and fumes
that could damage your home and make you sick.
Safety issues involve topics such as the size
and location of emergency escape openings,
design and construction of stairs (one of the
most dangerous areas in a home), and the
location and installation of smoke and carbon
monoxidealarms.
This chapter will help you understand building
code requirements that you may encounter when
doing projects such as adding rooms and remodeling
basements and attics. While this chapter will help
you avoid the most common health and safety code
violations, it does not address all code requirements.
You should refer to other sources for more information
before tackling complex projects.

In this chapter:
Habitable Rooms
Fire Separations
Stairways
Emergency Escape Openings
Egress Doors
Exterior Doors
Door & Window Hazards
Ventilation & Exhaust
Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Alarms

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Habitable Rooms

abitable rooms (also called habitable spaces)

are living, sleeping, eating, and cooking rooms.
Bathrooms, toilet rooms, closets, hallways, storage, and
utility rooms are not habitable rooms. Habitable rooms
have their own set of requirements for size, ceiling
height, heating, lighting, and ventilation. Rooms that
are not habitable do not have these requirements.

Habitable Room
AreaRequirements

Provide every habitable room with an area of at

least 70 sq. ft.

Provide every habitable room with a horizontal

dimension of at least 84". Kitchens may be
excepted: In some conditions you may design
a kitchen that is smaller than 70 sq. ft. or with a
horizontal dimension less than 84".

Minimum ceiling height (84")

ignores lights and fixtures

Measure between finished floor and the lowest part of

the ceiling in most rooms and basements to determine if
minimum ceiling height standards are met. Ceiling-mounted
lights and fans do not factor into the height measurement.

84" minimum

Habitable
space
60"
Not
habitable
space

Provide at least 84" of clear ceiling height between the

finished floor and the ceiling at the center of the room. If the
ceiling
Illo 24slopes, only that floorspace where the ceiling height
is at least 60" may be considered habitable. Heights less than
CG_Codes
07-20-2009
60",
such as kneewall areas, may be useful for storage, but
they arent considered living space.

Minimum Ceiling Height

1. Provide at least an 84-inch tall finished ceiling
height in habitable rooms and in hallways,
including a basement containing habitable rooms
and hallways. Measure ceiling height from the
finished floor to the lowest projection from the
ceiling. Projections usually include components
such as joists, beams, and ducts. Projections do
not usually include light fixtures and ceiling fans.
2. You may have obstructions that are at least
76inches above the finished floor in a basement
containing habitable rooms and hallways.
3. Provide at least an 80-inch tall finished ceiling
height in a basement that does not contain habitable
rooms or hallways. You may have obstructions that
are at least 76 inches above the finished floor in
these basement areas. Use these basement areas
only for mechanical equipment and for storage.
4. Provide at least an 80-inch finished ceiling height in
bathrooms and laundry rooms. This does not mean
that all of the bathroom must have an 80-inch tall
ceiling. The ceiling height above sinks and toilets
may be less than 80 inches high but must be high
enough to safely use the fixture. How much less is
subject to interpretation by the building inspector.
5. Provide at least an 84-inch tall finished ceiling
height in habitable rooms with a sloped ceiling.
Provide this ceiling height for at least 35 sq. ft. of
the finished floor area. Do not count any area with
a ceiling height less than 60 inches toward the
minimum 70 sq. ft. habitable room floor area.

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Bathroom Design Standards

A 6-foot-tall person should be able to use a sink or toilet

without bumping his or her head on the ceiling.

15" from center of

toilet to nearest
wall orfixture

22" clearance
for shower door

24" clearance
infront
ofshower door

Showers & tubs . Provide at least 80" of finished ceiling

height for all of the required floor area in showers and in tubs
containing showers.

Codes (and good design practices)

insist on ample space between
bathroomfixtures.

21" clearance
infront of sinks
andtoilets

Shower base
atleast 30" 30"

Door

SHOWER SIZE
1. Provide showers with a finished area of at least
900 square inches and a finished minimum
dimension at least 30 inches. Maintain the
minimum dimensions from the top of the
threshold to at least 70 inches above the shower
drain outlet. Measure the shower from the center
line of the threshold (curb). You may install valves,
shower heads, soap dishes, and grab bars that
encroach into the minimum dimensions. You
may install a fold-down seat in the shower if the

minimum dimensions are maintained when the

seat is up.
2. You may provide a shower with a finished
minimum dimension of at least 25 inches if the
finished area is at least 1,300 square inches.
3. Provide shower compartment entry opening of at
least 22 inch finished width.
4. Swing hinged shower doors out from the shower
stall. Hinged doors may swing into the shower
stall if they also swing out. Sliding shower doors
are also allowed.
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Fire Separations
Separation:
Fire
Garage & Home
Many fires begin in garages. Unfortunately, garage
fires often are more intense than fires that start
elsewhere because of the presence of gasoline,
cardboard, newspapers, and other flammable
materials that are usually stored in the garage. Fire
safety is an important rationale for many IRC
provisions. Because of this the IRC has special
requirements to help prevent the spreading of
garage fires into the home.
VIOLATION! DO NOT install pet doors in doors that separate
the garage from the dwelling.

Fire Separation Doors

In walls that are shared between your dwelling and
your garage, use at least a 20-minute fire-rated door.
These may be made from solid wood or honeycombcore steel. Use doors that are at least 138-inch thick.
Doors in a garage wall may not open directly into
a bedroom. You also may not install pet doors or other
openings in doors or walls from a garage into the home
unless the pet door or opening is listed to maintain
fire separation. Install self-closing hinges on doors
between the garage and the home.

Definition of a Garage
A garage is defined as a space for parking motor
vehicles that is completely closed to the outdoors on
three or more sides. It typically has an overhead door,
but a structure that meets the requirement but has no
door is still considered a garage. A carport is a space
for parking motor vehicles that is open to the outdoors
on at least two sides. A space with two solid walls
(often the house walls), a partially open wall, and an
opening without a vehicle door is considered a carport.
Garages and carports may be attached to, or detached
from, the dwelling. Garage fire separation requirements
A fire-rated door with a minimum rating of 20 minutes is
required in walls shared between a garage and a home.

do not normally apply to carports.

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Fire Separation Walls & Ceilings

Walls and ceilings that separate the home from the
garage should be covered on the garage side with
gypsum drywall thats at least 12-inch thick. A garage
must have a ceiling made of Type X drywall thats a
minimum of 58-inch thick if the garage is beneath a
habitable room. (Type X has fibrous reinforcement to
help the drywall maintain its integrity when exposed to
high heat).
Maintain the same fire separation for drywall
penetrations, such as attic scuttle holes, pull-down
attic stairs, gas vents, and plumbing pipes, as provided
by the gypsum drywall. Most pull-down attic stairs
interrupt the ceiling fire separation because the panel
to which the stairs are attached is thin plywood. Seal
penetrations between the garage and the home, such
as pipes and ducts, with materials that resist the free
flow of fire and smoke. Such materials include fireresistant caulk.

Type X drywall is required on garage ceilings if the space

above is habitable.

VIOLATION! Do not install pull-down stairs in a garage ceiling

unless they maintain the required fire separation. The standard
plywood covers do not maintain fire separation.

HVAC Ducts & Registers in Garages

Use at least 26-gauge sheet steel or other approved
material to construct HVAC ducts that are installed
in a garage and ducts that pass through garage walls
and ceilings. Do not install HVAC supply or return air
openings in the garage. This restriction does not apply

to an independent HVAC system that serves only the

garage. Do not use flexible HVAC duct or duct board
to penetrate garage walls and ceilings. Flexible ducts
and duct board may attach to steel ducts after the
steel ducts penetrate the garage firewall.
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Stairways

nterior and exterior stairways are regulated closely

by most codes because they are inherently very
dangerous parts of a house. The regulations differ,
even on very basic guidelines like the size ratio ranges
of stair treads to risers. Many of the regulations deal
with lighting issues, including the type and location
of fixtures and switches. The size, grippability,
and location of handrails and railing balusters
also accounts for much of the regulatory wording
onstairways.
INTERIOR STAIRWAy LIGHTING
&SWITCHING
You should install as many light fixtures as necessary
to illuminate all stairway landings and treads. The
areas at the top and bottom of stairs are landings, so
the lights should illuminate them too. For example, a
light fixture at the top of a stairway may not provide
enough light to illuminate the bottom landing,
especially if the stairway changesdirection. The
light mustbe capable of illuminating treads and
landingsto at least 1 foot-candle.

Note: A footcandle is a unitof light measurement

approximating the amount of light you receive from a
birthday cake candle when it is held 12 inches from
your eyes. Photographers light meters may be used to
measurefootcandles.
You must locate a switch for interior stairway
lights at the top and bottom of all interior stairs with
at least six risers. Only one switch is required for
interior stairs with fewer than six risers. Locate all
stair switches so they can be used without climbing
anysteps.
EXTERIOR STAIRWAy LIGHTING
&SWITCHING
Codes for outdoor stairways differ somewhat from
interior requirements and recommendations. In
exterior areas, you must locate a light fixture near
the top landing for stairs providing access to doors
above grade level. You must also locate a light fixture
near the bottom landing for stairs providing access to
doors below grade level. Locate the switch inside the
dwelling for exterior stairs.

Definitions of Stairway Terms

Landing: A landing is a flat surface at the top and bottom of a stairway, or

Landing

it may also occur at points within a stairway. A landing must be at least as

Tread

wide as the stairway and at least 36 inches deep.

Nosing: A tread nose (nosing) is the part of a horizontal stair surface that
projects outward beyond a solid (closed) riser below.
Riser: A riser is the vertical part of a stair. A closed riser is created with solid
material between adjacent treads. An open riser has no material (except for
any required guards) between adjacent treads.

Winder tread

Stairway (flight of stairs): A series of risers and treads that is not

interrupted by a landing. A flight of stairs includes the landings at the top and
bottom of the flight. A stairway with only a top and bottom landing has one

Riser

flight of stairs. A stairway with a landing in the middle has two flights ofstairs.
Tread: A tread is the horizontal part of a stair. A tread is sometimes called

Nosing

the step.
Winder tread: A winder is a tread with one end wider than the other. Winders
are often used at intermediate landings to change a stairwaysdirection.

Stairway components include: tread,

winder tread, nosing, riser, landing, flight
of stairs.

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Light
switch
Light
switch

Install a light switch at the top and bottom of stairways with

at least six risers.

Install a light at the top landing of above-grade exteriorstairs.

36" min.

31 1 2" min.

Provide a finished width of at least 36" above the handrail

and at least 3112" at and below one handrail.

One light at a center landing may not be enough to

illuminate the top and bottom landings.

STAIRWAy WIDTH
1. Provide a finished stairway width of at least
36 inches above handrail to the minimum
headroomheight.
2. Provide a finished stairway width of at least
31inches at and below the handrail for stairs
with one handrail, and at least 27 inches at and
below both handrails for stairs with two handrails.

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RISER HEIGHT
1. Provide a finished riser height of not more than
7 inches. Measure riser height vertically from
leading edges of adjacent treads. The IRC does
not mandate a minimum riser height.
2. Do not exceed 38-inch finished riser height
difference between any two risers in a flight ofstairs.

3. Do not allow open risers to fit a four-inch-diameter

sphere for passthrough. This includes interior
stairs and exterior stairs, such as stairs for decks
and balconies, but does not include spiralstairs.
4. Do not include the height of carpets, carpet
pads, rugs, and runners when measuring
riserheight.

Maximum riser height is 7" .

Maximum difference between two risers in
a flight of stairs is 38".

7 34" max.

Open risers have the potential to trap the

head of a small child. Do not allow an open
riser to pass a 4" diameter sphere. Install
filler strips to reduce riser openingsize,
beginning with the fourth riser.

Filler strip

Tread Depth

Nosing

1. Provide a finished tread depth of at least 10

inches. Measure tread depth horizontally from
the leading edges of adjacent treads and at a right
angle to the treads leading edge.
2. Do not exceed 38-inch finished tread depth
difference between any two treads in a flight of
stairs. This does not apply to consistently shaped
winder treads contained within the same flight
ofstairs.

10" min.

Provide a tread depth of at least 10" if treads have a nosing

or at least 11" if treads have no nosing.

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Tread Nosing
1. Provide a finished tread nosing depth of at
least inch and not more than 1 inches for
stairs with solid risers. Add the nosing depth to
the 10-inch minimum tread depth. You are not
required to provide tread nosing if treads are at
least 11inches deep.
2. Do not exceed 38-inch finished tread nosing
depth difference between any two treads for all
treads between two stories, including at floors and
landings. Note that this differs from the tread and
riser maximum difference. The tread and riser
differences are for a flight of stairs and the nosing
depth difference is for all treads between twostories.
3. Do not exceed 916 inch for the curvature radius of
a tread nosing and do not exceed inch for the
bevel of a tread nosing.

OK range
"to 1"

Provide a tread nosing depth of at least " and not more

than 1". Do not exceed 916" radius for a curved nosing or "
depth for a beveled nosing.

TREAD SLOPE
1. Slope treads and landings not more than 2 percent
from horizontal in any direction.
WINDER STAIR TREADS
1. Provide a finished winder tread depth of at least
10 inches measured horizontally from the leading
edges of adjacent treads at the walk line. The
walk line is located 12 inches from the treads
narrowside.
2. Provide a finished winder tread depth of at least
6 inches at any point on a winder tread within the
finished width of the stairway.
3. Do not exceed 38-inch finished tread depth
difference between any two treads in a flight of
stairs measured at the walk line.
4. Do not compare the depth of winder treads to the
depth of rectangular treads in a flight of stairs if:
(a) the winder treads all have a consistent shape,
and if (b) the winder treads comply with the
winder tread depth requirements. Winder treads
will not have the same depth as the rectangular
treads, so the winder tread depth will not be
within 38 inch of the rectangular tread depth.
STAIRWAy HEADROOM HEIGHT
1. Provide a finished stairway headroom height of at
least 80 inches measured vertically from a sloped
plane connecting the tread nosing or from the
finished floor of a landing. Projections from the
ceiling are permitted above the minimum finished
headroom height.

The step up from landings should be not more than 7".

Measure the step to the top of the threshold. Make landings
atleast as wide as the stairway and at least 36" deep.

STAIRWAy LANDINGS
1. Provide a landing or floor at the top and bottom of
most stairs.
2. You are not required to provide a landing or floor
at the top of interior stairs, including stairs in an
attached garage, unless a door swings over stairs.
This means you may terminate a flight of interior
stairs directly into a door if the door swings away
from the stairs.
3. Do not exceed 147 inches vertical rise of a flight
of stairs without providing a landing or a floor.
Example: do not install more than twenty 738-inch
high risers without an intermediate landing.
4. Make rectangular and square landings width
at least as wide as the stairway. Example: if the
stairway is 36 inches wide, build the landing at
least 36 inches wide.

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5. Make rectangular and square landings depth

at least 36 inches, measured in the direction
oftravel.
6. You may make landings with shapes other than
rectangular and square if: (a) the depth of the
landing at walk line is at least as wide as the
stairway, and if (b) the total area of the landing
is at least as large as a circle with a radius
equal to the required width of the landing.
The walk line is 12 inches from the narrow
side of the landing. The area of a circle is
3.14 multiplied by the circles radius squared.
Example: the minimum area of a curved landing
serving a 36-inch-wide stairway is calculated
as follows: (36in.23.14).25 = 1,017.9
squareinches.

3. Provide guards at least 36 inches tall at raised

surfaces other than the open sides of stairs.
4. Provide guards at least 34 inches high on the open
sides of stairs. Measure the guards vertically from
the nosing of the treads.

GuARDS: DEFINITION
A guard is a barrier that protects occupants from
falling from a raised surface such as a stairway, deck,
or balcony. Guards are often call guardrails when the
guard also serves as a handrail; however, guards need
not be an open rail. A guard may be a partial height
solid wall, a partial height wall containing safety
glazing, or any other structure that complies with
IRCrequirements.
HANDRAILS & GuARDS: LOCATION
1. Provide a handrail on at least one side of
every continuous flight of stairs with four or
morerisers.
2. Provide a guard at raised floor surfaces more
than 30 inches above an adjacent interior or
exterior surface. Areas that require guards include
porches, balconies, decks, hallways, screened
enclosures, ramps, and the open sides of stairs
with a total rise of more than 30 inches.
HEIGHT
1. Install the handrail at least 34 inches and not
more than 38 inches above the treads measured
vertically from a sloped plane connecting
the tread nosing or from the finished floor of
aramp.
2. You may exceed the 38-inch maximum height
where a handrail connects with a guard to provide
a continuous structure. Example: a handrail
connects to a guard at an intermediate stairway
landing. The handrail height at the beginning and
ending of the intermediate landing guard may
exceed 38 inches high.

Install a handrail on stairways with at least 4 risers.

Provide a continuous handrail beginning above the first riser
and ending at or above the last riser.

34 to 38"

Install handrails at least 34" and not more than 38" above a
sloped line connecting the stair treads.

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4" max.
Yes

Yes

4 3 8" max.

Yes

The maximum space between guard

vertical members is a 4"-diameter
sphere. The maximum space for stairway
guards is a 438" diameter sphere.

No

Install handrails that have the required gripping surface dimensions. Any of the
above profiles will suffice. Handrails using 2 4 and larger lumber are too large to be
grippable and thus do not meet the dimensions standard.

5. Limit the height of guards that are also handrails

to not more than 38 inches. The IRC does not
limit guard height other than for handrails.
CONTINuITy
1. Run the handrail continuously from at least a
point directly above the top riser of the flight of
stairs to at least a point directly above the lowest
riser of the flight.
2. Provide all handrails with a return or terminate
them in a newel post, volute, starting easing, or
starting newel.
3. Project handrails at least 1 inches and not more
than 4 inches from any adjacent wall.
4. You may interrupt a handrail by a newel post at
aturn.
5. Provide continuous guards for open sides of the
entire flight of stairs, even if some of the flight is
less than 30 inches above an adjacent surface.
6. You need not provide a guard if the entire flight
of stairs is less than 30 inches above an adjacent
surface. This applies even if a lower flight of
stairs connects with an upper flight of stairs at
a landing. Example: a landing occurs before the
last 3 risers of a stairway. The last 3 risers are a
separate flight of stairs and do not require a guard
or a handrail.
SHAPE
1. Use material with an outside diameter at least 1
inches and not more than two inches for Type 1
circular handrails.
2. Use material with a perimeter dimension of at
least four inches and not more than 6 inches
and a cross-section dimension of not more than
2 inches for Type 1 non-circular handrails.

3. Provide Type 2 handrails that have a perimeter

dimension greater than 6 inches with a
graspable finger recess on both sides of theprofile.
4. Apply handrail shape requirements to interior and
to exterior stairways, including stairways for decks
and balconies.
OPENINGS
1. Do not allow openings in guards to pass a 4-inch
diameter sphere.
2. Do not allow stair guard openings, such as
balusters, to pass a 438-inch diameter sphere.
3. Do not allow openings under stair guards formed
by a riser, tread, and the guards bottom rail to
pass a 6-inch diameter sphere.
HANDRAILS & GuARDS LIVE LOADS
1. Install handrails and guards so they will resist a
uniform distributed force of at least 200 pounds
per square foot applied in any direction at any
point along the top.

6" max.

The maximum space in the triangle formed by a tread, riser,

and stair guard bottom rail is a 6" diameter sphere.

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Emergency Escape Openings

n emergency escape and rescue opening,

commonly called an egress opening, is required
in all bedrooms and in most basements. Codes are
very specific concerning the minimum clearances of
the openings and how they can be accessed, as well as
how they can be exited from the exterior. Rooms that
are not intended for sleeping typically do not need to
meet egress requirements. You may use an operable
window or you may use a side-hinged or sliding door
as the escape opening.

Escape Opening Locations

1. Provide at least one escape opening in every
bedroom including bedrooms above, at, and below
ground level.
2. Provide at least one escape opening in most
basements. You are not required to provide a
basement escape opening if: (a) the basement
area is not more than 200 square feet, and
if (b) the basement is used only to house
mechanicalappliances.
3. Provide each basement bedroom with an escape
opening. You are not required to provide other
escape openings in basements in addition to the
bedroom escape openings.
4. Open all escape openings directly onto an
areathat leads directly to a public way. This
means that escape openings cannot open onto an
enclosed courtyard or onto a similar area thatdoes
not lead directly and without obstruction toan
area that is accessible by thepublic.
5. You may open an escape opening under a deck
or porch if: (a) the escape opening can be

Locks & Bars on Openings

Do not cover or obstruct escape openings with locks,
bars, screens, or similar devices unless they can be
operated from the inside without tools, keys, lock
combinations, and special knowledge, and can be
operated with the same force required to open the
escape opening.

Egress windows allow emergency exit from a structure and

must meet certain minimum size and accessibility codes. They
are required primarily in bedrooms and basements.

opened to the full required dimensions, and if

(b) the space under the deck or porch is at least
36incheshigh.
6. Note that an escape opening may be
requiredwhen converting a previously
unfinishedbasementinto finished space,
especially if the finished space is a
bedroom. Verify requirementswith the local
buildingofficial.

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Escape Opening Size

Window Wells

1. Provide escape openings with a clear opening area

of at least 5.7 square feet. This includes escape
openings above and below grade level. You may
reduce an escape opening at grade level to at least
5.0 square feet.
2. Provide each escape opening with a clear opening
at least 24 inches high and at least 20 inches wide.
3. Locate the sill of each escape opening not more
than 44 inches above the finished floor. Measure the
sill height from the finished floor to the where the
clear opening begins (the bottom of the opening).
4. Measure escape opening height and width using
the clear opening area. Clear opening area does
not include obstructions such as window frames.

1. Provide all below-grade escape openings with a

window well.
2. Provide each window well with at least 9 square
feet clear opening area and a depth and width of
at least 36 inches in each direction.
3. Install a permanent ladder if the window well
bottom is more than 44 inches below grade.
Ladder rung specifications include: a rung
width at least 12 inches, a rung projection at
least three inches from the window well wall, a
rung vertical spacing not more than 18 inches
apart, and a ladder may encroach not more than
6 inches into minimum window well width or
depthdimension.

20" minimum

41" clear

24" minimum

34" minimum

Openable
area: 5.7
sq. ft.
minimum

Openable
area: 5.7
sq. ft.
minimum

Minimum size
window for
20" width

Minimum size
window for
24" height

In order to satisfy building codes

for egress, a basement window must
have a minimum opening of 5.7 sq.
ft. through one sash, with at least 20"
of clear width and 24" of clear height.
Casement, double-hung, and sliding
window styles can be used, as long as
their dimensions for width and height
meet these minimumrequirements. Note:
If window opening is the minimum in both
dimensions it will be too small; at least one
dimension must be more than minimum to
meet code requirement.

Sill height 44" maximum

Floor

m
6"

in

im

um 36

"m

Egress window wells must be at

least 36" wide and project 36" from
the foundation. Those deeper than 44"
must have a means of escape, such as
a tiered design that forms steps or an
attached ladder. Drainage at the bottom
of the well should be connected to the
foundation drain or to another approved
drainagesystem.
in

im

um

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Egress Doors

he egress door is a door to the outside that meets

all egress door requirements for accessibility and
opening size. Every dwelling must have at least one
egress door. The egress door is usually the front door.
Other exterior doors need not comply with the egress
door requirements.
EGRESS DOOR REquIREMENTS
1. Provide at least one egress door that: (a) is
accessible from all areas of the home, and (b)
allows people to go directly outside without
traveling through the garage.
2. Install a side-hinged egress door that provides
a clear opening at least 32 inches wide and 78
inches high. Measure door width between the
face of the door when open to 90 and the outer
edge of the door stop. Measure door height
between the top of the threshold and the bottom

3.

4.
5.

6.

of the stop. This means that a 36 inch by 80 inch

door is required when using standard size doors.
Provide a landing on the interior and exterior sides
of the door. Build each landing at least as wide
as the door. Example: if the door is 36 inches
wide, then build each landing at least 36 inches
wide. Build each landing at least 36 inches deep,
measured in the direction of travel.
Build the interior and exterior landings not more
than 1 inches below the top of the threshold.
You may build the exterior landing not more than
7 inches below the top of the threshold, if the
egress door does not swing over the landing. You
may build the exterior landing with not more than a
2 percent slope away from the door. You may have a
storm door or a screen door swing over anylanding.
Provide a ramp or a stairway to any egress door
that is not at grade level.

Egress Door Lock

Do not install a double cylinder dead bolt lock or any
other lock or device that requires use of a key, tool,
or any special knowledge or effort to open the egress
door. This includes screen and security doors.

36" min.
7 34" max.

VIOLATION! Use only thumb-latch deadbolts on

egress doors.

Build a landing at least 36" deep on both sides of the egress

door. You may build the exterior landing not more than 734"
below the top of the threshold.

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Exterior Doors

A landing area is required on both sides of exterior doors.

Exterior Door Landing Requirements

1. Provide a landing on the interior and exterior sides
of exterior doors.
2. Build each landing at least as wide as the door
served. Example: if the door is 36 inches wide,
then build each landing at least 36 inches wide.
3. Build each landing at least 36 inches deep,
measured in the direction of travel.
4. Build each landing not more than 1 inches
below the top of the threshold.
5. You may build the exterior landing with
notmorethan a 2 percent slope away from
thedoor.
6. You are not required to build a landing on the
exterior side of a door if: a stairway of not more
than two risers is on the exterior side, and if the
exterior door does not swing over the stairway.
7. You may build an exterior landing not more
than 7 inches below the top of the door
threshold if the exterior door does not swing over
thelanding.

8. Provide a ramp or a stairway to any exterior door

that is not at grade level.
9. You may have a storm door or a screen door swing
over any stairway and landing.
10. You are not required to build a landing on the
exterior side of a door that opens to a narrow
above-grade balcony or to a similar structure.

Site Address
Install approved building address numbers or letters
that are clearly legible from the road fronting the
property. This is so emergency responders can
quickly locate the property. Make the letters and/
or numbers Arabic type that are at least 4 inches tall
and at least inch wide. Make the letters or numbers
contrast with the background.

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Door & Window Hazards

ou may have seen pictures of people severely cut

when they fell or were pushed through doors and
windows containing regular glass. Regular glass usually
breaks into large pieces that can cause severe injury.
Safety glass shatters into very small pieces that are less
likely to cause severe cuts.
General codes designate several locations as
hazardous when people could fall or be pushed
through glass. These locations are mostly near doors,
near water, and near stairs. A large window where the
sill is close to the floor is also a hazardous location.
Safety glazing usually means tempered glass;
however, other materials also qualify. This is why it
is called safety glazing, not safety glass. Most safety
glazing should be identified with permanent writing
in one corner of the glazing. This writing can be very
difficult to see, so look closely before deciding that
glazing is not safety glazing.

Another window hazard involves children falling

from windows where the sill is close to the floor.
Recent general codes require a mechanism that
prevents a child from opening these windows enough
so that they can climb through them and fall.
Safety glazing and fall hazard rules are
complicated and have many exceptions. Our objective
here is to introduce the subject and point out some
hazardous locations that you might encounter if you
remodel or add to your home.
SAFETy GLAZING IN & NEAR DOORS
1. Use safety glazing in doors including swinging
and sliding doors. Doors include doors to the
outside and interior doors such as French doors.

Safety glazing not required

Safety glazing required

Laminated glass is one type of safety glazing that has a

clear membrane in the center layer to keep the shattered
glass more or less in place when it breaks. Tempered glass is
another common type of safety glazing.

The sidelights on both sides of the door should contain

safety glazing. Safety glazing is not required in the transom
above the door.

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Windows above bathtubs and showers should contain

safety glazing unless the bottom of the glazing is located 60"
or more above the tub or shower floor.

36inches or more away from the nearest part of

the stairs.
4. Use safety glazing in windows within 60inches
from the last tread at the bottom of a stairway
when the bottom of the glazing is less than
36inches above the adjacent walking surface.

Windows along stairways and at landings should contain

safety glazing if the bottom edge of the glazing is less than 36"
above the stair walking surface.

Exceptions include decorative glazing such as

stained glass and glazing in very small openings in
the door.
2. Use safety glazing in windows that are within
24inches on either side of a door. Exceptions
include decorative glazing and windows when the
bottom edge of the glazing is located 60 inches or
more above the walking surface.
SAFETy GLAZING NEAR STAIRS
ANDINGuARDS
1. Use safety glazing in guards including guards
at decks, balconies, raised walkways, and
similarlocations.
2. Use safety glazing in stairway handrail guards.
3. Use safety glazing in windows within stairways
when the bottom edge of the glazing is less than
36inches above the adjacent walking surface.
Exceptions include if a handrail is between
the stairs and the window and if the window is

SAFETy GLAZING NEAR WET SuRFACES

1. Use safety glazing in bathtub and shower doors
and enclosures.
2. Use safety glazing in walls, enclosures, and
fences that are less than 60inches horizontally
from the edge of bathtubs, showers, swimming
pools, whirlpool tubs, hot tubs, saunas, and steam
rooms. Exceptions include windows when the
bottom edge of the glazing is located 60inches or
more above the walking surface and windows that
do not face the bathtub, etc.
WINDOW FALL PROTECTION
1. Install a means to restrict the distance that an
operable window can open so that a 4-inch diameter
sphere cannot pass when: (a) the top of the window
sill is less than 24inches above the finished floor,
and (b) the top of the window sill is more than
72inches above the exterior surface below.
2. You may comply with this provision by
permanently restricting the window opening
distance, except where the window serves as an
emergency escape and rescue opening.
3. You may comply with this provision by installing
a window opening control device that complies
withASTM F2090.
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Ventilation & Exhaust

ontrolling moisture levels in a home is important

for your comfort and health, as well as for the
health of your home. Although inadequate moisture
levels can cause discomfort for some people and can
cause furnishings and some construction materials
to become brittle, it is not usually a significant risk
to you or to your home, so the IRC has no provisions
governing minimum moisture and humidity levels. Too
much moisture, however, can be a significant risk to
you and your home, so the IRC has several provisions
governing the removal of excess moisture. Current
indoor air quality best practices also encourage
removal of excess moisture and other contaminants
from the home.
The greatest threat posed by water vapor is that
it provides one of the three things that mold needs
to grow. The other two are the correct temperature
and food. Mold grows at the same temperatures we
humans prefer, so there is little we can do about that.
Because mold eats almost any wood-based product

and our homes are filled with these products, there is

little we can do about the food risk. The one thing we
can do something about is moisture.
Water vapor travels in the air. When water vapor
condenses on visible surfaces, it provides the moisture
that mold needs. We then see what is often called
mildew. Mildew is another name for mold. When
water vapor travels into attics and wall cavities, it can
condense and provide moisture for mold. Mold can
grow in these hidden spaces for long periods before it
is discovered. Damage to the home can be significant
when mold grows for long periods of time.
Water vapor is always present in every home.
Some water vapor occurs naturally in the air. We
introduce some water vapor into the home with
every breath we take. Much of the water vapor
in a home results from activities such as bathing,
cooking, and clothes drying. The IRC has provisions
that help remove the excess water vapor caused by
theseactivities.

Air outlet

Air intake
(ventilation fan)

Moisture exhaust requirements generally are met with a combination of natural (windows and doors) and mechanical
(ventilation fans) solutions. The bathroom and kitchen are the two rooms where ventilation is most critical.

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Air Movement Requirements

1. Provide outdoor light and ventilation to
bathrooms, toilet rooms, and similar areas using
windows or doors containing glazing. Provide a
total glazing area of at least 3 square feet with at
least 1 square feet operable. Open the glazing
directly onto a street, public alley, or onto a yard
or court located on the same lot. Best practice is
to equip every bathroom with a ventilation fan.
2. You may replace the glazing with artificial
light and exhaust ventilation. Provide exhaust
ventilation of at least 20 cubic feet per minute
continuous ventilation or at least 50 cubic feet per
minute for a switched ventilation fan.
3. Comply with the ventilation fan manufacturers
instructions or general codes about exhaust duct
type and length. Three-inch diameter duct may
not be allowed as an exhaust duct. Four-inch
diameter or larger duct may be required.
4. Discharge bathroom and toilet room ventilation
fan exhaust directly outdoors. Discharging a
ventilation fan exhaust duct into or toward an
attic, soffit, or crawl space ventilation opening
does not comply with this provision.
5. Do not recirculate air from bathrooms within a
residence or into another residence.
6. Provide an automatic or gravity-operated damper
for exhaust systems that will close the damper
when the system is not operating.
7. Do not direct outdoor exhaust openings, such as from
bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans, onto awalkway.

8. Protect outdoor air intake and exhaust openings

with a corrosion-resistant screen having openings
at least and not more than inch or by louvers,
dampers, or similar means. This does not include
clothes dryer exhaust openings. Do not cover
clothes dryer exhaust openings with ascreen.
9. Protect outdoor openings against local weather
conditions such as from rain and snow infiltration
and from blockage by snow accumulation.

Terminate exhaust ducts directly outdoors with a

cover (usually louvered) that protects against weather and
pestinfiltration.

VIOLATION! Do not terminate exhausts into attic and crawl

space areas.

Vent Fan Labels

Check the information label attached to each

ventilation fan unit. Bathroom fans that are switchoperated should be rated at least 50 cubic feet
per minute (cfm). Baths over 100 square feet or
with multiple tubs or showers should have highercapacity fans. The sone rating refers to the relative
quietness of the unit, rated on a scale of 1 to 7.
(Quieter fans have lower sone ratings.)

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 Kitchen Exhaust Requirements

GENERAL INSTALLATION REquIREMENTS
1. You need not install either a recirculating or
an externally ducted kitchen exhaust hood;
however,externally ducted kitchen exhaust
hoodsare recommended. Verify kitchen
exhaust hood requirements with the local
building officialbecause interpretation of
kitchen exhausthood requirements can vary
amongjurisdictions.
2. Terminate a kitchen exhaust hood duct, if any,
to the outdoors when natural or mechanical
ventilation is not provided in the kitchen area.
Natural ventilation usually means an operable
window in the kitchen area. Mechanical
ventilation may be provided by a ducted central
heating system that is connected to a ventilation
opening terminating outdoors. Mechanical
ventilation may be provided by a heat recovery or
energy recovery ventilation system. Most homes
have either natural or mechanical ventilation in

the kitchen area, so external discharge of range

hoods is rarely required.
3. You may, but are not required to, install a
recirculating kitchen hood if the kitchen is
provided with natural or mechanical ventilation.
4. Provide a backdraft damper at the duct
termination or other approved location. Many
kitchen hoods and cabinet-mounted microwave
ovens have backdraft dampers integrated into
theappliances.
ABOVE-GROuND
EXHAuSTDuCTCONSTRuCTION
1. Use smooth, single-wall galvanized steel,
stainless steel, or copper to construct kitchen
exhaustducts.
2. Seal the exhaust duct air tight to avoid leaking
flammable grease into wall or floor cavities
or between the kitchen exhaust hood and the
kitchen cabinet.

Smooth-wall
galvanized metal

use smooth-wall galvanized metal ductwork for range

hood ducts, and be sure to seal the joints very well so the
airborne grease doesnt escape into walls and cabinets, where
it poses a fire hazard.

Externally exhausted range hoods are not required by

Codes except in very rare situations. Typical cabinet-mounted
models like the one seen here are quite popular, however, and
are recommended whenever practical.

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EXHAuST DuCT TERMINATION

1. Terminate kitchen exhaust hood ducts outside the
building. Outside the building does not include
attics and crawl spaces.
2. Provide a backdraft damper at the duct termination
or other approved location. Many kitchen exhaust
hoods and cabinet-mounted microwave ovens have
backdraft dampers integrated into the equipment.
KITCHEN EXHAuST FAN RATES
1. Provide an exhaust rate of at least 100 cubic feet
per minute for intermittently operated exhaust
hoods or at least 20 cubic feet per minute for
continuously operating exhaust hoods.
2. Provide makeup air for exhaust fans with a
capacity of more than 400 cubic feet per minute.
Install a gravity operated or an electrically operated
damper to open and close the takeup airduct.
REPLACING A RANGE HOOD
WITH A MICROWAVE OVEN
This is a popular upgrade that is often installed
incorrectly. Failure to read and follow manufacturers
instructions can be a fire hazard and a burn hazard. It can
also reduce the microwaves service life. The following
address some of the most frequent installation errors.
1. Leave enough space between the microwave and
the range top. A typical instruction is to have at
least 66inches between the floor and the top
of the microwave, at least 30inches between
the range top and the bottom of the cabinet,
and at least 2inches between the bottom of the
microwave and the range control panel.
2. Connect the microwave to a dedicated 120-volt
circuit. Most microwaves should be served by a
20-amp circuit.
3. Plug a microwave that comes with an attachment
plug into a receptacle. Do not connect the
microwave directly to the electrical wires and do
not use an extension cord.
4. Use the size and type of exhaust duct material and
termination fittings specified by the microwave
manufacturer. Do not exceed the exhaust duct
effective length specified by the manufacturer.
Effective length adds for the losses created by
elbows and termination fittings.
5. Connect the microwave to the exhaust duct. Do
not simply blow the exhaust at the hole in the
cabinet where the exhaust duct is located.
6. Install the backdraft damper if one is supplied
with the microwave.

Downdraft ventilation is a space-saving alternative to

exhaust hoods, often used on kitchen islands with built-in
cooktops. It is less efficient but will mitigate some of the
cooking vapors and airborne particulate matter.

66"

Many manufacturers recommend at least 66" between

the floor and the top of the microwave.

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 Clothes Dryer Exhaust Requirements

GENERAL INSTALLATION REquIREMENTS
1. Construct, install, and terminate clothes dryer
exhaust ducts according to the clothes dryer
manufacturers installation instructions. If the
clothes dryer manufacturer is not known during
construction, use general requirements.
2. Do not connect clothes dryer exhaust ducts to any
other system such as bathroom exhaust fan ducts,
plumbing vents, and fuel-burning equipment
vents and flues.
3. Do not install clothes dryer exhaust ducts in
or through any fireblocking, draftstopping, or
fire-resistance rated assembly unless the duct is
constructed and installed to maintain the code
that requires fireblocking or draftstopping.
4. Do not run clothes dryer exhaust ducts into or
through other ducts or plenums. Example: do not
run a clothes dryer exhaust duct into or through
an HVAC supply or return duct or into or through
a combustion air duct.
5. Install the clothes dryer exhaust duct during
construction if space for a clothes dryer isprovided.
6. You may install a dryer duct booster fan to extend
the dryer exhaust ducts length. Install the fan
according to the fan manufacturers instruction.
DuCT CONSTRuCTION
1. Use a 4-inch diameter smooth wall metal duct
that is at least 28 gage, unless the clothes dryer
manufacturers instructions allow anotherdiameter.
2. Install duct joints so that the inside part of the
joint fits into the outside part of the joint in the
direction of the air flow.
3. Fasten duct joints with mechanical fasteners such
as screws or pop rivets. Do not use screws or

other fasteners that penetrate the duct more than

1
8inch. Longer fasteners could trap lint.
4. Seal the duct joints with metal tape or mastic.
5. Support the duct at least every 12 feet. Joints and
elbows are vulnerable areas for separation.
6. Protect the duct with at least 16-gauge shield plates
if the duct is within 1 inches from the edge of a
framing member. Extend the shield plate at least 2
inches above sole plates and below top plates. Protect
the duct with shield plates at any other location
where it is likely to be penetrated byfasteners.
DuCT LENGTH
1. Do not exceed 35 feet developed length between
the beginning of the clothes dryer duct and
the duct termination, unless the clothes dryer
manufacturers installation instructions allow a
longer length. Developed length means the straight
line length of the duct, reduced by bends in the
duct. The clothes dryer manufacturer is rarely
known during construction, so the manufacturers
installation instruction exception rarely applies.
2. Add 2 feet for every 45-degree bend and
5 feet for every 90-degree bend to the dryer
ducts developed length. You may use the
manufacturer-provided developed length for
smooth radius bends. You may use the IRC table
for smooth radius bend developed length if the
manufacturers instructions are not available.
3. Do not include the transition duct in the dryer
duct developed length.
4. Locate a permanent label within 6 feet of the clothes
dryer exhaust duct connection that shows the exhaust
ducts developed length. This requirement applies only
when the duct developed length is more than 35 feet.

Transition duct

35 ft. max.

use strap hangers to support rigid ducts. Install hangers at

joints at intervals not exceeding 12 ft. Tip: position the hangers
so the ductwork doesnt make contact with floor joists or other
structural members.

Limit clothes dryer exhaust duct developed length

tonot more than 35 ft.

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DuCT TERMINATION
1. Terminate clothes dryer exhaust ducts outside the
building. Outside the building does not include
attics and crawl spaces.
2. Locate the clothes dryer exhaust duct termination
at least 3 feet from: (a) the property line; and (b)
operable and non-operable openings. Operable
openings include windows and doors. Nonoperable openings include eave ventilation
openings and combustion air openings. This
provision does not apply if the clothes dryer
manufacturers installation instructions allow
other locations. The clothes dryer manufacturer
is rarely known during construction, so the
manufacturers installation instruction exception
rarely applies.
3. Provide a backdraft damper at the duct
termination or at another approved location.
4. Do not install a screen at the exhaust duct
termination. A screen will trap lint.
TRANSITION DuCT
1. The transition duct is the duct (usually flexible
duct) between the dryer and the start of the
smooth wall dryer exhaust duct.
2. Limit the transition duct length to 8 feet.
3. Use only one piece of transition duct. Do not
splice together two or more lengths of transition
duct material.
4. Do not run the transition duct through walls or in
concealed spaces.

To door or window
3 ft. min.

Locate the duct termination vent at least 3 ft. away from

any opening into the building.

Clothes Dryer Makeup Air

1. Provide makeup air for clothes dryers that
exhaust more than 200 cubic feet per minute.
General codes do not specify how to provide
makeup air or specify that the makeup air come
from outdoors.
2. Provide a net free opening of at least 100
square inches when clothes dryers are installed
in closets or provide makeup air by other
approvedmeans.

use and install transition ducts according to the clothes dryers instructions.
Replace plastic transition ducts (bottom in photo) with flexible metal transition ducts
(top in photo).

Cut the transition duct to the

shortest length possible. Eliminate
bends and kinks that will reduce air flow.

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Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Alarms

moke alarms and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms

are required in new construction. Combination
smoke and CO alarms are not preferred because
the service life of the different alarms are different,
meaning that one alarm could fail before the other.

You should replace old smoke and carbon

monoxide alarms. Smoke alarms have a useful life of
about 10 years. Carbon monoxide alarms have a useful
life of about 7 years. Alarms that are older than this
may not detect smoke and carbon monoxide when
needed, providing you with a false sense of security.
Pressing the test button is not a guarantee that the
alarm sensor is working; only the sounding device may
be working.

A
B

Smoke alarms and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms are

required in new construction. Carbon monoxide alarms (A)
are triggered by the presence of carbon monoxide gas. Smoke
alarms are available in photoelectric and ionizing models.
In ionizing alarms (B), a small amount of current flows in
an ionization chamber. When smoke enters the chamber,
it interrupts the current, triggering the alarm. Photoelectric
alarms (C) rely on a beam of light, which when interrupted
by smoke triggers an alarm. Heat alarms (D) sound an alarm
when they detect areas of high heat in the room. Also available
are combination smoke/CO alarms and ionizing/photoelectric
smoke alarms. The combination ionizing/photoelectric alarms
are recommended because they detect both smoke and light
from fires.

Smoke alarm
interconnected

Living area

Bedroom

CO monoxide
alarms

Bath

3 ft.
3 ft.

Bedroom

Bedroom

Bath

Garage

Bedroom
with gas
fireplace

Install smoke alarms in and near all bedrooms and on all levels of a home.

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Smoke Alarm Required Locations

1. Locate a smoke alarm: (a) in every bedroom,
(b)outside all bedroom areas in the immediate
vicinity (usually about 10 feet) of all bedrooms, and
(c) on every level in the home, includingbasements,
and (d) within 3feet horizontally from the door of a
bathroom containing a tub or a shower.
2. Do not install an ionization smoke alarm closer than
20 feet horizontally from a permanently installed
cooking appliance. Do not install a photoelectric
smoke alarm closer than 6 feet horizontally from a
permanently installed cookingappliance.
3. You may substitute a security system that includes
smoke alarms if it provides the same protection
as hard-wired smoke alarms. The security system
smoke alarms must: (a) comply with the National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 72 standard,
and (b) must be a permanent fixture in the home.
Security system smoke alarms installed as a
substitute system cannot be leased. They must be
a permanent part of the home.
SMOKE ALARM LOCATIONS NOT REquIRED
1. You are not required to locate smoke alarms: (a)in
crawl spaces and in uninhabitable attics, and (b)
on the middle level of split-level homes if smoke
alarms are installed on the upper level, if the
middle level is less than one story below upper
level, and if there is no door between levels. Note
that some jurisdictions require smoke alarms on
all levels of a split-level home.
2. Verify smoke alarm location requirements with
your local building official.
SMOKE ALARM POWER SOuRCE
1. Install smoke alarms that take primary power
from the building electrical wiring and that have a
battery backup.
2. Connect all smoke alarms together so one alarm
activates all alarms (interconnection).
3. Provide arc-fault circuit-interrupter protection for
the smoke alarm primary power.
SMOKE ALARM INSTALLATION
1. Install smoke alarms according to manufacturers
instructions. This often includes locating the
smoke alarm on the ceiling or on a wall not
more than 12 inches from the ceiling. Do not
locate a smoke alarm closer than 4 inches to the
intersection of a wall and ceiling. The smoke
alarm may not detect smoke in this dead air zone.

SMOKE ALARM uPDATES

WHENREMODELING
1. Update the entire smoke alarm and carbon monoxide
alarm system to current code requirements
(including smoke alarm interconnection and hardwiring) when building alterations or additions require
a permit or when bedrooms are added. This update
requirement does not apply to: (a) exterior work
such as roofing, siding, window, and door repair
and replacement, (b) installation of or repairs to
plumbing and HVAC systems, and (c) situations
where access does not exist to allow installing
electrical wires that would provide power and
interconnection to the smokealarms.
2. Verify requirements and exceptions with the local
building official. Interpretation and enforcement of
this provision varies between jurisdictions. Battery
power and wireless interconnection may be allowed.
CARBON MONOXIDE
ALARMREquIREMENTS
1. Install carbon monoxide alarms in homes equipped
with fuel-fired appliances, such as gas and oil-fired
furnaces, and in homes with an attached garage or
a fireplace. The alarms must comply withUL2034.
2. Install an alarm outside of bedroom areas in the
immediate vicinity (usually about 10 feet) of all
bedrooms. Connection of carbon monoxide alarms
to each other is not required.
3. Install carbon monoxide alarms in a bedroom if a
fuel-fired appliance is located in the bedroom or
in an attached bathroom.
4. Install carbon monoxide alarms according to
manufacturers instructions.

Do not locate a smoke alarm closer than 4" to the

intersection of a wall and ceiling. The smoke alarm may not
detect smoke in this dead air zone.

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Structural
Components
A

safe and healthy building begins with a solidly

built structure. The buildings foundation should
rest on stable soil and should be strong enough to
support the home during normal conditions as well as
during disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes.
The buildings floors, walls, and roof should be
secured to the foundation and to each other and
should be strong enough to support the home during
extreme conditions.
This chapter will help you understand basic
structural requirements for building as defined by the
building codes. The intent is to help you identify work
that may violate building codes so that you can bring
it to the attention of a contractor or other qualified
professional. Except for projects such as simple decks
and storage sheds, you should seek guidance from
qualified professionals before using the information in
this chapter to design you own buildings or to perform
structural remodeling on existing buildings.

In this chapter:
Foundations
Crawlspaces
Decks
Floor Systems
Wall Systems
Wall Penetration Flashing
Roof Systems

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 Special Requirements for High Wind & Seismic Risk Areas

SeiSmic deSign AReAS
1. Provide increased strength and structural
integrity for foundations, walls, roofs, gas
pipes and appliances, and other components
in seismic design areas. Refer to the IRC
and consult a qualified engineer or other

Hurricane ties. If building codes in your area require them,

nail metal hurricane ties to the wall top plates before installing
the rafters.

qualified professional when building in seismic

designareas.
2. Verify the seismic design category with the
local building official. The following areas
may be in seismic design areas: large parts of
Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington State; small parts of Arizona,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico,
New York, and Utah; the area near Memphis,
Tennessee, and the area near Charleston,
SouthCarolina.
HigH Wind deSign AReAS
1. Provide increased strength and structural integrity
for foundations, walls, roofs, windows, and other
components in high wind design areas. Refer to
the IRC and consult a qualified engineer or other
qualified professional when building in high wind
design areas.
2. Verify the wind design category with the local
building official. The following areas may be
in high wind design areas: much of Florida
and Hawaii; the areas within about 100
miles of the coastlines of Alabama, Alaska,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North and
South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia; the areas
within about 50 miles of the coastlines of
Connecticut,Delaware, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire,
and New York. Several Special Wind Areas
exist in scattered areas of the country. These
areas are mostly in mountainous areas and are
mostly in the West.

deflection of Structural components

Most readers should not deal with bending of
structural components such as floors, walls, ceilings,
and roofs. Leave this to qualified engineers and
contractors. Because spongy floors and rattling walls
are common complaints, this section explains some
basic concepts involved in deflection and helps you
understand when deflection may be excessive.
deflection & loAdS definitionS
Deflection is when a component of a building
bends under a load. The component can be a single
component, such as a floor joist, or it can be a
system, such as a floor or a wall. Deflection causes a

component to compress on one side (compression)

and expand on the other side (tension).
A load is a force (weight) placed on a component
of a building. Example: a buildings foundation carries
the load of the entire building. The dead load is the
weight of the construction materials, such as drywall,
shingles, siding, and floor coverings, and the weight of
fixed equipment, such as a water heater. The live load
is the weight of people and furnishings that occupy
a building. A point load is a load in a small area. The
heel of a high-heel shoe is an example of a point load.
Environmental loads include wind, snow, and forces
created during earthquakes.

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A point load is a type of live load that

is concentrated in a small area, such as
a footstep. Point loads are temporary
and in many cases they can exceed the
deflection minimums without causing any
particular problems.

deflection Under live load

general codes assume that a live load of at
least 30 pounds of people, floor coverings, and
furnishings will be placed over each square
foot of the floor area. Example: the maximum
deflection of bedroom floor joists with the length
between supports of 180 inches would be 180360,
or 12 inch.

1. Install structural components, such as joists,

studs, and rafters, so that they will not bend
more than the amount shown in Table 1
under an evenly distributed live load. L is the
unsupported length of the component in inches.
H is the unsupported height of the component
in inches. Example: for a bedroom floor, the

table 1: deflection under live load

StruCtural Component

maxImum defleCtIon (InCheS)

Rafters with greater than 3/12 slope and no attached ceiling finish

L/180

Interior walls

H/180

Floors and plastered ceilings

L/360

Exterior walls with plaster or stucco finish

H/360

Other structural members

L/240

Ceilings with flexible finishes such as drywall

L/240

Exterior walls with flexible finishes such as vinyl or fiber cement siding and drywall inside

H/180

deflection discussion
Walking on a floor or slamming a door hard does not

plaster, then it is probably not exceeding the maximum

generate the live load assumed in deflection tables. In fact,

allowed deflection and should be of little concern.

the load created by walking on a floor or slamming a door

Note that the maximum deflection allowed by general

may be greater than the design live load at the point where

codes does not apply to some rigid floor coverings, such

the load is applied. Thus, even a floor that feels spongy

as tile. Refer to the manufacturers design and installation

or a wall that shakes often may not exceed the maximum

instructions when installing stiff finish materials. The

deflection allowed. If a spongy floor or a shaky wall is

manufacturer may stipulate a maximum deflection thats

not causing other problems, such as cracking drywall or

below the amount allowed by codes.

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foundations
Soil loAd-beARing cApAcitieS
1. Place structural footings on undisturbed soil of
known bearing capacity or on a bed of fill material
approved by an engineer.
2. Have a geotechnical engineer evaluate the soil in
areas known to have expansive or other unfavorable

soils or if the soil-bearing capacity is unknown.

Beware of clay soils. Some clay soils are unstable
and can cause serious foundation problems.
3. Use the following table to estimate soil-bearing
capacity if the soil type is known and if the local
building official approves.

table 2: Soil load-bearing Capacities

SoIl type

preSumed SoIl bearIng CapaCIty

Bedrock (e.g., granite)

12000 psi

Sedimentary type rock

4000 psi

Gravel & sandy gravel

3000 psi

Sand, silty sand, clayey sand, silty gravel, clayey gravel

2000 psi

Clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clayey silt, silt, sandy silt

1500 psi

common Soil types

gravel and sandy gravel soils

have a presumed 3,000 psi
load-bearingcapacity.

Sandy soils have a presumed 2,000 psi

load-bearing capacity.

clay and silt soils have a presumed

1,500 psi load-bearing capacity.

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footing Width & depth

footing WidtH
1. Use the tables in general codes to determine
the minimum footing width and depth required
to support load-bearing walls. You may also
use material found in The American Concrete
Institute document ACI 332 (see Resources,
page233).
2. Refer to general codes for special footing and
footing reinforcement requirements in seismic
design areas.
footing tHickneSS & Slope
1. Make spread footings at least six inches thick.
2. Project spread footings at least 2 inches beyond
the foundation wall. Do not project the footing
beyond the foundation wall more than the
thickness of the footing. Example: if the footing is
6 inches thick, then the edge of the footing should

3.

4.
5.
6.

7.

be not more than 6 inches beyond the edge of the

foundation wall.
Locate the bottom of footings at least 12 inches
below finish grade or below the local frost line,
whichever is deeper. This does not apply to
accessory buildings with an area 600 square feet
or less and an eave height of 10 feet or less, and
this does not apply to decks not supported by
thehome.
Do not place footings on frozen ground unless the
frozen condition is permanent (permafrost).
Make the top surface of footings level.
You may slope the bottom of footings not
more than 10 percent, without reducing the
minimumthickness.
Make step footing thickness at least six inches.
Make step footing height not more than the length
of the footing above the step.

leveling footing forms is very important. Measure footing depth and width at the top of the forms. Use Tables 3 and 4 to
determine footing width. Here, batterboards and strings are used to level footing forms.

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b
a

Illo 73
CG_Codes
07-20-2009Illo 73
CG_Codes
Spread footing for basement or crawlspace (A), interior load-bearing wall footing (B), or step footing (C).
07-20-2009

Specifications for foundation concrete

concRete in bASement SlAbS &
inteRioR SlAbS-on-gRAde
(not gARAge flooRS)
1. Use at least 2,500 psi concrete in all weathering
potential environments.
2. Use air-entrained concrete (between 5% and 7%
total air content) in severe weathering potential
environments if the concrete may be subject to
freezing and thawing during construction.

Illo 73
CG_Codes
07-20-2009

confirm with the concrete provider that the product youve

ordered meets specs for your area, and be sure to have your
forms inspected and approved well in advance of the delivery.

concRete in foUndAtion WAllS,

exteRioR WAllS & otHeR VeRticAl
concRete expoSed to WeAtHeR
1. Use at least 2,500 psi concrete in environments
with negligible weathering potential.
2. Use at least 3,000 psi air-entrained
concrete (between 5 and 7 percent total air
content) in moderate and severe weathering
potentialenvironments.
concRete in poRcHeS, gARAge &
cARpoRt flooRS & otHeR HoRizontAl
concRete expoSed to WeAtHeR
1. Use at least 2,500 psi concrete in environments
with negligible weathering potential.
2. Use at least 3,000 psi air-entrained concrete
(between 5 and 7 percent total air content) in
moderate weathering potential environments.
3. Use at least 3,500 psi air-entrained concrete
(between 5 and 7 percent total air content) in
severe weathering potential environments.
4. You may use at least 4,000 psi air-entrained
concrete with at least 3 percent total air content
in steel-troweled garage floors in moderate and
severe weathering potential environments.

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foUndAtion AncHoRS
1. Install at least -inch diameter bolts in exterior
footings, stem walls, basement walls, interior
braced walls, monolithic slabs, and other places
to which sill or sole plates for load-bearing and
braced walls will be attached.
2. Install and tighten a nut and washer on each bolt.
Verify washer size with your local building official.
3. Locate the bolts at least seven bolt diameters and
not more than 12 inches from the ends of each
plate and not more than every six feet on-center
inbetween.
4. Locate bolts in the middle third of the plate.

5. Install at least two bolts per plate section.

6. Embed the bolts at least seven inches into
thefoundation.
7. Use approved fasteners to anchor the sole
plates of interior load-bearing walls that are not
bracedwalls.
8. You may substitute anchor straps for bolts if they
provide equal anchorage. Straps are often installed
not more than every six feet.
9. Refer to general codes for foundation anchor
exceptions involving braced walls 24-inches
long and shorter. These walls may require 1 or 0
foundationanchors.

anchor strap
(attach to foundation)

anchor bolts

install 12" diameter anchor bolts every 6 ft., not more

than 12" from the end of each bottom plate, and in the middle
1
3 of the plate.

You may substitute anchor straps for anchor bolts.

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Crawlspaces
cRAWlSpAce VentilAted to exteRioR
1. Provide at least one square foot of net free
ventilation area for every 150 square feet of
crawlspace floor in a ventilated crawlspace.
You may reduce the net free ventilation area to
at least one square foot for every 1,500square
feet of crawlspace floor if you cover the
floor with a vapor retarder such as six-mil
polyethylenesheeting.
2. Install covers such as screens or grates in the
ventilation openings. Use screens, grates, grills, or
plates with openings at least 18 inch and not more
than inch.
3. Subtract the space used by opening covers from
the net free ventilation area of a ventilation
opening. Example: a one square foot opening may
be reduced to an effective 23 square foot opening
when covered by a cast iron grill or grate. The
cover manufacturers instructions should indicate
the covers opening reductionamount.
4. Locate a ventilation opening not more than three
feet from every corner of the crawlspacewall.

5. There is considerable controversy about

the effectiveness of crawlspace ventilation,
particularly in warm humid climates. Check
with a qualified energy efficiency professional
before adding insulation between floor joists in
crawlspaces. Check the condition of existing floor
joist insulation in crawlspaces at leastannually.
UnVentilAted cRAWlSpAce
1. You may eliminate crawlspace ventilation
openings by insulating the crawlspace walls or
floor system as required by general codes and by
installing all the following moisture control and
ventilationcomponents:
(a) cover all exposed dirt in the crawlspace floor
with an approved vapor retarder, such as six-mil
polyethylene sheeting.
(b) lap all vapor retarder seams by at least
sixinches and seal or tape the seams.
(c) extend the vapor retarder at least six inches up
the crawlspace wall and attach and seal the vapor
retarder to the wall.

Unventilated crawlspaces are recommended by experts for mostcrawlspaces.

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(d) provide one of the following

ventilationmethods:
continuous mechanical exhaust ventilation, or
a conditioned air supply at a rate of 1 cubic foot
per minute for every 50 square feet of crawl
space floor area and provide a return air opening
to the building interior.

2. Do not connect the return air opening for the

building interior to a forced-air return duct. Use an
opening in the floor or use an unpressurized duct
between the crawl space and the buildinginterior.
3. There is some controversy about providing
conditioned air to a crawl space. Do not exceed the 1
cubic foot per minute conditioned air ventilation rate.

Ventilation opening locations

3 ft. min.

3 ft.

provide 1 sq. ft. of ventilation for every 150 sq. ft.

ofcrawlspace dirt floor area or 1 square foot for every
1,500sq.ft. of vapor retarder covered floor area.

min. 16 24"
access.

Illo 78
CG_Codes
07-20-2009
Unventilated and insulated
crawlspaces often perform better than
ventilated crawlspaces.

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decks

ost decks are relatively simple structures, but

even a basic deck project must conform to the
requirements of building codes in your area. In fact,
virtually every aspect of your new deckfrom its
location on your property to the design you choose
and the materials you buy to build itmust meet
stringent guidelines for safety. Codes vary, sometimes
significantly, among jurisdictions. Your local building
inspector can provide you with a list of the relevant
deck codes and help you interpret them so you can

beam rests
on shoulder

Shoulder
cut

meet or exceed all lumber size codes. For example, use

lumber that is at least 4 4" posts for decks up to 8 feet above
the footing and 6 6" posts for decks up to 14 feet above
thefooting.

create code-compliant plans for your deck project. You

may also want to download a free PDF copy of the
Prescriptive Residential Deck Construction Guide
(see Resources, page 233).
geneRAl deck bUilding gUidelineS
1. Use hot-dipped zinc-coated galvanized steel for
all fasteners (nails and screws) and hardware
(joist hangers and support post caps and bases).
Stainless steel fasteners and hardware are
recommended when building decks near water.
2. Use hot-dipped zinc-coated galvanized steel or
flexible flashing material when installing flashing
at the deck ledger. Be sure that the flexible
flashing is approved for exposure to sunlight. Do
not use aluminum flashing.
3. Use at least #2 grade pressure-treated lumber
or #2 grade naturally durable lumber for deck
structural members. You may use approved
composite materials for components like
deck flooring and railings. Read and follow
manufacturers instructions when using
compositematerials.
4. Consult with the building inspector or a qualified
engineer when building decks in seismic and
high wind zones, in areas with heavy snowfall,
and when building complex decks such as
multi-leveldecks.

Use the correct size galvanized steel or stainless steel joist

hanger. Attach the joist hanger using the fastener specified by
the hanger manufacturer. Install a fastener in every round and
oblong hole.

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deck ledgeR AttAcHment to tHe Home

1. Install a pressure-treated Southern Pine or HemFir
deck ledger board thats at least a 28insize.
2. Secure the deck ledger to one of the following
band or rim joists: (a) 2-inch thick (1-inch
actual thickness) SPF sawn lumber, (b) 1-inch
minimum thickness by 9 inches deep Douglas
fir laminated veneer lumber, or (3) another
approved engineeredmaterial.
3. Secure the band or rim joist to sawn lumber joists
or wood I-joists that are perpendicular to the band
or rim joist.
4. Use hold-down tension devices to provide lateral
load connections if the building floor joists are
parallel to the band or rim joist or if the building
floor joists are metal plate connected trusses. You
may use one of the following methods.
(a) Install two 1,500 pound hold-down tension
devices according to the device manufacturers
instructions and the wood I-joist
manufacturersinstructions.
(b) Install four 750 pound hold-down tensiondevices.
5. Support the band or rim joist directly on the
foundation. Do not support the band or rim joist
using a cantilevered structure such as a bay window
or a framed chimney. Do not support the band or
rim joist on veneer such as masonry andstone.

do not attach the ledger directly to siding or other wall

coverings. Remove all wall coverings in the installation area
so you can attach the ledger to the wall framing members.
Cut the siding with a circular saw and finish the corners
with a chisel. Do not attach the ledger to brick or stone wall
coverings. A self-supporting deck may be necessary.

6. You may use other methods and materials

when the details are designed by a qualified
structuralengineer.
7. You may make a deck entirely selfsupporting as an
alternative to attaching the deck to thehome.

ledger

ledger

Chimney chase

double joists replaces ledger

Hang a double joist between joists to support the deck in

areas where obstructions wont allow a ledger.

ledger boards should be pressure-treated lumber thats at

least 2 8 in size.

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deck AttAcHment USing ScReWS

oRboltS
1. Install the screws or bolts in the deck ledger board
and in the band joist or rim board according to
Table 5A. Stagger the screws or bolts vertically
along the length of the deck ledgerboard.
2. Install at least -inch hot-dipped galvanized lag
screws or machine bolts (not carriage bolts) as
specified in Table 5B. Note: there are proprietary
screws that are thinner than -inch and are
approved for attaching deck ledgers to the home.
Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions if
you use these screws.
3. Install a washer on each end of the machine bolts
and a washer on the head end of the lag screws.
4. Make the distance between the interior face of
the ledger board and the exterior face of the band
board (rim joist) not more than one inch.
5. Use lag screws that are long enough to penetrate
the band or rim board, but not long enough to
penetrate through the interior wall.
deck footingS
1. Place the bottom of footings for deck support
posts at least 12 inches below grade or below the
local frost line (whichever is deeper). You do not
need to place deck footings below the frost line if

install staggered fasteners on the ledger board using

spacing specified in Table 5B.

the deck is not attached to the home (but it is best

practice to do so anyway).
2. Place the bottom of footings for deck support
posts that are within 5 feet from the house at the
same level as the house footings.
3. Refer to DCA-6 or local codes for footing size
andthickness.
4. Space footings as required for beam support. See
the DECK BEAMS section.
deck JoiStS
1. Use the correct size joist hanger to attach joists to
ledgers and beams.

table 5a: location of lag Screws and bolts

in band Joists and deck ledger boards
top edge

bottom edge

endS

roW SpaCIng

ledger

2 in.

in.

2 in. & 5 in.

158 in. & 5 in.

dimension lumber band joist

in.

2 in.

2 in. & 5 in.

158 in. & 5 in.

table 5b: deck ledger attachment using Screws or bolts

JoISt Span

6 ft.

> 6 ft.
& 8 ft.

> 8 ft.
> 10 ft.
> 12 ft.
> 14 ft.
> 14 ft.
& 10 ft. & 12 ft. & 14 ft. & 16 ft. & 18 ft.
ConneCtor SpaCIng o.C.

-inch lag screw with -inch sheathing

30"

23"

18"

15"

13"

11"

10"

-inch lag bolt with -inch sheathing

36"

36"

34"

29"

24"

21"

19"

-inch lag bolt with 1-inch sheathing or

" sheathing and inch stacked washers

36"

36"

29"

24"

21"

18"

16"

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2. Fasten joist hangers using the size and type

of fastener specified by the joist hanger
manufacturer. In general, place a fastener in
every round and oblong hole.
3. Support joists on a joist hanger (joist should be
fully seated in the hanger), on at least 1-inches
of wood, or on at least 3 inches of concrete
ormasonry.

4. You may use three 8d nails to fasten joists that

bear on top of a beam to the beam if the deck is
supported by the house. Best practice is to use
hurricane clips to fasten all joists to a beam.
5. Secure the rim joist to the deck floor joists using at least
three 10d nails or three #103-inch woodscrews.
6. Use Table 5C or local codes to determine the
correct joist span and on center spacing.

toe-nail two 8d nails on

one side and one 8dnail
on other side

1" cantilever per 4" joist span

hurricane clip

cantilever length should be not more than 1" of cantilever

for every 4" of joist span.

You may toe nail joists to a beam only if the deck is

attached to the house. Best practice is to secure joists to the
beam using a hurricane clip.

hollow
block
epoxy

Joist

ledger
rim
joist
Concrete
or grout

Rim joist connections. Attach rim joists to the end of each

joist with three #10 3" minimum wood screws. Secure
decking to the top of rim joists with two #10 3" wood screws
in each piece of decking to attach the decking to eachjoist.

ledgers and block walls. When fastening ledgers to hollow

concrete block walls, the block cells in the ledger attachment
areas must be filled with concrete or grout. Secure the attachment
bolts to the wall with approved epoxy anchors with washers.

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table 5C: deck floor Joist on-Center Spacing

SpeCIeS
#2grade

Southern Pine

Redwood
Western Cedar

JoISt
SIZe

deCK JoISt SpaCIng,

noCantIleVer (InCheS)

deCK JoISt SpaCIng,

CantIleVered(InCheS)

12

16

24

12

16

24

26

9-11

9-0

7-7

6-8

6-8

6-8

28

13-1

11-10

9-8

10-1

10-1

9-8

210

16-2

14-0

11-5

14-6

14-0

11-5

26

8-10

8-0

7-0

5-7

5-7

5-7

28

11-8

10-7

8-8

8-6

8-6

8-6

210

14-11

13-0

10-7

12-3

12-3

10-7

table 5d: deck Support post on-Center Spacing

SpeCIeS
#2grade

Southern Pine

Redwood
WesternCedar

beam
SIZe

deCK JoISt Span leSS than or eQual to (feet)

6

10

12

14

16

2-28

8-9

7-7

6-9

6-2

5-9

5-4

2-210

10-4

9-0

8-0

7-4

6-9

6-4

2-212

12-2

10-7

9-5

8-7

8-0

7-6

3-28

10-10

9-6

8-6

7-9

7-2

6-8

3-210

13-0

11-3

10-0

9-2

8-6

7-11

3-212

15-3

13-3

11-10

10-9

10-0

9-4

2-28

6-10

5-11

5-4

4-10

4-6

4-1

2-210

8-4

7-3

6-6

5-11

5-6

5-1

2-212

9-8

8-5

7-6

6-10

6-4

5-11

3-28

9-8

8-6

7-7

6-11

6-5

6-0

3-210

12-0

10-5

9-4

8-6

7-10

7-4

3-212

13-11

12-1

10-9

9-10

9-1

8-6

deck beAmS
1. Fasten beam members to each other using two
staggered rows of at least 10d nails spaced not
more than 16 inches on center.

2. Place splices between beam members above

deckposts.
3. Use Table 5D or local codes to determine the
correct beam span and on center post spacing.

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fasten beam members using two staggered rows of 10d

nails at 16" on center. Fasten 3-member beams from both
sides of the beam.

one way to attach a beam to a 66 post is to notch the

post and secure the beam using " diameter galvanized steel
machine bolts and washers. Or, you can mount beams on top
of posts with galvanized post cap hardware.

deck poStS
1. You may use 4 4 posts for decks up to 8 feet
tall and 6 6 posts for decks up to 14 feet tall.
Measure post height from the top of the footing to
the bottom of the beam.
2. Consult with the building official or an engineer
about deck support posts taller than 14 feet.
3. Secure the post to the footing. You may embed
the post in the footing; however, this is not
recommended because the post may deteriorate

over time. Best practice is to use a post base.

4. Secure the post to the beam as described in the
photo caption above.

Joists may not be attached to posts with through bolts,

even when mortises are cut into the posts to house thejoists.

deck flASHing
1. Install flashing between the deck ledger and the
house when the deck is attached to the house.
Proper flashing is essential. A common cause of
deck collapse is the deck pulling away from rotted
wood caused by improper flashing.

You should install ledger flashing under the waterresistant barrier so that water will not leak behind the flashing.
The flashing shown here uses galvanized steel drip cap.

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deck flooRing
1. You may use 2-inch (nominal) thick wood,
1-inch thick wood (5/4 board), or composite
material as deckflooring.
2. Do not install 2-inch thick flooring across joists
that are more than 24inches on center when the
flooring is perpendicular to the joist or more than
16inches on center when the flooring is diagonal
(maximum 45degrees) to the joist.
3. Do not install 1-inch thick flooring across joists
that are more than 16inches on center when the

4.
5.
6.

7.

flooring is perpendicular to the joist or more than

12inches on center when the flooring is diagonal
(maximum 45degrees) to the joist.
Install two 8d threaded nails or two #8 3-inch
wood screws per floorboard in each joist.
Install flooring across at least 4 joists.
Leave about 18-inch between flooring boards
including at the ends to allow for drainage and
forexpansion.
Install composite flooring according to
manufacturers instructions.

deck flooring made from composite

materials may last longer and require less
maintenance than wood flooring. Install
composite materials according to the
manufacturersinstructions.

deck StAiRS
1. Use 2 12 lumber for deck stair stringers.
2. Leave at least 5inches of uncut wood when
cutting the stair risers and treads into the stringers.
Do not cut the stringer past the riser and tread.
3. Do not exceed 6 feet of unsupported length for
deck stair stringers where the risers and treads are
cut into the stringer (cut stringers).
4. Do not exceed 13 feet, 3 inches of unsupported
length for deck stair stringers where the
risers and treads are not cut into the stringer
(solidstringers).
5. Measure stringer length horizontally. You may
support long stringers near the center to reduce
the unsupported length.

6. Provide a solid landing such as concrete at the

bottom of deck stairs. Support the stringers on the
landing or by appropriate footings.
7. Support the entire stringer plumb cut at the
top landing on the deck rim board or by other
approved means.
8. Attach the stringers to the top landing support
using hangers or brackets. Do not rely only on
nails or screws to attach stringers to supports.
9. Do not exceed 18inches of unsupported length
for deck stair treads using 2 4 or 5/4 Southern
Pine. Refer to DCA-6 for maximum stair tread
lengths for other lumber sizes and species. Install
treads made from composite materials according
to manufacturers instructions.

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cut stringers (top) should be supported every 6 feet. Solid

stringers (bottom) should be supported every 13 ft. to 3".

Attach stringers to support using a hanger, not justnails.

deck gUARdS And HAndRAilS

1. Refer to the guards and handrails section of this
book for general guidelines about installing guards
and handrails for decks. The guidelines for interior
stairs apply to exterior stairs too.
2. Space deck guard 4 4 support posts at least every
6 feet. This also applies to stair guards andhandrails.
3. Secure the deck guard support posts to deck floor
joists using at least -inch diameter bolts and
attachment hardware. Do not rely only on the
deck band and rim boards to secure deck guard
support posts.
4. Refer to DCA-6 for information about attaching
deck guard support posts if the posts do not line
up with deck floor joists.

2. Install bracing between the deck support posts

and a deck rim board, floor joist, or blocking on
free standing decks that are more than 2 feet
above ground.
3. Use 2 4 or larger lumber for the brace.
4. Secure the braces using at least 38-inch diameter
bolts with washers on both ends.
5. Secure the brace at least 2 feet away from the
support post.

deck bRAcing
1. Install bracing between the deck support posts
and the deck beam on all decks that are more
than 2 feet above the ground.

deck guard support posts should be secured using

attachment hardware for long-term strength.

2 ft. m in .

brace

Joist

post

bracing is required to reduce movement that can weaken

the deck and cause it to collapse.

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floor Systems
flooR JoiSt SpAn tAbleS (Selected)
1. Use 30 psf live load and 10 psf dead load for
joists under bedrooms and in attics with access
by permanent stairs, in most cases. Permanent
stairs do not include pull-down folding
atticladders.
2. Use 40 psf live load and 10 psf dead load for joists
under living areas, other than bedrooms, and
under decks, and balconies, in most cases.

3. Use L/360 deflection (length of joist span in

inches divided by 360) for all floor joists.
4. Refer to the IRC or to the AF&PA Span Tables for
Joists and Rafters to find joist spans not contained
in the following tables.
5. Apply the following tables to floor systems framed
with nominal two-inch wide dimension lumber
such as 2 10. An engineer must design floor
truss and I-Joist systems.

floor joists and trusses must conform

to minimum span rating codes according
to how long they are and what type of
wood they are made from.

table 6: bedroom floor Joist Spans at 16" on Center

SpeCIeS

grade

2 8 feet-InCheS

2 10 feet-InCheS

2 12 feet-InCheS

Douglas fir

14-2

17-5

20-3

Hem fir

13-2

16-10

19-8

Southern pine

13-3

15-8

18-6

Spruce-pine-fir

13-6

17-2

19-11

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Illo 87
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

eowners
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double
headers

install floor system framing members

according to this illustration. The provisions
in this section refer to floor system framing
using nominal 2"-thick dimensional
lumber. Follow engineering instructions
when using floor truss and I-joist systems.

bridging

double
trimmers

Central
beam

rim
joist

table 7: bedroom floor Joist Spans at 24" on Center

SpeCIeS

grade

2 8 feet-InCheS

2 10 feet-InCheS

2 12 feet-InCheS

Douglas fir

11-8

14-3

16-6

Hem fir

11-4

13-10

16-1

Southern pine

10-10

12-10

15-1

Spruce-pine-fir

11-6

14-1

16-3

table 8: living area floor Joist Spans at 16" on Center

SpeCIeS

grade

2 8 feet-InCheS

2 10 feet-InCheS

2 12 feet-InCheS

Douglas fir

12-9

15-7

18-1

Hem fir

12-0

15-2

17-7

Southern pine

11-10

14-0

16-6

Spruce-pine-fir

12-3

15-5

17-10

table 9: living area floor Joist Spans at 24" on Center

SpeCIeS

grade

2 8 feet-InCheS

2 10 feet-InCheS

2 12 feet-InCheS

Douglas fir

10-5

12-9

14-9

Hem fir

10-2

12-5

14-4

Southern pine

9-8

11-5

13-6

Spruce-pine-fir

10-3

12-7

14-7

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flooR JoiStS UndeR loAd-beARing WAllS

1. Install additional floor joists under load-bearing
walls that run parallel with the floor joists. Ensure
that the number of joists is sufficient to support
the load imposed by the wall and the loads
supported by the wall. Parallel floor joists run
the same direction as the wall being supported.
Example: install at least two floor joists under a
wall supporting a roof and at least three floor joists
under a wall supporting a full story and a roof.
2. You may separate the additional joists under a
load-bearing wall, if necessary, to fit pipes, vents,
or ducts. Install solid two-inch-thick blocking at
least every four feet along the full depth of the
separated joists.
3. Place load-bearing walls that run perpendicular
to the floor joists not more than one joist depth
from the supporting wall or beam below unless
the joists are sized to carry the load. Perpendicular
joists run at a 90-degree angle to the wall being
supported. Example: place a load-bearing wall
that runs perpendicular to 2 10 floor joists not
more than 10 inches from the supporting wall or
beambelow.
HeAdeR, giRdeR & flooR JoiSt beARing
on SUppoRtS
1. Place at least 1 inches of a floor joist, header,
girder, or beam on the supporting wood or metal
wall. Supporting wood includes a sill plate bearing
on a masonry or concrete wall.

Subfloor

new load-bearing
wall sole plate

original joist

new joists

place additional joists under load-bearing walls running

parallel to the joists.

2. Place at least three inches of a floor joist, header,

girder, or beam on the supporting masonry or
concrete wall. Comply with this requirement
when the member bears directly on the masonry
or concrete wall, not on a sill plate that bears
on the wall. This requirement usually applies to
beams and girders.
3. You may support floor joists on at least a 1 4
ledger if the ledger is attached to each stud and if
the joist is attached to a stud.

load-bearing
wall
Joist depth max.

1 1 2" min.
3" min.
beam

place load-bearing walls running

perpendicular to the joists not more
than one joist depth away from the
supporting wall or beam.

place at least 1" of wood on the

supporting wood.

place at least 3" of wood on

supporting concrete or masonry.

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3" min.

flooR JoiSt lAp At SUppoRtS

1. Lap floor joists from opposite sides that meet
over a bearing support at least three inches at
the support and nail the joists at the lap using at
least three 10d nails. You may substitute a wood
or metal splice of equal or greater strength for the
nailed lap.
flooR JoiSt AttAcHment to beAmS
1. Use an approved joist hanger or at least a 2 2
wood ledger to support floor joists that connect to
a beam or girder.

lap joists that meet over supports with at least 3" overlap.
Reinforce the lap joint with at least three 10d nails.

Joists

band board

flooR JoiSt blocking

1. Install full-depth solid blocking thats at least
two inches thick at both ends of floor joists.
Or attach the joists to a header, band, or rim
joist, or to an adjoining stud. This helps reduce
joisttwisting.
2. Install blocking at all intermediate load-bearing
supports in seismic design areas.

Attaching the ends of the floor joists to a band board is a

common way to keep joists from twisting.

beam

Joist

double beam
2 2 min.

Joist hanger
floor joist

Attach floor joists to beams using metal joist

hangerhardware.

Attach floor joists to beams using a 2 2 or larger ledger

for support.

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flooR JoiSt bRidging

1. Install bridging at intervals not more than every
eight feet of floor joist length on floor joists deeper
than 2 12.
2. You may use solid, full-depth blocking, wood or
metal diagonal bridging, or other means to provide
required floor joist bridging. Some code officials
require bridging on all floor joists regardless of
what the code stipulates.

bridging
options for floor bridging include: Full depth lumber
bridging (A); metal X bridging (B); wood X bridging (C).

floor Joist openings

Framed openings in floor joists are used mostly for
metal bridging (left) can be secured with joist
hanger nails. For wood X-bridging, drive 10d common
nails to secure the board ends to the floor joists.

flooR JoiSt openingS

not moRe tHAn foUR feet Wide
1. Install double trimmer joists on both sides of header
joists. You may use a single trimmer joist on both
sides of the header joists if the header is not more
than three feet from the trimmer bearingpoint.
2. You may use a single header joist if the header
joist span is not more than four feet wide.
3. Install approved joist hangers or a 2 2 ledger
strip to connect tail joists to header joists and
header joists to trimmer joists.

stairways between floors and for chimneys. The

header joists distribute the load of the tail joists to
the trimmer joists.

flooR JoiSt openingS

moRe tHAn foUR feet Wide
1. Install double trimmer joists and double header
joists if the header joist span is more than four
feet wide.
2. Install approved joist hangers to connect header
joists to trimmer joists if the header joist span is
more than six feet wide.
3. Install approved joist hangers or a 2 2 ledger
strip to connect tail joists to header joists if the
tail joists are more than 12 feet long.

Use double trimmer joists at most

openings. Use double header joists if the
opening is more than 4 ft. wide.
4 ft.
double
double
trimmer
trimmer

double
header

tail joists

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floor Sheathing
1. Install wood floor sheathing panels: (a) so that
they continuously span at least two framing
members, and (b) with the long dimension
perpendicular (90 degree angle) to supports,
and (c) that are at least 24 inches wide. Panels
less than 24 inches wide can deflect or fail
underload.
2. Support wood floor sheathing panel edges with
solid blocking, tongue-and-groove edges, or other
approved means. An additional underlayment
layer that is at least inch or inch wood

floor covering can substitute for edge support in

somecases.
3. You may use wood floor sheathing panels (such
as 2332 inch and inch nominal thickness
plywood or OSB and inch sanded plywood) as
a combination subfloor and underlayment. Install
combination subflooring as described in #1 above.
Be aware that while combination subflooring
panels comply with the IRC, they may not comply
with manufacturers installation for some floor
coverings such as tile.

floor
sheathing
groove
tongue
blocking

Support edges of floor sheathing with tongue-and-groove edges.

Joist

Support edges of floor sheathing with solid blocking.

how to read the label on plywood and oSb

A plywood or OSB panel label contains much
information. Here is the most important information you
need to know when buying these products.

Exposure 1: (A) Exposure 1 means the panel can

withstand some exposure to weather during
construction but is not designed for long-term
weather exposure; Exterior means the panel is
designed for long-term weather exposure

Number before slash: (B) maximum on center

support span when used as roof sheathing, edge

support may be required to achieve the rated span

Number after slash: (C) maximum on center

support span when used as floor sheathing; on
panels with one number, the number is the floor
sheathing span

Performance category at bottom of label: (D) use

this when referencing the panel's thickness in

b
C
d

theIRC.

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 draftstopping
Draftstopping helps limit the spread of fires in floor
framing and in floor/ceiling assemblies. It is most
often required when using open web floor trusses and
when a ceiling is suspended under a floor. Do not
confuse draftstopping with fireblocking. Fireblocking
occurs in wall assemblies.
inStAlling dRAftStopping
1. Install draftstopping when usable space exists
both above and below the floor/ceiling assembly
and when the open area within the concealed
floor/ceiling assembly exceeds 1,000 square feet.
2. Use at least 12-inch drywall, 38-inch wood
structural panels (plywood or OSB), or other
approved material.
3. Divide the space to be draftstopped into areas that
are approximately equal.
4. Install the draftstopping material parallel with
theframing.
5. Repair draftstopping that is damaged or
penetrated by pipes, ducts, or other materials.

draft stop

Some floor trusses require draftstopping to prevent

horizontal air movement that can conduct fire. Solid wood floor
joist systems typically do not because they are naturally closed
off. Install a draftstop in web floor trusses when there is usable
space above and below and when the concealed area is more
than 1,000 square feet. Drywall and other structural panels
may be used for draft stops.

notches & holes in trusses

Notch, bore, splice, or
alter wood I-Beam floor
joists or engineered wood
members only according to
manufacturers instructions
and with written approval.
Altering the top and
bottom flange of I-beam joist
is usually not allowed. Hole
C

boring is usually allowed in the

middle third of the span and is
b

restricted near the I-joist ends.

Cutting the ends of
engineered wood beams

and I-joists to length is

usuallypermitted.

beam types: Laminated beam (A), web-type truss, metal plate connected (B),
I-beam joist (C).

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notches & Holes in Joists & Rafters

boRing & notcHing definitionS
A bore is a hole drilled in a stud or joist. Use
the actual dimensions to determine the depth of
framing lumber and when calculating the maximum
holediameter.
A notch is a piece cut from the smaller dimension
of framing lumber such as a stud or joist. Use the
actual dimensions to determine the depth of framing
lumber and when calculating the maximum notch
depth. Actual dimensions are the dimensions of
framing lumber after finishing at the mill. Example:
the nominal dimensions of a 2 6 are two inches by
six inches and the actual dimensions, after finishing,
are about 112 inches by 512 inches.

Joist
max. dia.
1
3 depth

min. 2"
max. depth
1
6 joist depth

drill holes not more than 13 of the member depth and cut
member notches not deeper than 16 of the member depth.

Wood JoiSt notcHing & boRing

1. You may notch solid lumber rafters, floor and
ceiling joists, and beams not deeper than one-sixth
the depth of the member. You may notch the ends
of the member not deeper than one fourth the
depth of the member. Example: notch a 2 10
joist not deeper than 112 inches, except at the ends
where you may notch not deeper than 2516 inches.
2. You may notch solid lumber rafters, floor and
ceiling joists, and beams not longer than one-third
the depth of the member. Example: notch the
top or bottom of a 2 10 joist not longer than
3116inches.
3. You may notch solid lumber rafters, floor and
ceiling joists, and beams only within the outer
one-third of the span. Example: notch a 10-foot
long joist only within 40 inches from each end.
4. You may notch the tension side (bottom) of solid
lumber rafters, floor and ceiling joists, and beams
more than four inches thick only at the ends.
5. You may drill holes in solid lumber rafters, floor
and ceiling joists, and beams with a diameter not
more than one-third of the depth of the member.
Example: drill a hole with a diameter not more
than 318 inches in a 2 10 joist.
6. Locate holes at least two inches from the edge
of the member and at least two inches from any
other hole or notch.
7. Use actual joist depths, not nominal joist depths.
Example: use 914 inches for a 2 10 joist, not the
nominal depth of 10 inches.

max. length
1
3 joist depth
max. diameter
3 joist depth

2" min.

notch wood joists and rafters not longer than 13 of the depth
and only in the outer 13 of the member.

drill holes in wood joists and rafters not larger than 13 the
depth and at least 2" from the edge of the member.

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Wall Systems

hether they are interior or exterior, load-bearing

or nonload-bearing, made from wood studs or
metal, walls must meet very specific construction
standards to ensure that they do not impede the
structural integrity of a house and do their part to
prevent fires from spreading within wall cavities.
Nevertheless, be aware that designing and building
load-bearing walls is a closely regulated process.
In most cases, you would be well advised to
consult a structural engineer to make sure that
the lumber sizes and spacing conform to code
standards and that any beams are appropriately
sized, properly supported, and made from
qualifying materials.

even nonload-bearing walls must conform to

constructioncodes.

Wood nailing definitions

Using the proper size and type of nail and installing the
nail where required is critical to the structural integrity of
a building. Analysis of building failures frequently shows
that failures result from improper nailing. The following
b

are definitions of nailing methods and installation

requirements contained in the IRC.
edge spacing: Edge spacing means installing a nail

every indicated number of inches around the perimeter

of a wood structural panel. If blocking is required by
the IRC, then edge spacing includes nailing the panel to
theblocking.
endnailing: An endnail is driven straight into the end of
the member. An example of endnailing is attaching studs

to sill plates through the sill plate before the sill plate is
attached to the foundation or subfloor.
endnailing (A), toenailing (b) , facenailing (c).
facenailing: A facenail is driven straight into the
member, often into the long dimension of the member.
Examples of facenailing include ceiling and floor joist

o. c. means on center. Install nails every indicated

laps over supports and attaching wood panels to studs

number of inches.

andjoists.
toenailing: A toenail is driven at an angle through the
intermediate spacing: Intermediate spacing means

edge of the member. Toenailing usually occurs when one

installing a nail every indicated number of inches at studs

member is already attached in place, such as when a stud

or joists in the interior area of a wood structural panel.

is toenailed to a sill plate that is already attached.

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Wood nailing Requirements

Wood nAiling
geneRAl inStAllAtion ReqUiRementS
1. Use nails that are at least as thick and long as
indicated in the following tables. Common nails
and box nails are often thicker and longer than
hand-driven sinker nails and pneumatic-driven
nails commonly used in residential construction.
You cannot directly substitute sinker and gun
nails for common, box, and deformed shank nails.
Substitution of sinker and gun nails should be
based on engineering analysis.

Wood nAiling
to fRAming mAteRiAlS
1. Use Tables 10, 11, and 12 to determine the
type of nail and nail spacing for attaching wood
framing materials to other wood framing materials
in other than high wind and seismic design areas.
Refer to the general codes for fastener type,
quantity, and spacing in high wind and seismic
design areas.

install nails around the edge of wood

panels and at intermediate supports at the
required on-center spacing.

table 10: nailing oSb and plywood Sheathing to framing

panel
thICKneSS

naIl
type

8 to 12"
32 to 1"

19

1 8 to 1 4"
1

edge
SpaCIng

IntermedIate
SpaCIng

6d common (2 0.113") subfloor & wall 8d common (212 0.131") roof

6" o.c.

12" o.c.

8d common (2 2 0.131")

6" o.c.

12" o.c.

6" o.c.

12" o.c.

10d common (3 0.148") or 8d deformed (2 2 0.120")

1

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table 11: nailing one-piece Subfloor to framing

panel
thICKneSS

naIl
type

edge
SpaCIng

IntermedIate
SpaCIng

4" & less

7
8 to 1"
118 to 114"

6d deformed (2 0.120") or 8d common (212 0.131")

8d common (212 0.131") or 8d deformed (212 0.120")
10d common (3 0.148") or 8d deformed (212 0.120")

6" o.c.
6" o.c.
6" o.c.

12" o.c.
12" o.c.
12" o.c.

table 12: nailing Structural lumber

lumber deSCrIptIon,
naIlIng method
floor nailing

number/type
offaStenerS

Joist to sill, girder, plate, toe nail

3-8d common (2" 0.131") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Rim joist, band joist, or blocking to sill or to top plate,
8d common (2" 0.131") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
toe nail
Ledger supporting joists
3-16d common (3" 0.162") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
10d box (3" 0.128") OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Built-up beams, using 2"-thick lumber
AND
3-10d box (3"0.128") OR3-3"0.131" (gun nail)
Band or rim joist to joist, end nail
3-16d common (3" 0.162") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)

faStener
SpaCIng

-6" o.c.
under each joist
24" o.c. face nail stagger at top
& bottom on oppositesides
face nail at ends and at splices
--

Wall nailing

Sill or sole plate to joist, rim joist, or blocking

(not a bracedwall)
Sill or sole plate to joist, rim joist, or blocking
(at a braced wall)
Stud to top or bottom plate, toe nail
Stud to top or bottom plate, end nail

16d common (3" 0.162")

OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
2-16d common (3" 0.162")
OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
4-8d common (2" 0.131") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
2-16d common (3" 0.162") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
16d common (3" 0.162")
Stud to stud (not braced wall panel), face nail
OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
16d common (3" 0.162")
Stud to stud (at a braced wall panel), face nail
OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
16d common (3" 0.162")
Double top plate, face nail
OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Top plates, laps at corners and intersections
2-16d common (3" 0.162") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Stud to stud and studs connecting at intersecting walls 16d common (3" 0.162")
(at a braced wall panel)
OR 3" 0.131" (gun nail)
1
Headers: 2-piece with 2" spacer
16d common (3" 0.162") 16" o.c. face nail
Header to stud, toe nail
5-8d box (2" 0.113") OR 4-8d common 2" 0.131"
1" let-in brace to each stud and plate, face nail
3-8d box (2" 0.113") OR 2-8d common 2" 0.131"

16" o.c. face nail

12" o.c. face nail
2 each 16" o.c. face nail
4 each 12" o.c. face nail
--24" o.c.
16" o.c.
12" o.c.
16" o.c.
16" o.c.
12" o.c.
-16" o.c.
12" o.c.
----

roof nailing

Blocking between joists or rafters to top plate, toe nail 3-8d common (2" 0.131") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Ceiling joist to plate, toe nail
3-8d common (2" 0.131") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
Collar tie to rafter and joist, face nail or 114"
3-10d common (3" 0.148") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)
by20-gaugestrap
Rafter or truss to plate, toe nail

3-16d box (3" 0.135") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)

Rafters to ridge, valley, or hip rafters, toe nail

Rafters to ridge, valley, or hip rafters, end nail

4-16d (3" 0.135") OR 4-3" 0.131" (gun nail)

3-16d (3" 0.135") OR 3-3" 0.131" (gun nail)

---2 toe nails on one side and

other nails on other side of
rafter or truss
---

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Wall Stud Size & Spacing

Wood gRAdeS
USed in WAll conStRUction
1. Use Number 3, standard, or stud grade
wood formost load-bearing walls not
more than 10feettall. Do not use
this wood for load-bearing walls more
than 10 feet tall. Use Number 2 grade
or better lumber for walls more than
10feet tall.
2. You may use utility grade wood for
nonload-bearing walls.
3. Refer to general codes for more
information about other wall height and
stud spacingcombinations.
4. Refer to general codes for wall height
and stud spacing requirements in high
wind, heavy snow load, and seismic
design areas.
StUd Size & SpAcing
foR loAd-beARing WAllS
not moRe tHAn 10 feet tAll
1. Use Table 13 to determine stud size
and spacing when the unsupported
vertical height of an exterior loadbearing wall is not more than 10 feet.
Measure vertical height between points
of horizontal (lateral) support between
studs. Vertical wall height is usually
measured between the bottom of the
sole or sill plate and the bottom of the
floor or ceiling. Consult a qualified
engineer before measuring unsupported
vertical wall height between points
other than at floorlevels.

Wall studs taller than 10 ft. require No. 2 or better grade construction
lumber. Shorter walls may be built with cheaper No. 3 grade in most cases.

table 13: Stud Size & Spacing for load-bearing Walls

Stud SIZe
(InCheS)

maxImum Stud SpaCIng

SupportIng only one
floor, or SupportIng
a CeIlIng and roof
WIth or WIthout a
habItableattIC

maxImum Stud SpaCIng

SupportIng one floor
and a CeIlIng and roof
WIth or WIthout a
habItable attIC

maxImum Stud SpaCIng

SupportIng tWo floorS
and a CeIlIng and roof
WIth or WIthout a
habItable attIC

24

24"

16"

Not allowed

26

24"

24"

16"

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Walls supporting
roof only

Walls supporting
two floors and roof

Walls supporting
one floor and roof

Stud size and spacing depends on what the studs are supporting.

StUd Size & SpAcing

foR nonloAd-beARing WAllS
1. Use Table 14 to determine stud size and spacing
for nonload-bearing walls. Measure vertical height
between points of horizontal (lateral) support
between studs. Vertical wall height is usually
measured between the bottom of the sole or
sill plate and the bottom of the floor or ceiling.
Consult a qualified engineer before measuring
unsupported vertical wall height between points
other than at floor levels.

Illo 107
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

table 14:
Stud Size & Spacing
for nonload-bearing Walls
Stud
SIZe

maxImum
Stud heIght

maxImum
Stud SpaCIng

24

14 ft.

24"

26

20 ft.

24"

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top & bottom plAte conStRUction

1. Use at least two 2-inch (nominal) depth top plates
that are at least as wide as the studs at the top of
loadbearing walls. Example: use two 2 4 top
plates on top of a 2 4 wall and use 2 6 top
plates on top of 2 6 walls.
2. Offset joints where two pieces of top plate meet
by at least 24 inches. You do not need to place a
stud under a joint in a top plate unless the stud
would be placed there for other reasons.
3. Lap one top plate from one wall over the top plate
of an intersecting wall at the wall corners and at
the intersection with load-bearing walls.
4. You may use a single top plate at the top of
nonload-bearing walls.
5. Install one galvanized metal strap at least 0.054inch thick and 112 inches wide on a top plate if it
is cut more than 50 percent of its actual depth.
These metal straps are sometimes called FHA

6.

7.
8.

9.

straps. It is not necessary to install a strap on both

top plates for purposes of this section. You may
need to install shield plate to protect plumbing
pipes and electrical wires.
Extend the strap at least six inches beyond each
side of the cut opening. Secure the strap with at
least eight 16d nails on each side of the strap.
Apply this strap requirement to top plates in
exterior and interior load-bearing walls.
You do not need to install the strap if wood
structural panel sheathing covers the entire
sideofthe wall with the notched or cut
topplates.
Use at least one 2-inch (nominal) depth bottom
plate that is at least as wide as the studs.
Note that some jurisdictions allow treated
plywood to serve as the bottom plate for curved
walls. Verifythis local exception with the
buildingofficial.

offset joints where 2 top plates meet by

at least 24".

24" min.

deep notch

Shield plate

install a strap across 1 top plate when

it is notched more than half its width.
Install another strap or a shield plate
when required to protect pipes and
electricalwires.

Strap

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 notches & Holes in Wall Studs

boRing & notcHing definitionS
A bore is a hole drilled in a stud or joist. Use
the actual dimensions to determine the depth of
framing lumber and when calculating the maximum
holediameter.
A notch is a piece cut from the smaller dimension
of framing lumber such as a stud or joist. Use the
actual dimensions to determine the depth of framing
lumber and when calculating the maximum notch
depth. Actual dimensions are the dimensions of
framing lumber after finishing at the mill. Example:
the nominal dimensions of a 2 6 are 2 inches by
6inches and the actual dimensions, after finishing,
are about 112 inches by 512 inches.
Wood StUd notcHing
1. Notch a load-bearing stud not more than 25
percent of its actual depth. Example: notch a
26 load-bearing stud not more than 138 inches.
2. Notch a nonload-bearing stud not more than
40 percent of its actual depth. Example: notch
a 26 nonload-bearing stud not more than
214inches.
Wood StUd boRing
1. Bore a hole in a single load-bearing stud not more
than 40 percent of its actual depth. Example: bore
a 2 6 load-bearing stud not more than 214 inches
in diameter.
2. You may bore holes in load-bearing studs not more
than 60 percent of their actual depth if you install
a double stud and do not bore more than two
successive studs.
3. Bore a hole in a nonload-bearing stud not more
than 60 percent of its actual depth.Example: bore
a 2 6 nonload-bearing stud not more than 314
inches in diameter.
4. Leave at least 58 inch of undisturbed wood
between the hole and the stud edge.
5. Do not place a hole and a notch in the same
horizontal section of the stud.

max. 25%
of depth

notch a load-bearing stud not more than 25 percent of its

actual depth.

max. 40%
of depth

drill a hole in a load-bearing stud not more than 40

percent of its actual depth.

double two load-bearing studs if the holes are not more

than 60 percent of their actual depth.

ViolAtion! Do not locate a notch and a hole in the same part

of the stud.

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cripple Wall framing

cRipple WAll ReqUiRementS
1. Install cripple walls using studs that are at least
the same width as the wall studs above.
2. Frame cripple walls more than four feet tall as
though they are full height walls. This means
using the stud sizes and framing requirements
previously described. Example: if full height wall
studs on the same floor level as the cripple wall
are 2 6, use 2 6 studs for the cripple wall.
3. Brace cripple walls using the same bracing
method and length as the wall above, except
increase the cripple wall brace length by 1.15.
Example: if the cripple wall is a 2 feet tall
basement wall and the wall brace length for the
first story wall above is 3 feet, brace at least 3.45
feet (3 1.15) of the cripple wall.
4. Install sheathing that covers at least one full side
of a cripple wall less than 14 inches tall. Fasten
the sheathing to both the top and bottom plates.
5. Support cripple walls on a continuous foundation.
6. You may substitute solid blocking for a framed and
sheathed cripple wall less than 14 inches tall.
7. Anchor cripple walls to the foundation like other
framed walls.
8. Refer to the IRC for additional bracing
requirements in seismic design areas.

Cripple Wall definition

A cripple wall is a framed wall that is less than one
story tall. Cripple walls often occur with basement
foundations that are stepped down to follow finished
grade, and they may occur in split-level homes.

cripple walls may be load-bearing or nonloadbearing. This bearing version is used to bridge
a gap between the foundation wall and the first
floor framing members. Anchor cripple walls to the
foundation and brace as required.

cripple walls are often combined with egress window framing. The cap plate on the block wall supports the floor trusses for this
addition. The 26 construction allows the project to meet minimum wall insulation codes.

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 Wall bracing
General codes present many methods and rules
for framed wall bracing. This section discusses two
common wall bracing methods and some general
rules about how to install them. Wall bracing is
very complicated. The intent of this section is to
introduce you to the concepts. Refer to general codes
and consult with qualified professionals for more
information about wall bracing, particularly when
dealing with wall bracing in high wind, seismic design,
and heavy snow load areas.

10 ft.

Wall brace

20 ft.

Wall brace

20 ft.

Wall brace

10 ft.

WAll bRAce
And bRAced WAll definitionS
Braced wall (braced wall line). A braced wall
is a mostly straight interior or exterior wall that
contains the required length of approved wall
braces (braced wall panels). Most exterior walls
and some interior walls are braced walls. The
illustration shows examples of where wall braces
are installed in braced walls. Offsets from a straight
wall are allowed if the offset is not more than 4 feet.

length of braced wall

4 ft.

8 ft. or treat as
separate braced
wall

Wall
brace

Wall
brace

length of braced wall

length of braced wall

4 ft.

total length of
wall braces
in a braced wall
per table 15a or15b

4 ft.
length of braced wall

Structural panel wall bracing. To prevent framed walls from rocking or leaning, bracing is required. In most cases, bracing
can be accomplished by fastening full-height structural panels to the wall framing at defined intervals, near corners and around
wallopenings.

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Angledwalls are allowed if the angled wall is not

more than 8feetlong.
Wall brace (braced wall panel). A wall brace is
a full height wall with no vertical or horizontal offsets
that has approved wall bracing material attached.
A wood structural panel (such as OSB) and paneltype siding are common examples of approved wall
bracing materials. Eachbraced wall must have an
approved total length of wall braces. The total length
of wall braces dependson: (a)the criteria described
in the next section, and on (b) the type of bracing
material such as wood structural panels and panel
siding bracing, and on (c) the story being braced, and
on (d) the design wind speed, and on (e) the seismic
designcategory.
WAll bRAcing metHodS
1. Use one of the approved wall bracing methods.
Common wall bracing methods include wood
structural panel sheathing that is at least
3
8inch thick, hardboard panel siding that
is at least 716inch thick, let-in bracing, and
portal frame braces that provide shorter length
bracing near large openings and garage doors.
Each of these methods is an intermittent
bracing method. This means that individual
wall braces are installed near the ends of each
braced wall.
2. You may use a continuous sheathing wall bracing
method. This means that all braced walls have
sheathing such as wood structural panels applied
continuously to the walls including above and
below openings and on gable end walls. Refer to
the IRC for requirements regarding panel lengths
near openings and for panel installation and holddown straps at the ends of continuously sheathed
braced walls.
3. Refer to the IRC for information about other
wall bracing materials and methods. Refer to
manufacturers instructions for information about
manufactured wall braces.
4. You may use different wall bracing methods
within the same braced wall and you may use
different bracing methods on different stories.
Example: you may use let-in bracing at one end
of a braced wall and structural panel bracing on
the other end. Use the highest required bracing
length in the table when using different bracing
methods in the same braced wall. Refer to the
IRC for some restrictions when mixing wall
bracing methods.

WAll bRAcing geneRAl

inStAllAtionReqUiRementS
1. Install a wall brace near the end of each bracedwall.
2. Begin the wall brace not more than 10 feet from
the end of a braced wall.
3. Begin a wall brace not less than 20 feet from
the closest edge of the next wall brace in the
bracedwall.
4. Do not exceed 60 feet between braced walls.
Smaller distances between braced walls are
required in the D series seismic design areas.
Refer to the IRC.
WAll bRAce lengtH
1. The following discussion and table assumes the
following about the house: (a) it is located in an
urban area or suburban subdivision that is not in
an earthquake risk area, and (b) the roof is not
more than 30 feet above the first story floor, and
(c) the height of the wall being braced is not more
than 10 feet, and (d) wood structural panels or
panel-type siding is used for the wall brace. This a
simplified explanation. Refer to the IRC for more
detailed information.
2. Install at least two 48-inch-long wall braces in
braced walls longer than 16 feet. Install at least
one 48-inch-long wall brace or two smaller wall
braces in braced walls 16 feet long or less. Install
these braces even if Table 15A specifies a smaller
length. Install the length of wall braces specified
in Table 15A if the wall brace length in Table 15A
is longer than 48 inches.
fAStening WAll bRAceS
1. Fasten wall bracing material to framing according
to the fastening schedules in the Wood Nailing
Requirements section or according to the brace
manufacturers instructions.
2. Fasten vertical joints at panel sheathing edges
to studs. Fasten horizontal joints to at least
()1inch-thick blocking.
3. Use fasteners and uplift connectors as required by
good engineering practices to connect rafters and
trusses to wall braces and connect the wall braces
to framing in stories below.
4. Install at least () inch drywall on the interior
side of wall braces. You will need to increase
the wall brace length by 1.40 if drywall is
omitted. Space drywall fasteners not more than
()8inches on center at panel edges when using
let-in wall braces.

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table 15a: minimum total length of Wall braces

in a braced Wall for Wood Structural panels (WSp)
and panel-type Siding (hpS)
StorIeS aboVe
braCedWall

dIStanCe betWeen
braCed WallS (feet)

deSIgn WInd
Speed (mph)

WSp & hpS

(feet)

10

110

2.0

20

110

3.5

30

110

5.0

40

110

6.5

10

110

3.5

20

110

6.5

30

110

9.5

40

110

12.5

10

110

5.5

20

110

10.0

30

110

14.0

40

110

18.5

table 15b: Simple Wall bracing minimum number

of bracing units (wind speed not more than 115 mph,
urban and suburban area)
eaVe to
rIdge
heIght
(feet)

long
SIde
(feet)
10

20

30

40

50

10

10

15

15

StorIeS
aboVe

60

Short
SIde
(feet)
10

20

30

40

50

60

Simple WAll bRAcing

1. You may use a less complex wall bracing method
for certain homes that are basically rectangles
with insets and pop-outs. The home must comply
with all of the following to qualify for this less
complex method: (a) wind speed area not more
than 130mph, and (b) wind exposure category
is B or C, and (c) wall height not more than
10feet, and (d) seismic design category A, B,
or C for one and two family homes, and (e) not
more than 3 stories above a concrete or masonry

foundation or basement wall, and (f) cantilevered

floors extend not more than 24 inches beyond
the bearing point, and (g) roof eave to ridge
height not more than 15feet, and (h) at least ()
inch drywall installed on the interior side of all
exterior walls, and (i) no cripple walls allowed in
3-storyhomes.
2. Use wood structural panels that are at
least38inch thick as the wall bracing material.
Fasten 38-inch-thick wood structural panels using
6d common nails. Fasten 716-inch-thick wood

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structural panels using 8d common nails. Space

the nails 6inches on-center at the edges and 12
inches on-center at intermediate supports.
3. Build bracing units as full height walls with no
openings and no vertical or horizontal offsets. A
bracing unit must be one fully sheathed vertical
wall segment.
4. Use bracing units that are at least 3 feet long
when the walls are continuously sheathed with
the wall bracing material. Continuously sheathed
means all wall areas have structural sheathing
applied including above and below openings
and at gable wall ends. Use bracing units that
are at least 4 feet long when the walls are not
continuously sheathed.
5. Begin a bracing unit not more than 12 feet from a
wall corner. Make the distance between adjacent
bracing units in the same wall not more than
20feet. Place at least 1 bracing unit in any wall
more than 8 feet long.

6. Determine the length of exterior walls as shown in

the illustration on page 75. Do not include open
structures such as porches, decks, and carports.
Determine the number of bracing units in each
exterior wall according to Table 15C. Interior
walls do not count as braced walls.
7. You may count bracing units that are wider than
the minimum width as multiple bracing units.
Divide the width of the bracing unit by the
minimum bracing unit width to determine the
number of bracing units. Example: a bracing
unit is 7 feet wide. The wall is not continuously
sheathed, so the minimum bracing unit width
is 4 feet. The 7 feet wide bracing unit counts as
1bracing units (7/4 = 1.75).
8. Do not count sheathed wall segments that are
narrower than the 3 or 4 foot minimum lengths
as bracing units. Refer to the IRC for exceptions
involving certain continuous sheathing methods at
garage doors and large openings.

length of braced wall

long side

length of braced wall

short side

Wall brace

20 ft.

Wall brace
12 ft.

fIrSt Story plan

length of braced wall

short side

length of braced wall

long side

SeCond Story plan

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 Wood Structural panel Wall bracing

1. Install wood structural panel wall bracing using
48 or 4 9 panels at least 38-inch thick (span
rating 24/0).
2. Install panels that are at least 48 inches wide and
cover at least three stud bays for studs spaced
16inches on center.
3. Secure 38-inch-thick wood structural panel
bracing to studs using at least 6d common nails
spaced not more than 6 inches on center at panel
edges and 12 inches on center at intermediate
supports. Secure 716-inch thick panels (span
rating 24/16) using 8d common nails spaced as
previouslydescribed.
4. Install solid blocking where panel joints occur
between studs to maintain fastener spacing.
Use at least 1-inch-thick wood for blocking.
The blocking is usually the same dimensions as
the studs.Example: 2 6 blocking is normally
used with 2 6 studs, although 2 4 blocking
isacceptable.
5. You may use wood structural panel wall bracing
on all stories and in all wind speed and seismic
design areas.

Wood structural panel wall bracing may be used on all

stories and in all seismic and wind design areas.

fireblocking
Fireblocking (also called firestopping) limits the
spread of fires vertically between stories in concealed
wood-framed walls and horizontally in long concealed
areas such as double walls, framed openings, and
drop soffits above cabinets. Concealed vertical
spaces in wood-framed walls can act like a chimney
providing fire an easy and rapid path between
stories. Lack of fireblocking increases the chance
of property damage and loss of life during a fire.
Lack of fireblocking is a common reason for failing
government inspections.
Do not confuse fireblocking with draftstopping.
Draftstopping limits the horizontal movement of air in
concealed floor/ceiling assemblies.
WHeRe fiReblocking iS ReqUiRed
1. Install fireblocking in any concealed wall space
if an opening exists that allows fire to spread
from one story to another or from a lower story
into the attic. Examples of such openings
include: openings for plumbing pipes, openings
for electrical wires and conduit, HVAC duct
chases between stories, laundry chutes, and

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

openings at the tops of framed columns, niches,

and arches.
Install fireblocking in concealed wall spaces at
every ceiling and floor level. An intact top and
bottom plate usually provides fireblocking in
platform framing.
Install fireblocking where concealed vertical and
horizontal wall spaces intersect. Examples of
concealed horizontal spaces include soffits for
kitchen cabinets and recessed vanity lights, and
drop ceilings.
Install fireblocking between stair stringers at the
top and bottom of each flight of stairs.
Install fireblocking around chimneys and
flues where they intersect framing at floor and
ceilinglevels.
Install fireblocking in concealed wall spaces if
the concealed space is open for more than 10
feet horizontally. A common example of a long
concealed horizontal wall space is a double
wall built using two rows of staggered studs.
Another example is a large arched opening
betweenrooms.

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fireblock

install fireblocking in framed columns,

framed arches, and similar openings
between stories.

install sprayfoam fireblocking at

penetrations for wires, pipes, and ducts.
Many jurisdictions require listed caulk, not
spray foam.

Spray foam

fiReblocking mAteRiAlS
AndinStAllAtion
1. You may use any of the following fireblocking
materials:(a) two-inch thick lumber (example: a
2 4), or (b) two pieces of one-inch thick lumber
with staggered joints (example: two 1 4), or (c)
at least 2332-inch thick wood structural panels, or
(d) at least 34-inch thick particleboard, or (e) at
least 12-inch thick drywall, or (f) at least 14-inch
thick cementbased millboard, or (g) unfaced
batts or blankets of mineral wool or fiberglass
insulation if it is secured in place.

2. Install backing at any joints in fireblocking

material when using wood structural panels or
particleboard. Use the same fireblocking material
for the backing. Example: if a joint exists in OSB
fireblocking material, place another piece of the
same OSB material over the joint. Most general
codes do not state how far to extend the backing.
3. Do not use loose fill insulation as a fireblocking
material unless it is specifically tested and approved
for the intended location and installationmethod.
4. Repair fireblocking that is damaged or penetrated
by pipes, ducts, or other materials.
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Wall penetration flashing

t is not possible to overstate the importance of

flashing to the long-term integrity and health of your
home. Sealants such as caulk degrade over time and
require maintenance. Exterior wall coverings move
and crack creating gaps into which moisture can flow.
People often do not maintain caulking and sealants as
they should. The best long-term solution to avoiding
moisture intrusion is a combination of a water-resistive
building wrap and flashing integrated to form a
drainage plane that prevents moisture from reaching
vulnerable wood framing materials and drains the
moisture away from the structure.
flASHing geneRAl ReqUiRementS
1. Use only corrosion-resistant flashing material such
as aluminum, galvanized steel, and peel-and-stick
material. Corrosion resistance includes fasteners
or other materials used to secure the flashing.
2. Use flashing, fasteners and other materials
that are compatible with each other and with
surrounding materials. Incompatible materials
will react with each other and degrade over time.
Example: do not use galvanized material with
aluminum or with copper.
3. Flash and seal all wall penetrations and other
vulnerable areas so that moisture will not enter
the structure. Flash and seal any point where
moisture could enter the structure regardless of
whether it is mentioned in the list of areas where
flashing is specifically required.
4. Install flashing shingle fashion so that upper
flashing laps over lower flashing resulting
in a drainage plane that will drain water
toward a designed discharge point. This
includes integrating flashing with the waterresistivebarrier.
5. Extend flashing to the surface of the exterior wall
finish material if necessary to assure that water
is drained. This may be necessary with brick
veneer, at horizontal joints in panel siding, with Z
flashing at window and door headers, and at other
drainagepoints.
flASHing ReqUiRed locAtionS
1. Install flashing at all window and door openings.
Refer to the window and door manufacturers
installation instructions and to the instructions

min. 4"

min. 4"

kick-out flashing is inserted between the underside of the

roof-covering layer and a sidewall to redirect water away from
the sidewall. Flashing should be at least 4" tall and 4" wide.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

for any weather-resistive material (such as house

wrap) or flashing material.
Install pan flashing at the window and door
sills unless the window or door manufacturers
instructions state otherwise. Integrate the pan
flashing with jamb (side) flashing and with header
(top) and with the weather-resistive barrier. Install
all window and door flashing so that water drains
away from the opening and out from the structure.
Install sidewall flashing where chimneys or other
masonry construction intersect with walls.
Install projecting lips (sometimes called kick-out
flashing) at chimneys and other sidewalls where
a roof extends past a vertical sidewall. Kickout flashing helps divert water away from this
vulnerable intersection.
Install header/sidewall flashing under and at the
ends of all copings and sills including masonry,
metal, and wood.
Install header/sidewall flashing above all wood
trim that projects from the adjoining wall and
forms a shelf where water can collect.
Install flashing at the attachment point of
exterior porches, decks, balconies, stairs, or floor
assemblies to wood-framed construction.
Install sidewall flashing at all roof and
wallintersections.

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How to flash a Window and a door

1

2
6 in.

adhesive
caulk
Self-adhesive
flashing
pan flashing
4 in.
12 in.

Water
resistant
barrier

6 in.

12 in.

8 in.

patch

install a water-resistant barrier such as flexible flashing to

the sheathing beneath the window opening. Attach the barrier
at the top only so material may be slipped underneath later.
Install a metal or peel-and-stick window pan in the opening.
Cut small patches of adhesive membrane to cover the corners
where the pan climbs up the side jambs. Note: If building wrap
has already been installed, remove just enough to expose the
exterior wall sheathing around the window opening.

8 in.

16 in.
12 in.

cut strips of self-adhesive flashing membrane and apply

them to the wall at each side of the window opening. The
flashing should extend into the window opening an amount
roughly equal to the thickness of the wall. Make slits in the
flashing at the top and bottom and fold over to cover the side
jambs and the vertical portion of the pan. Apply a bead of
adhesive caulk around the sides and top of the opening.

Water
resistant
barrier

install the window according to the manufacturers

directions. Apply a strip of self-adhesive flashing membrane
across the top of the opening, covering the top window
nailingflange.

install building wrap according to the manufacturers

instructions. The edges of the wrap at the window opening
should be secured to the flanges with building wrap tape
supplied by the building wrap manufacturer. At the bottom of
the window, slide the top edge of the building wrap behind the
moisture barrier that was left unfastened at the bottom.

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roof Systems

lthough the installation of roof coverings and

flashings are also covered by most building
codes, the primary interest in roof systems falls in
the structural area. The number and size of the
rafters or trusses is a vital element of home design,
as are the methods for fastening these elements to
the house structure. If you live in a coastal area or
any region that is prone to earthquakes or hurricanes,
a separate set of codes exists for your roof system.
Be sure to enforce its more rigorous standards when
youbuild.

2.

3.

4.
Ridge, VAlleY & Hip RAfteR fRAming
1. Install at least a one-inch (nominal thickness)
ridgeboard at roof ridges in houses built with
rafters (truss-built roofs do not have ridgeboards).
Install a ridgeboard that is at least as deep
as the (plumb) cut end of the rafter. Install
rafters across from each other (within 1") at

5.

the ridgeboard. You may omit the ridgeboard

if you secure the rafters to each other with a
gussetplate.
Install at least a two-inch (nominal thickness)
hip rafter and valley rafter at all hips and valleys,
including valleys formed when one roof is framed
on top of another.
Support hip and valley rafters at the ridge
with a brace to a load-bearing wall, or design
the hipand valley rafters to bear the load at
theridge.
Design and support ridge, hip and valley
raftersas beams, when the roof pitch is less
than312.
Design and support the ridge as a beam and
design the walls supporting the ridge board to
bear the ridgeboard load, when framing cathedral
and vaulted ceilings without ceiling joists and
rafterties.

A roof system comprises rafters or trusses that support roof sheathing. The sheathing is covered with an underlayment and
roofing materials. Soffits, flashing, and ventilation are also important parts of the roof system.

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Common rafters
ridge board

ridge
board
hip rafter
hip jack
rafter

Valley jack rafter

Rafters have specific names that are assigned according to their function in the
roof system.

pURlinS
1. You may use purlins to support rafters that would
otherwise span a greater distance than allowed.
Example: a properly installed purlin at the center
of an 18-foot long rafter would allow you to use
nine-feet as the rafter span distance.
2. Install purlins that are at least the same depth
as the rafters they support. Example: use a 2 6
purlin to support a 2 6 rafter.

position rafters across from each

other on a ridgeboard or beam that is at
least as deep as the rafter plumb cut.

3. Use at least one 2 4 brace to carry the

purlinload to a loadbearing wall. The
purlin brace length should not exceed eight
feet withoutadditional bracing (usually an
additional2 4 nailed to the brace). Purlin
braces should bear on a load-bearing wall and
may not slope at less than a 45 angle from
horizontal. Space the purlin braces not more
than four feet apart.

Use purlins to support rafters if the rafter

span is longer than allowed.
rafter
purlin depth of rafter

Illo 122
CG_Codes
07-20-2009

2 4 brace @
4 ft. on center
8 ft. without
additional support

45 angle

load-bearing wall

purlins Supporting rafters

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CollaR tIes
1. Install 1 4 or larger collar ties or use a
1inch20-gauge ridge strap between rafters
to resist ridge uplift by wind force. You may omit
collar ties in vaulted and cathedral ceilings when
you design and support the ridge as a beam.
2. Space collar ties not more than four feet
oncenter.
3. Locate collar ties in the upper one-third of the
attic space.
4. Connect collar ties and rafters as specified in
Table 12.
5. Verify collar tie requirements with the local
building official and with the Wood Frame
Construction Manual in high wind design areas,
when the roof slope is less than 3/12, and when
the roof span is greater than 36 feet.
RafteR & CeIlIng JoIst
BeaRIng on suppoRt
1. Install rafters and ceiling joists with at least
1inches of the rafter or joist bearing on
supporting wood members (such as a top plate
or a valley rafter) and at least three inches of the
rafter or joist bearing on masonry or concrete.
2. Toenail rafters to the top plate as specified in
Table 12.
3. Install sill plates with a bearing area of at least
48 square inches when the sill plate bears on
concrete or masonry. This means that the sill plate
should have at least 48 square inches of surface
area in contact with the masonry or concrete.
RafteR & CeIlIng JoIst BRIdgIng
&lateRal suppoRt
1. Install bridging on rafters and ceiling joists
deeper than 2 12 (six to one depth to thickness
ratio). Space bridging not more than every eight
feet. Bridging should consist of solid full depth
blocking, wood or metal diagonal bridging, or by

nailing at least a 1 3 wood strip to each rafter

or ceiling joist. Bridging is required by some
building officials on ceiling joists smaller than
212.
2. Install lateral support at bearing points on rafters
and ceiling joists deeper than 2 10 (five to one
depth to thickness ratio).
CeIlIng JoIst naIlIng to RafteR
1. Toenail all rafters to the top plate as specified in
Table 12 regardless of whether the rafter is or is
not parallel to the ceiling joist.
2. Connect one rafter to one ceiling joist when the
ceiling joists are parallel to the rafters. Facenail
these ceiling joists to rafters using 16d common
nails or 40d box nails. (See Table 16, page 88.)
3. Connect one rafter to one rafter tie and connect
the rafter tie to the corresponding rafter on the
other side of the roof when the ceiling joists are
not parallel to the rafters. Install the rafter ties
as close to the ceiling joists as practical. Facenail
rafters ties to rafters using the quantity of 16d
common nails or 40d box nails indicated in
Table16. Use 24 or larger lumber for rafter
ties. Connecting rafters to ceiling joists or to rafter
ties helps the walls resist outward thrust pressure
from the roof.
4. Lap ceiling joists that meet over interior walls or
beams at least 3 inches and facenail using the
same quantity and type of nails indicated in Table
16. Apply this requirement when the ceiling joists
are designed to resist rafter lateral thrust. This
requirement usually applies when the ceiling joists
are attached to the rafters.
5. You may butt the ends of ceiling joists together
over interior walls or beams fasten the ceiling
joists as specified in Table 12. if the ceiling joists
are not designed to resist rafter lateral thrust. This
exception usually applies when the ceiling joists
are not attached to the rafters.

Install collar ties in the upper 13 of the

attic spaced every 4 ft.

Collar tie

Roof rafter

Wall

Ceiling joist

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connect one ceiling joist to one

rafter when the ceiling joists and rafters
areparallel.
rafter

Ceiling joist

connect one rafter tie to one rafter and

to one ceiling joist.

rafter ties
spaced 4 ft.

ceiling JoiSt nAiling

toRAfteRexceptionS
1. Note the following exceptions to the quantity of
nails required by codes:
(a) you may reduce the required quantity of nails by
25% if the nails are clinched (the pointed ends
sticking out from the wood are bent over),
(b) you may use fewer fasteners if you support the
ridge board on load-bearing walls or if you design
and support the ridge as a beam,
(c) you may use a smaller roof span column if you
install purlins to support the rafters, Example: if

you install purlins at the center of rafters with a

roof span of 24 feet, you may reduce the roof span
by 50% and use the 12 feet roof span column,
(d) you may reduce the actual rafter slope by onethird if you substitute rafter ties for ceiling joists,
Example: if the actual rafter slope is 9/12, use
6/12 as the adjusted rafter slope, but because
there is no 6/12 slope row, use the nearest more
conservative 5/12 row,
(e) increase the quantity of nails in the table if the
ceiling joists or rafter ties are not located at the
bottom of the attic space.

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table 16: nail Quantities Ceiling Joists & rafter ties to rafters
ground SnoW load (pSf)
20

30

50

70

rafter
Spacing
(inches)

12

20

28

36

12

20

28

36

12

20

28

36

12

20

28

36

3/12

12
16
24

4
5
7

6
8
11

8
10
15

10
13
21

4
5
7

6
8
11

8
11
16

11
14
21

5
6
9

8
11
16

12
15
23

15
20
30

6
8
12

11
14
21

15
20
30

20
26
39

4/12

12
16
24

3
4
5

5
6
8

6
8
12

8
10
15

3
4
5

5
6
9

6
8
12

8
11
16

4
5
7

6
8
12

9
12
17

11
15
22

5
6
9

8
11
16

12
15
23

15
20
29

5/12

12
16
24

3
3
4

4
5
7

5
6
9

6
8
12

3
3
4

4
5
7

5
7
10

7
9
13

3
4
6

5
7
10

7
9
14

9
12
18

4
5
7

7
9
13

9
12
18

12
16
23

7/12

12
16
24

3
3
3

4
4
5

4
5
7

5
6
9

3
3
3

3
4
5

3
4
5

5
6
9

3
3
4

4
5
7

5
7
10

7
9
13

3
4
5

5
6
9

7
9
13

9
11
17

9/12

12
16
24

3
3
3

3
4
4

4
4
6

4
5
7

3
3
3

3
3
4

3
3
4

4
5
7

3
3
3

3
4
6

4
5
8

5
7
10

3
3
4

4
5
7

5
7
10

7
9
13

12/12

12
16
24

3
3
3

3
3
4

3
4
4

3
4
5

3
3
3

3
3
3

3
3
3

3
4
6

3
3
3

3
3
4

3
4
6

4
5
8

3
3
3

3
4
6

4
5
8

5
7
10

rafter
Slope

roof Span (feet)

RAfteR And tRUSS

connection to WAllS
1. Attach trusses and rafters to the supporting walls
as specified in Table 12. This applies when: (a)
roof uplift force is not more than 200 pounds
and the trusses and rafters are spaced not more
than 24 inches on center; or when (b) the wind
speed is not more than 115 mph., and the wind

exposure category is B and the roof span is not

more than 32 feet, and the roof pitch is at least
5/12. The truss design drawings supersede
thisrequirement.
2. Refer to the IRC or engineered plans for wall
attachment requirements when the limitations in
#1 above do not apply. Some building inspectors
require hurricane ties on all trusses and rafters.

Hurricane ties (also called clips) are

recommended for all rafter or truss
connections to walls. In some areas they
are required.

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Ceiling Joist & rafter Span definitions

Selecting the correct size and type of ceiling joist requires

An attic with limited storage, built with joists and

that you know whether the attic may be used for storage.

rafters, has at least 42" between the top of the ceiling

Selecting the correct size and type of rafter requires that

joists and the bottom of the rafters. An attic with limited

you know the loads imposed by roof covering materials

storage, built with trusses, has at least three adjacent

and loads imposed by snow accumulation on the roof.

trusses with the same web configuration that could

Use these attic storage definitions to help you

contain a cube more than 42" wide and 24" tall located

determine the correct ceiling joist span table. Access to

in the same plane (area) of the truss. An attic with limited

attics with limited storage may be through a scuttle hole

storage is designed with an additional 10 pounds per

or by pull-down stairs. If attic access is by a permanent

square foot live load compared to an attic without storage.

stairway, then consider the attic to be habitable space

Verify the storage capacity of truss-built attics with the

and use the bedroom floor joist span tables instead of the

truss engineer before using the attic forstorage.

ceiling joist span tables.

These attic storage definitions do not affect the

Roof live and snow load. Use the roof live load 20

requirements for access to attics. Refer to the Attic Access

psf tables in areas where the design ground snow load

section (page 91) for attic access requirements.

is less than (<) 30 psf. Use the rafter snow load tables in
areas of the country with ground snow loads of 30 psf or

An attic without storage, built with joists and rafters,

more. Verify the design ground snow load with the local

has less than 42" between the top of the ceiling joists and

buildingofficial.

the bottom of the rafters. An attic without storage, built

with trusses, has not more than two adjacent trusses with

Rafter dead loads. Use the 10 psf rafter dead load

the same web configuration that could contain a cube not

columns when using one layer of roof coverings such as

more than 42" wide and 24" tall located in the same plane

fiberglass shingles and wood. Use the 20 psf rafter dead load

(area) of the truss.

columns when using roof coverings such as tile andslate.

ridge

rafter
min. 42"

limited storage in an attic with joists

and rafters requires a clear span of 42"
tall. In an attic built with trusses, you must
have at least 3 consecutive bays where
a 24" high by 42" wide cube can pass
through without changing direction.

Joist
limited storage in attic with rafters

Chord

min. 42"
min. 24"

Web
limited storage in attic with trusses

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ceiling JoiSt & RAfteR deflection

1. All ceiling joist spans in the tables use L/240
deflection, where L is the length of the joist or
rafter in inches divided by 240.
2. All rafter spans in the tables use L/180 deflection.
ceiling JoiSt & RAfteR SpAn tAbleS
(Selected)
1. Use the following tables to determine the
maximum unsupported horizontal distance that
ceiling joists and rafters can span.

table 18: Ceiling Joist Spans

16" on Center uninhabitable
attics, no Storage
grade

26
ft.-In.

28
ft.-In.

2 10
ft.-In.

Douglas fir

17-8

23-4

>26-0

Hem fir

16-6

21-9

Southern pine

16-11

Spruce-pine-fir

16-11

SpeCIeS

table 19: Ceiling Joist Spans

24" on Center uninhabitable
attics, no Storage
grade

26
ft.-In.

28
ft.-In.

2 10
ft.-In.

Douglas fir

15-0

19-1

23-3

>26-0

Hem fir

14-5

18-6

22-7

21-7

>25-7

Southern pine

13-11

17-7

20-11

22-4

>26-0

Spruce-pine-fir

14-9

18-9

22-11

table 20: Ceiling Joist Spans

16" on Center uninhabitable
attics With limited Storage
grade

26
ft.-In.

28
ft.-In.

2 10
ft.-In.

Douglas fir

13-9

17-5

21-3

Hem fir

12-8

16-0

Southern pine

12-0

Spruce-pine-fir

12-10

SpeCIeS

2. Refer to the IRC or to the AF&PA Span Tables for

Joists and Rafters to determine spans for lumber
widths, species, grades, and snow load factors not
in these tables.
3. These tables apply to roof systems framed
using standard two-inch (nominal thickness)
dimension lumber. An engineer must design roof
trusssystems.

SpeCIeS

table 21: Ceiling Joist Spans

24" on Center uninhabitable
attics With limited Storage
grade

26
ft.-In.

28
ft.-In.

2 10
ft.-In.

Douglas fir

10-8

13-6

16-5

19-7

Hem fir

10-4

13-1

16-0

15-3

18-1

Southern pine

9-10

12-6

14-9

16-3

19-10

Spruce-pine-fir

10-6

13-3

16-3

SpeCIeS

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table 22: rafter Spans 16" on

Center, roof live load 20psf,
Ceiling not attached

table 23: rafter Spans 24" on

Center, roof live load 20 psf,
Ceiling not attached

dead
load

10
pSf

dead
load

10
pSf

SpeCIeSgrade

2 6 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 10
ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.

SpeCIeSgrade

2 6 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 10
ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.

10
pSf

10
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

10
pSf

10
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

Douglas fir - 2

14-4

18-2

22-3

12-5

15-9

19-6

Douglas fir - 2

11-11

15-1

18-5

10-4

13-0

15-11

Hem fir - 2

14-2

17-11 21-11

12-3

15-6

18-11

Hem fir - 2

11-7

14-8

17-10

10-0

12-8

15-6

Southern pine - 2 13-6

17-1

20-3

11-8

14-9

17-6

Southern pine - 2 11-0

10-11

16-6

9-6

12-1

14-4

Spruce pine fir - 2 14-4

18-2

22-3

12-5

15-9

19-3

Spruce pine fir - 2 11-9

14-10

18-2

10-2

12-10

15-8

table 24: rafter Spans 16" on

Center, ground Snow load
30psf, Ceiling not attached

table 25: rafter Spans 24" on

Center, ground Snow load
30psf, Ceiling not attached

dead
load

10
pSf

dead
load

10
pSf

SpeCIeSgrade

2 6 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 10
ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.

SpeCIeSgrade

2 6 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 10
ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.- ft.In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.

10
pSf

10
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

10
pSf

10
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

20
pSf

Douglas fir - 2

12-1

15-4

18-9

10-10

13-8

16-9

Douglas fir - 2

9-10

12-6

15-3

8-10

11-2

13-8

Hem fir - 2

11-9

14-11

18-2

10-6

13-4

16-3

Hem fir - 2

9-7

12-2

14-10

8-7

10-10

13-3

Southern pine - 2 11-2

14-2

16-10

10-0

12-8

15-1

Southern pine - 2 9-2

11-7

13-9

8-2

10-4

12-3

Spruce pine fir - 2 11-11

15-1

18-5

10-8

13-6

16-6

Spruce pine fir - 2 9-9

12-4

15-1

8-8

11-0

13-6

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 Roof truss installation

tRUSS deSign & bRAcing WRitten
SpecificAtionS ReqUiRementS
1. Use a qualified engineer to design all wood
trusses such as roof and floor trusses. The
engineer and/or truss manufacturer should
provide written truss design and installation
specifications and deliver them to the job site
with the trusses. These specifications should
include engineering information, such as chord
live and dead loads, and assembly information,
such as the size, species, and grade of each
truss member, and installation instructions,
such as where each truss should be located on
the structure and how the trusses should be
permanently braced.

2.

3.

4.
5.

tRUSS inStAllAtion
toleRAnceRecommendAtionS
1. Install trusses according to the installation
tolerances contained in the written truss
specifications. Use the following installation
tolerances from the booklet Guide to Good
Practice for Handling, Installation & Bracing of
Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses only if the
engineer and/or truss manufacturer does not
provide installation instructions. The IRC does not
specifically require installation to these tolerances;
however, installation to these tolerances is implied
by the general IRC requirement that components

be installed according to manufacturers

installationinstructions.
Install trusses so that a bow in either the top
or bottom chord is not more than L/200 or two
inches, whichever is less. L is the length of the
truss chord in inches.
Install trusses that are out-of-plumb (vertical) by
not more than D/50 or two inches, whichever is
less. D is the depth of the truss in inches at the
point of measurement.
Install trusses at load-bearing points not more
than inch from the location on the plans.
Install trusses that use the top chord as the
weight-bearing point with a gap of not more
than inch between the inside of the loadbearing support and the first diagonal or vertical
trussweb.

AlteRAtion And RepAiR of tRUSSeS

1. Do not alter trusses in any way, including cutting,
notching, boring, and splicing, without written
instructions from a qualified engineer.
2. Do not use trusses to carry the weight of
equipment (such as furnaces or water heaters),
use the attic area for storage, or hang storage
units from trusses unless the trusses have been
designed to carry the additional weight.
3. Do not repair damaged trusses without written
instructions from a qualified engineer.

truss details

top chords

truss bearing point

depth
of truss

max. out
of plumb

bearing
wall
"

C
b

Webs
gusset

first web
length of truss chord

bottom chord

max. bow
truss chord
d

bearing point

a = truss bearing on top chord; b = truss not plumb; C = truss parts; d = bowed truss chords

92 Codes for Homeowners

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Illo 131

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Attic Access
geneRAl Attic AcceSS ReqUiRementS
1. Provide an access opening to every attic with at
least 30 square feet of attic area and a vertical
height of at least 30 inches at some point in the
30 square feet. Measure the vertical height from
the top of the ceiling joists (or truss bottom chord)
to the bottom of the rafters (or truss top chord).
2. Provide a rough opening (size before finishing) for
a ceiling attic access of at least 22 inches by 30
inches. Locate the opening in a hallway or other
readily accessible location. Locate the opening so
that at least 30 inches of unobstructed headroom
exists at some point above the opening.
3. Provide a rough opening (size before finishing) for
a wall attic access of at least 22 inches wide by
30inches high.
4. You do not need to provide attic access if the ceiling
and roof systems are built using non-combustible
materials. This is rare in residentialconstruction.
5. Refer to the IRC for additional access
requirements if appliances are located in the attic.

inSUlAtion cleARAnce
to HeAt pRodUcing deViceS
1. Provide at least three inches clearance between
combustible insulation and heat-producing
devices such as recessed lighting fixtures and fan
motors. Most insulation used in modern homes is
considered combustible.
2. You may reduce the three-inch clearance
requirement if the device is listed for a
lesser clearance and is installed according to
manufacturers instructions.
3. Install an insulation shield around any gas
or oil vent that passes through an attic
or other insulated area (such as a floor/
ceilingassembly).
4. Use at least 26-gauge sheet metal for the
insulation shield.
5. Extend the shield at least two inches above attic
insulation material.
6. Secure the insulation shield to prevent movement
of the shield.

Shield

install an insulation shield around equipment vents that pass through insulation.

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Exterior
Components
T

he primary function of the exterior components of

a building is to keep the elements out. Of these
elements, the most destructive is water. Water causes
more damage than almost any other natural source,
including fire and termites. Water can destroy most
building materials, and it is an essential ingredient for
mold growth.
In this chapter you will learn about three common
water control issues. Shingle roof coverings are the
most common type of material for keeping water that
falls on the roof out of the home. You will learn about
the code requirements for shingle installation and
about where to install flashing that keeps water away
from vulnerable areas, such as where roofs intersect
with walls and chimneys. You will also learn about
code requirements for water control around your home
so that water stays out of basements and crawl spaces.
This chapter also contains information about
fireplaces and chimneys. Water infiltration is common
around these components, and fire safety is an
additional important consideration.

In this chapter:
Shingle Roof-Covering Installation
Fireplaces & Chimneys

95

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Shingle Roof-Covering Installation

hen it comes to installing roof coverings, it can be

a little hard to define where enforceable codes end
and where ordinary best practices begin. But it is safe
to say that most codes contain guidelines for installing
roof coverings that, if followed, will ensure a long-lasting
roof that keeps moisture from penetrating your house.
The following information applies to all types of asphalt
shingles. It does not include asphalt-based rollroofing.

Always read and follow the shingle

manufacturer's instructions. They are printed
on every package of shingles. Details that seem
minor, such as failing to install the starter course
and incorrectly installing nails can make a big
difference in how the shingles perform under
stress. Failing to follow instructions can void the
shingle warranty.

Asphalt shingles is a fairly general

description that includes three-tab,
dimensional and laminated shingles.

Roof Slope & Sheathing

Roof Slope ReStRiction
1. Do not install shingles on roofs with a slope less
than 212. Low slope and flat roofs require solid
membrane roofs or fully bonded roof coverings.
2. Install a double underlayment layer under shingles
on roofs with a slope between 2/12 and 4/12.
3. Verify shingle manufacturers instructions
about minimum roof slope. Some do not allow
installation on slopes less than 2/12.
Roof Deck type ReStRiction
1. Install shingle roof covering only on solid sheathed
roofs. In residential construction this means roofs
covered by OSB or plywood, which includes virtually
all houses built in the last generation ortwo.

12"

7"

Ra

fte

Outside wall

Roof slope is measured by the number of inches the roof

increases in height (rise) in 12" horizontally (run).

96 Codes for Homeowners

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with the ability of the shingles sealing strips

to seal. Underlayment wrinkles and distortions
can appear through the shingles creating a
cosmeticissue.
DRip eDGe
1. Install drip edge flashing at eaves and at
gablerakes.
2. Use drip edge flashing that extends at least inch
below the roof sheathing and extends at least
2inches up the roof deck.
3. Lap adjacent drip edge pieces at least 2 inches.
4. Attach drip edge using roofing nails spaced not
more than 12 inches on center.
5. Install underlayment under the drip edge
atrakes.
6. Install underlayment over the drip edge at eaves.

endorsed products for roofing underlayment include roofing

felt (building paper) in both #15 and #30 thickness as well as
self-adhesive ice dam underlayment. Elastomeric roof cement
is used for minor patching and sealing as well as for binding
underlayment courses together.

UnDeRlAyment SpecificAtionS
1. Use at least #15 roofing felt (also called
building paper). This is the most common
shingle underlayment because #15 felt is
very inexpensive. Other material, such as
modified bitumen sheets, may be acceptable.
Refer to general codes for other acceptable
underlaymentmaterials.
UnDeRlAyment ApplicAtion
foR Roof SlopeS 4-in-12 AnD GReAteR
1. Begin at the eaves and apply at least a 36 inches
wide strip of underlayment parallel to the eaves.
2. Lap horizontal joints at least 2 inches with the
upper strip over the lower strip.
3. Lap end joints as specified by the shingle
manufacturer. End joint laps are usually between
4 and 6 inches.
4. Offset end joints by at least 6 feet.
5. Use sufficient fasteners to hold underlayment
in place. The IRC does not specify fastener type
andquantity.
6. Minimize wrinkles and distortions in the
underlayment. Wrinkles should not interfere

proper installation of underlayment is important for reducing

roof leaks. The underlayment should overlap the top of the
drip edge at the eave, with the drip edge along the rake edges
installed after the underlayment so it overlaps and directs
runoff onto the underlayment.

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UnDeRlAyment ApplicAtion foR Roof

SlopeS Between 2-in-12 AnD 4-in-12
1. Begin at the eaves and apply at least a 19-inchwide strip of underlayment parallel to the eaves.
2. Begin again at the eaves and apply at least a
36-inch-wide strip of underlayment.
3. Lap each successive layer at least 19 inches over
the previous layer, with the upper layer lapping
over the lower layer.
4. Lap end joints at least six inches.
5. Use sufficient fasteners to hold underlayment in
place. Most codes do not specify fastener type
and quantity, although staples driven at six-inch
intervals are common.
6. Install drip edge as previously described.
UnDeRlAyment ApplicAtion
in ice DAm AReAS
1. Install ice dam underlayment where there is
a history of water backup at the eaves caused

by ice. Verify ice dam requirements with the

local building official. You do not need to
install ice dam underlayment on unconditioned
detached accessory structures, such as an
unheatedgarage.
2. Install either a sheet of self-adhering, polymermodified bitumen roofing or at least two layers
of roofing felt bonded together with roofing
cement. Begin the ice dam underlayment at
the lowest edge of all roof surfaces and extend
it at least 24 inches beyond the exterior wall of
thebuilding.
3. Measure distances horizontally, not up the roof
sheathing. Begin the 24-inch measurement
from the interior side of the wall. Example:
if the eaves extend 12 inches, horizontally,
from the exterior wall of the building, extend
the ice dam underlayment at least 39 inches,
horizontally, from the edge of the eaves (assuming
a 24wall).

Self-adhesive ice guard

(2 courses)

install one or two courses (depends on local codes) of fully-bonded, self-adhesive ice dam underlayment in coldweatherclimates. Ice dam underlayment helps prevent liquid water from running under the shingles and leaking into your home.

98 Codes for Homeowners

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eowners
Page:98

Roof flashing
Roof flashing used with asphalt shingles is typically
made of metal: primarily galvanized steel, aluminum,
or copper. The timing for installing it depends on
the type of flashing. Some, such as valley flashing, is
installed prior to the finished roof covering (shingles).
Other types, such as step-flashing, is interwoven with
the shingles during the installation process. In some
cases, formable, self-adhesive flashings can be used
instead of metal. In some code areas, roll roofing
may be used as valley flashingcheck with your
buildinginspector.
cloSeD-cUt VAlley flAShinG
1. Before installing the shingles, install valley
flashing material according to the shingle
manufacturers instructions. You may use at

least a36-inch-wide strip of smooth roll roofing

material as valley flashing material with at least
18inches on each side of the valley; or you may
use any open valley lining material.
2. Place nails at least six inches away from the valley
centerline, unless other spacing is approved by the
shingle manufacturer.
3. Apply the shingles across one side of the valley
at least 12 inches, or as recommended by the
shinglemanufacturer.
4. Apply shingles from the other direction to
before the valley centerline and trim the edges,
as recommended by the shingle manufacturer.
Seal the cut shingles in a closed-cut valley, as
recommend by the manufacturer. Sealing the cut
shingles is frequently omitted.

woven valleys are a common shingle

valley treatment. Some manufacturers
do not allow these valleys when using
laminated shingles.

closed-cut valley shingles are cut in

a straight line about 2" from the valley
center line. The cut should be on the side
where the least amount of water is likely
to flow.

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chimney cRicketS
1. Install a cricket (also called a saddle) on
chimneys that are more than 30 inches wide in
the dimension parallel to the roof ridgeline. A
cricket is not required if the chimney intersects
the roof ridgeline. This also applies to factorybuilt chimneys that are installed inside a wood
chimneychase.
2. Flash the cricket at the chimney wall using step
and counter flashing that is compatible with the
roof covering material.
3. Install the cricket with a vertical height at the
chimney based on Table 26. W is the width of
the chimney. Leave at least a one-inch air space
between a wood-framed cricket and a masonry
chimney wall.
Step flAShinG
1. Install step flashing at the intersections of a
sloped roof and a vertical side wall. Use flashing
that is at least four inches wide by four inches
high. Install kick-out flashing at the end of the
wall to direct water away from the side wall.
2. Flash the intersection of a sloped roof and a
chimney according to the shingle manufacturers
instructions. This typically includes step flashing
covered with counter flashing.
3. Flash other roof penetrations, such as plumbing
and gas vents, according to the shingle
manufacturers instructions.
4. Flash skylights according to the skylight
manufacturers instructions.

flash roof and sidewall intersections

using step and counter flashing. Install
kick-out flashing (inset) at the end of
thewall.

table 26:
Chimney Cricket height
ROOf SlOpE

CRICkEt hEIght

12/12

1/2 W

8/12

1/3 W

6/12

1/4 W

4/12

1/6 W

3/12

1/8 W

Cricket

A cricket is a raised section of roof custom-bent metal

flashing aide that fits on the high side of a chimney to deflect
runoff water so it doesnt erode the chimney. Improper
installation and flashing of chimney crickets is a common
cause of roof leaks.

flash all penetrations such as

plumbing vents and equipment vents
with preformed flashing, often called
boots. Make sure the flashing conforms
to your roof slope.

most skylights for residential

installation come with a flashing kit.
Improper installation and flashing
of skylights is a common cause of
roofleaks.

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eowners
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Water-resistive
material
Weep flashing
Counter
flashing 3
in. lap base
flashing

Sheathing
Weep holes spacing
33 in. o. c. (24 in.
o. c. recommended)
size 3/8 in.
(2 in. gap at joint
between brick ends
recommended)
Roof covering
underlament

kickout
flashing 4
in. by 4 in.
recommended
angle aprox. 110

Base flashing
4 in. vertical
and horizontal

integrate kickout flashing with sidewall flashing and the

water-resistive material.

Counterflashing
optional for
siding

Weather-resistant
barrier overlaps
flashing

flash brick veneer using base and counterflashing that is

integrated with the water-resistive material.

fasteners
Building wrap 2 in.

t
men

rlay
unde
tu r n a l l
up w
ing
flash
.
Step . by 4 in
n
4i

Underlayment
installed
as required
by local
conditions

Drip edge

Counterflashing 2 in.
flashing 4 in.
Roof covering
kickout flashing
4 in. by 4 in.
recommended angle
aprox. 110

A properly flashed roof/sidewall intersection includes

roof covering underlayment, base and counterflashing, waterresistive material, and kickout flashing.

Underlament

A headwall is where a roof rises to meet a sidewall. Flash

headwalls using base and counterflashing integrated with
water-resistive material.

Roofing fasteners
fASteneR type & QUAntity
inStAnDARD ShinGlinG conDitionS
1. Use the type and quantity of fasteners
recommended by the shingle manufacturer.
Locate nails on the shingle strip precisely as
recommended by the shingle manufacturer. Some
manufacturers recommend installing nails below
the black adhesive seal strip. Other manufacturers
leave a gap in the seal strip for installing nails. Do
not install nails above the seal strip unless allowed
by the manufacturer. Failure to comply with

manufacturers installation instructions is a code

violation and may void the manufacturers warranty.
2. Use corrosion-resistant roofing nails (usually
galvanized steel) with at least a 12-gauge shank
and a 38-inch-diameter head. Use nails long
enough to penetrate into the roof sheathing
at least inch and completely through any
sheathing that is less than -inch thick. Install at
least four nails per shingle strip, with a nail at one
inch from each end and two nails equally spaced
in the center of the strip.

Staples as Shingle fasteners

Staples are not endorsed in general codes as an approved shingle fastener. Some shingle manufacturers allow staples,
but seldom recommend them. Avoid using staples as shingle fasteners in both new construction and when replacing an
existing shingle roof.
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Fireplaces & Chimneys

nstalling a factory-built or gas fireplace is a do-ityourself project because you can design and build
the fireplace frame to suit your needs and add your
own finish treatments. It all starts with some careful
planning. Once you decide on the fireplace model and
determine where to place it, order all of the vent pipes
and fittings needed to complete the vent run.
Note: Consult the manufacturers instructions for
the specifications regarding placement, clearances, and
venting methods for your fireplace.
Start your planning by determining the best
location for the fireplace. Placing the unit next to
an exterior wall simplifies the venting required.
One important specification for a direct-vented gas
fireplace located in a basement is that the termination

cap (on the outside end of the vent) must be 12inches

above the ground and away from openings such as
windows and doors.
For help with any of these planning issues,
talk with knowledgeable dealers in your area. They
can help you choose the best fireplace model for
your situation and help you with venting and other
considerations. Remember that all installation
specifications are governed by local building codes
and that a building permit will be required. Check
with the building department to make sure your
plans conform to regulations. Notice: The information
on pages 102 to 103 apply specifically to masonry
fireplaces, but many are useful guidelines for gas
fireplaces aswell.

Masonry fireplace clearance to combustible Materials

Masonry fireplace HeartH extension
clearance to coMbustible Materials
1. The hearth extension is the area in front of the
firebox. It must be made of non-combustible
material upon which sparks and hot materials
from the firebox may land without starting a fire.
Tile and masonry units are typical.
2. Build a hearth extension for a masonry fireplace at
least 16 inches in front of the firebox opening and at
least eight inches to the sides of the firebox opening,
if the firebox opening is less than six square feet.
3. Build a hearth extension for a masonry fireplace at
least 20 inches in front of the firebox opening and
at least 12 inches to the side of the firebox opening,
if the firebox opening is six square feet ormore.
4. Build a hearth extension for a factory-built
fireplace according to the fireplace manufacturers
instructions. The hearth extension size is often the
same as for a masonry fireplace.
Masonry fireplace clearance
toMantels & triM
1. Locate all combustible mantels and wood trim at
least six inches from a masonry fireplace opening.
2. Provide at least one inch of clearance to the
masonry firebox opening for every 18 inch
that combustible material projects from the
fireplace surround. This applies to materials
within 12inches of the fireplace opening.

provide a hearth extension (the area of the floor adjoining

the fireplace) that meets minimum size standards based on
the square footage of the fireplace opening.

Example:locate one-inch thick fireplace mantel

legs at least eight inches from the fireplace opening.
Example: locate greater than 12 inches from the
fireplace opening any part of a fireplace mantel or
mantel leg that is more than 112 inches thick.
3. Provide clearance to combustible materials for a
factory-built fireplace according to the fireplace
manufacturers instructions. The clearance is
often the same as for a masonry fireplace.

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eowners
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SpARk ARReStoR & RAin cAp

1. You are not required to install a spark arrestor
or a rain cap on a masonry chimney, unless the
local building official requires one. They are,
however, recommended to protect the home and
surrounding area from fire and to protect the
chimney and home interior from water damage.
2. Comply with all of the following requirements
for installed spark arrestors: (a) make the
unobstructed arrestor area at least four times the
area of the flue it serves; (b) make the arrestor
screen using heat and corrosion-resistant material
equal to 19-gauge galvanized steel or 24-gauge
stainless steel; (c) build the arrestor screen so it
does not pass 12-inch-diameter spheres and does
not obstruct 38-inch-diameter spheres; (d) make
the arrestor accessible for cleaning and make the
cap removable to allow for flue cleaning.
chimney USeD AS AppliAnce Vent
1. Have a qualified contractor evaluate a chimney
before using it to vent an appliance such as a gas
furnace or water heater, an oil-fired furnace, or
a pellet stove. Chimneys that are too small may
allow unsafe backdrafting of carbon monoxide
into your home. Chimneys that are too large may
allow water to condense in the chimney and cause
considerable damage to the chimney.
2. Do not use a chimney as a gas appliance vent if
any side of the chimney is exposed to the outdoors
below the roofline. This means that a chimney
must be completely enclosed within the house
walls until it reaches the attic.
3. You may use a chimney as a vent for one draft
hood-equipped gas water heater if the area of the
chimney flue as at least as large as the area of the
draft hood outlet and not more than seven times
the area of the draft hood outlet.
4. Do not use a chimney as a vent for one fanassisted, medium efficiency gas furnace.
5. Do not connect an appliance vent to a masonry
chimney flue if the area of the appliance connector
is larger than the area of the chimneyflue.
6. Connect appliances, such as pellet fuel burning
and oil fuel burning appliances, to masonry
chimney flues only if the flue: (a) is built with an
approved fire-clay liner, or (b) has been relined
with a chimney lining system listed for use in
a masonry chimney and listed for use with the
appliance, or (c) is built using approved materials.
7. Install a permanent label in a conspicuous
location warning occupants if a chimney has

locate wood trim far enough from the firebox to avoid fires.

been relined and warning them what types of

appliances may be connected to the chimney.
8. Have gas appliance vents connected to masonry
chimney flues according to the provisions for gas
appliance vents in IRC Chapter 24.
wooD-BURninG fiReplAce eneRGy
efficiency ReQUiRementS
1. Install an air barrier on fireplace walls.
2. Install doors with gaskets at fireplace openings.
3. Install a tight-fitting flue damper.
comBUStion AiR foR fiReplAceS
1. Provide combustion air from outside for
solid fuel-burning masonry and factorybuilt fireplaces. Install combustion air ducts
for factory-built fireplaces according to
manufacturer'sinstructions.
2. Provide combustion air from the outside for
vented gas and oil fireplaces according to
manufacturer's instructions.
3. Locate the outside combustion air inlet at or
below the firebox level. Cover the inlet with a
screen having -inch mesh.
4. Install combustion air openings and ducts that
have an area of at least 6 sq. in. and not more
than 55 sq. in. Use a combustion air duct that is
designed for that purpose or keep the duct at least
1-inch away from combustible materials within
5feet from the firebox.
5. Locate the inside combustion air outlet in the
back or side of the firebox or at hearth level and
not more than 24 inches from the firebox opening.
6. Install a closure mechanism at the combustion
airoutlet.
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 factory-built fireplaces
Factory-built fireplaces and chimneys include components
tested, listed, and labeled to be installed together as a
system. Such fireplaces are usually designed to burn
solid fuels, such as wood, though they may be converted
to use gas if approved by the fireplace manufacturer. Do
not mix components from different manufacturers unless
approved by the fireplace manufacturer.
Fireplaces designed to burn only gas are not
really fireplaces. They are decorative gas appliances.
Vented decorative gas appliances are more like a water
heater than like a fireplace. Unvented decorative
gas appliances are more like a gas range than like a
fireplace. Install and use decorative gas appliances
according to manufacturers instructions and IRC
Chapter 24. Note that some jurisdictions do not allow
unvented decorative gas appliances. Also note that
manufacturers of unvented decorative gas appliances
recommend limits on the duration of use.

create wall surrounds for fireplaces with cementboard,

which has some heat-resistant qualities and also makes a
good backer for ceramic tilea popular choice for finished
fireplace surrounds.

gas fireplaces
Direct vent gas fireplace

Vent-free gas fireplace

Vent
pipe

Chase
framework
(optional)

Elbow
Blocking
for top
plates

Cripple
studs

2" clearance
at back of unit

Header

Framework
for fireplace
surround

Standoffs
(14" clearance)

2" clearance
at sides of unit

Platform

A gas fireplace behaves more like a water heater than like a fireplace, but these appliances do produce dangerous
gases and are by their very nature a fire hazard. The two most common types are direct-vent gas fireplaces, which
produce heat that can contribute to your home heat plan and are vented to the exterior, and vent-free gas fireplaces (not
allowed in some states) that are purely decorative. Because the amount of gas they consume is so small (comparable to
a gas range with all burners on), they do not require venting.

104 Codes for Homeowners

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eowners
age:104

fActoRy-BUilt fiReplAce
& chimney inStAllAtion
Install factory-built chimneys and fireplaces according
to the manufacturers instructions. These instructions
include requirements for hearth extensions, clearances
to combustible materials, and installation of
combustion airducts.
DecoRAtiVe chimney coVeRS
Do not install decorative chimney covers,
shrouds,or similar components at the
chimneytermination unless the component is
listed and labeled for use with the particular
fireplacesystem.
StRUctURAl SUppoRt
foR fActoRy-BUilt fiReplAceS
Provide adequate structural support for factorybuilt fireplaces and chimneys according to
manufacturersrecommendations.

Vents for gas fireplaces must have a protective

termination cap (supplied by manufacturer).

Direct-vent gas fireplaces may be vented through a

sidewall. Chimneys for wood-burning fireplaces are vertical.

factory-built fireplaces (including direct-vent and ventfree gas fireplaces) typically require structural support.
If the fireplace is recessed into a wall, structural support
is in the form of a mounting platform located on the
otherside.

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eowners
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Heating & Air

Conditioning
S

afety is the primary focus of code provisions

governing heating and air conditioning systems.
Improper appliance installation can cause the
appliance to malfunction, creating a fire hazard as well
as the potential for carbon monoxide poisoning. Fuelburning appliances, such as gas and oil furnaces, must
be installed in safe locations and must be provided
with enough outside air to support fuel combustion.
Vents for these appliances must be installed so that
they do not ignite combustible materials and so
that combustion gases are not circulated back into
thebuilding.
In this chapter you will learn about the safe
installation of heating and air conditioning appliances
and their associated venting equipment. You will
also learn about how to identify improperly installed
forced-air ducts that can increase your energy costs
and decrease your appliances useful life.

In this chapter:
HVAC Appliances
HVAC Duct Installation
Combustion Air
for Fuel-burning Appliances
Vents for Fuel-burning Appliances

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HVAC Appliances

eating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems

are often referred to as a group by the term
HVAC. This is because they share a common
purpose: to keep the air in your home comfortable.
All HVAC systemseven hot-water-based systems
rely on the flow of air to heat, cool, and ventilate
yourhome.
Most homes today include two separate major
appliances in the HVAC system: a furnace and a

central air conditioning unit. In most cases, even

when the AC has been retrofitted, the appliances
share ductwork.
The information in this chapter is intended
mostly for general education purposes and to assist
with diagnosing system problems. Unless you
are a very experienced DIYer, installing and
servicing HVAC equipment is a job best left
toprofessionals.

C
Warm
air to
house

A
A
E

F
B

C
G
G

D
E

Cold air return

H

Central air conditioner parts include: (A) Power shutoff for

service personnel, (B) Condenser unit, (C) Fan, (D) Condenser
coil, (E) Compressor, (F) Plenum, (G) Evaporator coil, (H) Blower
motor, (I) Filter, (J) Air return.

Gas furnace parts include: (A) Heat exchanger,

(B)Circulating fan/blower motor, (C) Vent damper, (D) Vent
connector/flue, (E) Combustion chamber, (F) Burners,
(G)Blower motor.

108 Codes for Homeowners

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eowners
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Prohibited LoCAtions
for APPLiAnCe instALLAtion
1. Do not locate gas or other fuel-burning
appliances in: bedrooms, bathrooms, toilet
rooms, or storage closets. Do not draw
combustion air for any fuel-burning appliance
from these rooms regardless of where the
appliance is located.
2. Do not locate appliances anywhere that is not
approved by the manufacturers instructions.
3. Do not apply this provision to appliances powered
by electricity.
exCePtions: Prohibited LoCAtions
for APPLiAnCe instALLAtion
1. You may install direct-vent appliances in
prohibited locations if the appliance draws all
combustion air directly from the outdoors.
2. You may install vented room heaters, vented
wall furnaces, vented decorative appliances, and
decorative appliances listed for installation in
vented, solid fuel-burning fireplaces (such as gas
logs) in prohibited locations if the room satisfies
combustion air volume requirements.

ar

ai

3. You may install one listed, wall-mounted,

unvented room heater in a bathroom if the
appliance has an oxygen depletion safety shutoff
system, if the appliance input rating is not more
than 6,000 BTU/hour, and if the bathroom
satisfies combustion air volume requirements.
4. You may install one listed, wall-mounted,
unvented room heater in a bedroom if the
appliance has an oxygen depletion safety shutoff
system, if the appliance input rating is not more
than 10,000 BTU/hour, and if the bedroom
satisfies combustion air volume requirements.
5. You may install appliances in an enclosure
accessible from the prohibited locations if
all combustion air is drawn directly from the
outdoors and if the enclosure is equipped with a
self-closing door that is weather-stripped.
6. The standard combustion air volume requirement
is at least 50 cubic feet per 1,000 BTU/hour
appliance input rating. This standard volume
requirement does not apply if the home is tightly
sealed with a known air infiltration rate of less
than 0.40 air changes per hour. Tightly sealed
homes are rare.

Thermostat

Register

Warm
air
duct

Cool air

Combustion
chamber
Fresh air
intake
Furnace
Blower

Return air duct

A typical forced air heating system delivers heated air to

a room through registers while drawing cool air through return
ducts. The cool air is reheated in the furnace and recirculated
for maximum efficiency. A fresh air intake provides a constant
supply of combustion air.

An air intake vent that draws combustion air into the system
allows you to install appliances in areas that lack adequate
combustion air. The vent shown is for a high-efficiency
gasfurnace.

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electric baseboard heaters often are used to provide supplementary heat. Models (such as the one above) that do not produce
external temperatures greater than 125 F may be mounted directly to drywall walls, but a clear space should be maintained
between the appliance and the floor.

electric radiant (baseboard) heating systems

Electric radiant heating systems provide heat to a
single room. They usually have no fan and provide heat
by natural movement of the heated air and by thermal
radiation. They are common in small, seasonally
occupied buildings, some rural homes, and in buildings
without ducts for forced-air heating and cooling. These
elements become very hot, and proper installation is
important to prevent fires and electricalproblems.
instALLAtion requirements
1. Install electric radiant heating panels according
to manufacturers installation instructions and
applicable provisions of general and local codes.

2. Install radiant panels parallel to wood framing

members and fasten the panels to the surface
of the framing members or mount the panels
between framing members.
3. Install fasteners only in areas of the appliances
radiant panel designed for fasteners. Install
fasteners at least inch away from a
heatingelement.
4. Install radiant panels as complete units, unless
listed and labeled for field modifications.
5. Do not install radiant panels on drywall unless the
panels maximum operating temperature is not
more than 125 degrees Fahrenheit.

Estimate Your Heater Needs

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Measure the area of the room in square feet

(length width):
Divide the area by 10 to get the baseline minimum
wattage:
Add 5% for each newer window or 10% for each
older window:
Add 10% for each exterior wall in the room:
Add 10% for each exterior door:

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Add 10% if the space below is not insulated:

Add 20% if the space above is not well insulated:
Add 10% if ceiling is more than 8 ft. high:
Total of the baseline wattage plus all additions:
Divide this number by 250 (the wattage produced per
foot of standard baseboard heater):
11. Round up to a whole number. This is the minimum
number of feet of heater you need.

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Appliances installed in Garages

In warmer areas of the country some major
household appliances are routinely located in garages
to conserve interior floorspace. Water heaters are
code-regulated to be installed in garages. Others,
such as central vacuum units, should be installed
following the manufacturers instructions and best
practices, but typically are not subject to specific
codes beyond applicable wiring, plumbing, and fire
safety codes.
eLevAted APPLiAnCes in GArAGes
1. Elevate the appliance ignition source at
least18 inches above the floor when the
appliance is located in a garage or is located
in an unconditioned room that opens directly
into the garage. Appliances with a potential
ignition source include gas and electric water
heaters, gas and electric clothes dryers, gas and
electric furnaces, and heat pumps with auxiliary
resistance-heating elements. Rooms that open
directly into the garage include storage and
utility rooms that are not part of the conditioned
living space. These rooms include rooms
separated from the garage by a door opening into
thegarage.
2. Measure the elevation distance to the ignition
source in the equipment, not to the bottom of the
equipment (unless the ignition source is at the
bottom of the equipment).
3. You may install appliances on the floor in rooms
that are adjacent to a garage but do not have an
opening into the garage.
ProteCtion of APPLiAnCes
fromvehiCLes
1. Protect HVAC appliances and water heaters
from vehicle impact. The appliance or water
heater does not need to be located in a garage
or carport to qualify for protection from vehicle
impact. General codes do not specify how to
provide this protection. Common protection
methods include steel poles called bollards,
vehicle tire stops, and encasing the equipment
in substantial framing.

Appliances such as water heaters that are installed in a

garage must have the ignition source elevated at least 18" off
the floor.

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 hvAC Appliance & duct sizing

APPLiAnCe sizinG
1. Size heating and cooling appliances according
to The Air Conditioning Contractors of America
(ACCA) Manual S or a similar approved method.
Manual S and Manual J account for conditions
such as the direction the structure faces, the size
and type of windows and doors, local temperature
conditions, and insulation. Contractors should
provide a copy of the sizing calculations for all
new construction and when replacing existing
appliances. Improper appliance sizing may
cause inefficient appliance operation or may

allow excessive moisture to remain in the home.

Excessive moisture can damage the home and
provide moisture for mold growth.
duCt desiGn
1. Design duct systems according to ACCA Manual
D or a similar approved method. Contractors
should provide a copy of the duct design
calculations for all new construction. Improper
duct sizing and installation can cause inefficient
appliance operation and can cause uneven
temperatures in the home.

Air Conditioner Condensate disposal

The process of removing heat from the air is often
called air conditioning. Water is a byproduct of air
conditioning because water vapor condenses out from
the air when the air temperature is reduced. In areas
with high humidity, air conditioning can produce
significant amounts of water. The water removed from
the air during air conditioning is calledcondensate.

5. You may use most water supply and drain pipes for
condensate discharge pipes. The most common
condensate discharge pipes are PVC, CPVC, andABS.
6. Connect a condensate pump to the appliance it
serves so that the appliance will not operate if
the pump will not operate. This applies to pumps
located in spaces such as attics and crawlspaces.

CondensAte disPosAL
LoCAtionrequirements
1. Do not discharge condensate on to a street, alley,
or any other place that would create a nuisance.
Some jurisdictions, particularly in warm moist
areas, require that you discharge condensate away
from the foundation. Verify discharge location
requirements with the local building official.
CondensAte disChArGe
PiPerequirements
1. Use at least 34-inch diameter pipe for primary
and auxiliary condensate discharge pipes. Do not
decrease pipe size between the collection and
discharge point.
2. Install horizontal pipe sections with a uniform
slope in the direction of the discharge point of at
least 18 inch in 12 inches.
3. Use fittings, primers, cements, hangers, and
other components that are compatible with the
pipe material. Install the pipe according to the
provisions in general codes.
4. Use pipe material and use a pipe size that will
accommodate the condensate temperature,
pressure, and flow rate produced by the air
conditioning system.

Condensate from air conditioner units should be directed

to a drain through discharge pipes.

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CondensAte AuxiLiAry (bACkuP)

system requirements
1. Install an auxiliary condensate system when
the air conditioner evaporator coil is located
where building damage may occur if the primary
condensate discharge system malfunctions.
This usually applies to evaporator coils installed
in or above finished space. Many jurisdictions
require auxiliary condensate systems for all air
conditioning systems, unless all of the equipment
is located outside the building.
2. Install one of the following auxiliary condensate
systems when an auxiliary condensate system
is required.(a) Condensate auxiliary drain pan
with discharge pipe. Install an auxiliary drain pan
under the evaporator coil. Use a pan that is at
least 1 inches deep and at least three inches
larger than the evaporator coil in both length and
width. Construct the pan using either at least

0.0276-inch galvanized sheet metal or at least

a 0.0625-inch, nonmetallic pan. Slope the pan
toward the discharge pipe connection. Install
the auxiliary discharge pipe using the same
materials and methods as the primary discharge
pipe. Terminate the auxiliary discharge pipe at a
conspicuous point so that the occupants can see
that the primary condensate discharge system is
not functioning properly (a conspicuous point
often means above a window). (b) Water level
cutoff switch. Install a water level cutoff switch
above the primary condensate discharge pipe
where it connects to the evaporator coil and
below the evaporator coil interior condensate
pan overflow rim, or you may install the switch
in the primary or secondary discharge pipes. The
switch location should allow the switch to shut
off the air conditioner before water overflows into
thebuilding.

Maintenance Tip: Keep Discharge Tubes Clear

Condensate discharge tubes that
run from your air conditioner
evaporator have a strong
tendency to become clogged with
mildew, algae, bacteria, and other
unappealing nuisances. To prevent
clogging, flush the discharge
tube every couple of months
with a solution of 2 tablespoons
household chlorine bleach
dissolved into a cup of hot water.

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HVAC Duct Installation

mproper duct installation and duct damage are

common problems. Ducts that leak, have sharp
bends, or sag reduce the volume of air that moves
through the duct and increase the friction between
the air and the duct walls. This causes the HVAC
system to work harder and longer than necessary,
wasting energy andmoney.

flexible hvAC
ductinstallation
GenerAL instALLAtion requirements
1. Install flexible ducts according to
manufacturersinstallation instructions.
Theinstallation instructions that follow are based
on material from the Air Diffusion Council.
Thefull, original version may be downloaded from
their website (see Resources, page 233).
2. Use flexible ducts that are labeled at least
every 36 inches with information such as the
manufacturers name and the R-value of the
ductinsulation.
3. Do not expose flexible ducts to direct sunlight
such as may occur under roof vents. Direct
sunlight can damage the duct outer cover.
4. Extend flexible duct to its full length. Do not leave
excess duct material in a duct run and do not
compress the duct.

Maximum Acceptable
Duct Bend

duCt suPPort
1. Support flexible ducts using material at least
1inches wide. You may support flexible ducts
on1-inch-wide framing.
2. Support flexible ducts at not more than
4-foot intervals. You may use a fitting or
distributionplenum to provide initial flexible
ductsupport.
3. Do not allow flexible duct to sag between supports
more than inch per foot.
4. Support bends in long horizontal runs of flexible
duct at not more than one duct diameter on both
sides of the bend.
5. Support bends in flexible duct that occur near the
plenum connection. Allow flexible ducts to run at
least several inches beyond a plenum connection
before making a bend.
6. Provide independent support for duct fittings and
distribution plenums. Support duct fittings at not
more than one foot from the fitting.
7. Support vertical runs of flexible duct at more than
six-foot intervals.
duCt bends
1. Do not bend flexible ducts at sharp angles across
obstructions such as framing lumber and pipes.
Such bends reduce the duct area and restrict
airflow.
2. Do not bend flexible ducts so that the bend radius
at the centerline is less than one ductdiameter.

Unacceptable
Duct Bend

flexible ductwork may not be bent at an

overly tight angle. The radius of any curved
bend should be no less than the diameter of
the duct.

Duct
Diameter

Duct
Diameter

Duct
Diameter
Duct
Diameter

Radius of curve
1 duct diameter

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intervals between supports (hangers)

for flexible HVAC ductwork can be no
more than 4 ft. apart.

3. Avoid changing the shape of the duct. The area of

a round duct is greater than the area of the same
duct compressed into an ellipse.
duCt ConneCtions & sPLiCes
1. Connect and splice ducts according to
manufacturers instructions.
2. Connect flexible ducts to metal collars that are at
least two inches long.
3. Splice two ducts together using a metal sleeve at
least four inches long.
4. Use approved clamps and tape to secure
nonmetallic flexible ducts to metal collars
andsleeves.
5. Use approved tape and mastic to seal duct collars,
plenums, and other fittings to ensure minimum
airleakage.

duCt insuLAtion And seALinG

1. Insulate HVAC supply ducts located in attics
to at least R-8. Insulate all other ducts to at
leastR-6.
2. You are not required to insulate
ductsthatarecompletely within
conditionedspace.
3. Seal ducts, furnaces, air handler, filter boxes,
junction boxes, and fittings.
4. Verify duct and air handler sealing with a
duct pressure test. You may perform this test
duringrough-in or after final installation
of the HVAC system. Refer to the IRC for
testrequirements.
5. Do not use framing cavities such as stud
wallsand floor framing as HVAC ducts
orplenums.

Prohibited sources for return & outdoor Air

Prohibited sourCes of return Air
1. Do not locate a return air register in a closet,
bathroom, toilet room, kitchen, garage,
mechanical room, furnace room or closet.
2. Do not locate a return register closer than 10 feet
in any direction to an open combustion chamber
or to a draft hood-equipped appliance. Common
examples of these prohibited sources include a
fireplace and a water heater.
3. Do not take more return air from a room or a
space than is supplied to that room or space.

2.

3.

4.
5.

Prohibited sourCes of outdoor Air

1. Locate outdoor air intake openings connected to
forced-air heating and cooling systems at least
10 feet horizontally from contaminant sources

6.

including gas equipment vents, chimneys, plumbing

vents, or the discharge outlet of an exhaust fan.
You may locate outdoor air intake openings closer
than 10 feet horizontally to a contaminant source
if the outdoor air intake opening is at least three
feet below the contaminant source.
Do not locate outdoor air intake openings where
objectionable odors, fumes, or flammable vapors
may be present.
Locate outdoor air intake openings at least 10 feet
above a public walkway or driveway.
Do not locate outdoor air intake openings at grade
level next to a sidewalk, street, alley, or driveway.
Provide an automatic or gravity-operated damper
for air intake systems that will close the damper
when the system is not operating.
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Combustion Air for Fuel-burning Appliances

uel-burning appliances, such as gas furnaces,

boilers, and water heaters, need air to support the
fuel-burning (combustion) process. These appliances
also need air for cooling, ventilation of the appliance,
and for proper operation of the vent system that expels
combustion byproducts outside. The air required to
support operation of fuel-burning appliances is called
combustion air.
Without adequate combustion air, incomplete fuel
combustion may occur. Byproducts of incomplete fuel
combustion can include carbon monoxide and soot that
can damage the appliance and its vent. This is a health
and safety hazard. Appliances operating without adequate
combustion air can cost more to operate and maintain.
Do not confuse combustion air with the similar
term makeup air. Makeup air replaces air that is
exhausted by clothes dryers, exhaust fans, fireplaces,
and similar devices.

APPLiAnCes needinG Combustion Air

1. Provide combustion air for Category I gas appliances
and for liquid fuel-burning (oil) appliances
according to the appliance manufacturers
recommendations and to code requirements.
Category I gas appliances include the gas furnaces
and water heaters found in most homes.
2. Provide combustion air for direct vent and for
Category II, III, and IV gas appliances according
to the appliance manufacturers instructions. Do
not apply combustion air requirements to these
appliances. Category II appliances do not currently
exist. Category III and IV appliances include
medium and high efficiency gas appliances that
operate with positive vent pressure.
3. Do not apply combustion air requirements to
fireplaces and fireplace stoves. Refer to other general
codes for fireplace combustion air requirements.

fuel for appliances (natural gas, propane,

fuel oil) requires an adequate supply of
fresh combustion air for efficient burning,
as well as a means of effective venting.

Combustion Air Depletion by Other Systems

Other appliances compete with gas and oil-burning

to ensure that combustion air and venting needs

appliances for combustion air. This can create negative

aresatisfied.

pressure that can interfere with operation of the gas

Account for air exhausted by appliances (such

and oil-burning appliances and their vents. General

as clothes dryers, bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans,

codes do not define how to account for air exhausted

fireplaces) and account for combustion air used by other

by other appliances. Gas and oil-burning appliances

fuel-burning appliances when determining combustion

located in or near rooms containing clothes dryers,

air requirements. This is important when drawing all

exhaust fans, and fireplaces require special attention

combustion air from inside the home

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Combustion Air duCt mAteriALs

&ConstruCtion
1. Use galvanized steel to construct combustion
air ducts. Refer to other general codes for duct
material specifications.
2. You may use unobstructed stud and joist spaces
as combustion air ducts if only one required
fireblock is removed.
3. Terminate combustion air ducts in
unobstructed space that allows free
airmovement.
4. Do not open combustion air ducts into more
than one room or enclosure.

5. Do not use the same combustion air duct for both

the upper and lower duct openings.
6. Do not install a screen on any combustion air duct
opening in the attic.
7. Do not slope horizontal combustion air ducts
downward toward the source of combustion air.
Make the duct level or slope it toward theappliance.
8. Do not use the space in a masonry, metal, or
factory-built chimney that surrounds a chimney
liner, gas vent, plastic piping, or other devices as a
combustion air duct.
9. Locate the lowest point of an exterior combustion
air opening at least 12 inches above exterior grade.

Airtight Construction
Homes built using airtight construction techniques do not

Older homes rarely satisfy these requirements. Newer

allow enough air infiltration into the home to safely support

homes may satisfy the first two requirements, but it is

fuel combustion. The lack of adequate combustion air can

still rare for most builders to seal all framing and utility

cause many problems, including the production of carbon

penetration gaps as intended by the third requirement.

monoxide and soot that can be a health hazard and can

Many homes may obtain combustion air from inside the

damage appliances and vents. Do not draw combustion air

home, but you should verify with the builder if the home

from inside the home if it is built using airtight construction

was built using airtight construction techniques.

techniques. Youll need to bring it in from outdoors. Even

when drawing combustion air from inside is allowed, it is
not considered best practice. You should consider directvented appliances that draw combustion air from outdoors
when replacing existingappliances.
Although most homes built today use some energyefficient construction techniques, few are so tight that
they are considered airtight and therefore require
supplementary combustion air. To be considered airtight, a
home must have measured air changes that are less than
0.4 per hour. Youll need to contact a qualified building
energy analyst to determine whether your house meets
this standard, but here are some hints:

If your home is airtight, the thermal envelope walls have a

continuous water vapor retarder with a rating of one perm
or less and any openings in the vapor retarder are sealed.

Doors and operable windows meet air leakage

requirements of the International Energy
Conservation Code.

Gaps and spaces are sealedincluding gaps and

spaces between windows and doors and the
surrounding framing, between sole plates and floors,
between wall and ceiling joints, between wall panels,
and at wall penetrations for utilities such as plumbing,
electrical, and gas.

Windows that meet air leakage requirements

should come with a rating label from a sanctioned source.
Among these sources are the International Energy
Conservation Code and the National Fenestration Rating
Council, which employs the California Energy Commission
standards for air infiltration.

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 Combustion Air from Within a room

Combustion air may be drawn from the
room where the appliance is located if
the room is large enough. Consult with
an engineer or inspector to help you
determine if the room meets the minimum
size requirement for your appliance.

Required room volume is at least 50 cu. ft. per

1,000 Btu input for all appliances in the room.

Combustion Air using one Permanent opening to outdoors

import combustion air by
creating one permanent opening to
the outdoors. To do this, draw air in
from an opening in an exterior wall
or from an opening in the roof.

Illo 161
CG_Codes
06-15-2009
A
One air intake opening of at least 1 sq. in. per
3,000 Btu input for all appliances in the room.
Terminate the opening within 12 in. from
theceiling.

B
C

A - Attic
B - Exterior through roof
C - Exterior through wall

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Vents for Fuel-burning Appliances

vent is generally a vertical component, such as a

metal pipe, that conducts combustion products
from a gas or oil-burning appliance to the outdoors. A
vent for a single appliance begins at the fitting where
the vent connector, if any, connects to the vent. A
common vent for multiple appliances begins at the
highest connector fitting. If a vent is located directly
over the appliance draft hood or flue collar, or if the
vent connects directly to the appliance, then the vent
begins at the appliance and there is no ventconnector.
A vent connector is a pipe that connects an
appliance to its vent or flue. A vent connector is

required if the appliance is not located directly

under its vent. A vent connector for a Category I gas
appliance may be a listed vent material, such as a
Type B vent, a listed flexible vent connector, or a field
constructed single-wall metal pipe made of at least
28-gauge galvanized steel. While a vent connector is
part of the venting system, it is not the vent itself.
Common types of vents and vent connectors include
the Type B vent used with most gas appliances, Type L
vents used with oil-burning appliances, flexible connectors
used with gas appliances, and single-wall connectors that
may be used with either gas or oil-burning appliances.

Vent

Vent

Vent
connector

Vent height
for vent
and vent
connector

Vent
connector

Lateral

Lateral

vents and vent connectors often look the same, but they have different installation requirements.

vent connectors and fittings include:

(A) Single wall-vent connector; (B) Type B
elbow; (C) Type B vent; (D) Type L vent;
(E, F) vent caps.

Illo 163
Illo 163Illo 163
CG_Codes CG_Codes
CG_Codes
D
06-15-200906-15-2009
06-15-2009

B
C

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vent CLeArAnCe
to CombustibLe mAteriALs
1. Provide the distance between a vent or a vent
connector and combustible materials based on the
vent or vent connector manufacturers installation
instructions and based on the appliance
manufacturers installation instructions. Table 27
contains typical clearance distances for common
types of vents and vent connectors. Confirm
the distances in Table 27 with the appliance
manufacturers instructions and with the vent
manufacturers instructions.
vent CLeArAnCe
to roof & obstruCtions
1. Terminate a Type L vent at least two feet above
the roof and at least two feet above any part of
the home within 10 feet of the vent. Measure
termination height above the roof from the highest
point where the vent penetrates the roof to the
bottom of the vent cap.
2. Terminate a masonry chimney at least three feet
above the roof and at least two feet above any
part of the building within 10 feet of the chimney.
Measure termination height above the roof from
the highest point where the chimney penetrates
the roof to where the flue exits the chimney.
This provision also applies to many factorybuilt chimneys. Confirm factory-built chimney
termination height using the manufacturers
installation instructions.
3. Use Table 28 to determine the minimum height
above the roof of a Type B gas vent not more
than 12 inches in diameter. Measure termination
height above the roof from the highest point
where the vent penetrates the roof to the bottom
of the listed cap. For thick roof-covering materials
such as tile, measure from the tile to the bottom
of the listed cap.

Avoid fires by maintaining distance between vents and

combustible materials.

4. Do not use Table 28 if a Type B vent is closer

than eight feet to a vertical side wall, gable end,
or similar vertical obstruction. Terminate these
vents at least two feet higher than the highest
point where the vent penetrates the roof and at
least two feet higher than any part of the roof or
building within 10 feet horizontally.
5. Terminate all vents and chimneys at least 10 feet
horizontally from operable windows unless the
vent is at least three feet above the window.
6. Do not install a vent terminal where a door can swing
within 12 inches horizontally from the vent terminal.
This will apply mostly to direct vent terminals.
7. Do not install a decorative shroud or surround at
a vent termination unless the shroud or surround
is listed for use with the specific venting system
and unless the shroud or surround is installed
according to manufacturers instructions. This
prevents an unlisted shroud from interfering with
the drafting characteristics of the vent system.

Table 27: Typical Clearance Distances to Combustible

Materialsfor Common Types of Vents & Vent Connectors
VENT OR CONNECTOR TYpE

AppLICATION

TYpICAL CLEARANCE DISTANCE

Type B vent and vent connector

Category I gas appliance

1"

Type L vent and vent connector

Oilburning and Category I gas appliance

3"

Singlewall vent and vent connector

Category I gas appliance

6"

Singlewall vent and vent connector

Oilburning appliance listed for Type L vent

9"

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Joints betWeen vents

& vent ConneCtor seCtions
1. Secure joints between the vent or vent connector
and the flue collar or draft hood, vent or vent
connector sections, and vent connector and
the vent using (a) sheet metal screws (usually
three); (b) listed, interlocking vent material
(such as Type B vent) connected according to
the vent manufacturers instructions; or (c) other
approvedmeans.
sLoPe of vents & vent ConneCtors
1. Slope vents and vent connectors up toward
the roof termination at least 14 inch per foot.
Do not allow any dips or sags in the vent or
ventconnector.
APPLiAnCes not requirinG A vent
1. You are not required to vent the following gas
appliances: (a) ranges and other domestic cooking
appliances listed and labeled for optional venting,
(b) domestic (Type 1) clothes dryers, (c) portable,
countertop, and similar small kitchen and
laundry appliances, (d) gas-fueled refrigerators,
(e) listed, unvented room heaters, and (f) listed,
unvented decorative gas appliances (unvented
gas fireplaces).

Table 28: Type B Gas Vent

Height Above Roof
ROOF pITCH

MIN. VENT HEIGHT

Flat to 6/12

12"

Over 6/12 to 7/12

15"

Over 7/12 to 8/12

18"

Over 8/12 to 9/12

24"

Over 9/12 to 10/12

30"

Over 10/12 to 11/12

39"

Over 11/12 to 12/12

48"

Over 12/12 to 14/12

60"

Over 14/12 to 16/12

72"

Over 16/12 to 18/12

84"

Over 18/12 to 20/12

90"

2. Verify venting requirements using manufacturers

instructions. Some manufacturers of appliances
such as unvented gas fireplaces recommend
limiting the duration of use and/or opening a
window while the appliance is operating.

Safety Tip
Always have combustion
vent installations diagnosed
and inspected by a
qualifiedprofessional.

A gas vent roof terminator cap protects the vent from moisture and pests. These
caps are designed so they do not impede or restrict air flow.

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Plumbing
System
P

lumbing projects are popular among do-it-yourselfers,

so naturally theres a strong demand for information
on home plumbing subjects to make sure home projects
are accomplished correctly. Water supply pipes must be
properly sized, supported, and connected to avoid water
leaks and to avoid low water flow at fixtures.
Wastewater drain pipes must be properly installed
to avoid water leaks and sewage backups. Traps and
vents must be correctly hooked up in drain lines.
Finally, in this chapter youll learn basic
requirements for installing water supply pipes, water
drain and vent pipes, as well as installing common
plumbing fixtures such as water heaters, faucets, tubs
and showers.

In this chapter:
The Home Plumbing System
Water Supply Piping
Drain, Waste & Vent Piping (DWV)
Plumbing Vents
Plumbing Traps
Plumbing Appliances & Fixtures

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Definitions of Plumbing Terms

Air admittance valve: An air admittance valve is a
one-way valve attached to a plumbing vent pipe. It is used
when extending a vent to the roof or to another vent is
impractical or not desirable. The valve allows air into the
vent system when there is negative pressure in the vent
pipe and closes to limit the flow of sewer gas into the home.
Branch drain: A branch drain is a drainage pipe that
takes soil and waste from fixture drains to a stack or to the
building drain.
Branch vent: A branch vent connects other vents,
usually individual and common vents, to a vent stack or
stack vent.
Braze (Brazing): A method of joining metal pipe (such
as copper and brass) at temperatures exceeding 1,000
degrees Fahrenheit. Brazing is sometimes called silver
soldering, because it uses a silver alloy as the brazing
material. Brazed joints are stronger than soldered joints.
Building drain: The building drain is usually the lowest
horizontal drainpipe in the building and collects material
from branches and stacks. It extends to 30" beyond the

A relatively new device, the air admittance valve (AAV)

has been endorsed as a substitute for individual exterior
vent termination by most codes.

foundation, where it connects with the building sewer. A

building with fixtures below the building drain (such as in a
basement) has a building sub-drain. Material in a sub-drain
must be pumped up to the building drain.
Building sewer: Building sewer usually refers to the
pipes beginning at the building drain and ending at the

Fitting (compression)

public sewer or septic tank.

Drainpipe: Drainpipe usually refers to the pipes inside
the building that take soil and waste to the building
sewerpipe.
Fittings: Devices that connect parts of the plumbing
system together and allow pipes to change direction.
Drainage fittings include wyes, sweeps, bends, tees, and
couplings. Water supply fittings include elbows, tees,
couplings, and valves.
Fixture: A device that connects to water supply pipes and
connects to plumbing waste pipes. Fixtures include toilets
(water closets), bathroom sinks (lavatories), kitchen and
laundry sinks, bathtubs, and showers.

The general term fitting is for any device from any

material that is used to connect plumbing pipes. A brass
compression fitting for copper supply pipe is shown here.

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Drain tailpiece

The hub is the enlarged fitting, usually in cast-iron drain

pipe. The spigot is the end of the pipe that fits into the hub.
Drain stubout

Fixture drain: The horizontal pipe between a trap outlet

Trap arm

and the fitting, connecting it to another drain pipe. A

fixture drain is sometimes called a trap arm. Any pipe
after the fixture drain fitting is not part of the fixture drain.
Hub: An enlarged opening molded on the end of a pipe or
a fitting into which a section of pipe (the spigot) is inserted.
In older plumbing, cast-iron hubs and spigots were sealed
The fixture drain, or trap arm, is a piece of drain tubing
that connects a fixture and its drain line to the drain stubout in the wall or floor.

with oakum or hemp and lead. In modern plumbing, you

may seal cast-iron hubs and spigots with an elastomeric
O-ring gasket, or you may remove the hub and convert
the pipe into a hubless pipe. Hubless pipe joints are often
sealed by an elastomeric sleeve held in place by stainless
steel rings (also called a banded coupling).
Laundry tray: A sink, usually located in a laundry area,
used for various laundry-related and other purposes. It
is also known as a laundry sink or a deep sink. You may
discharge a clothes washing machine into a laundry tray
instead of a standpipe.
An offset in a vertical drainpipe (drain stack) is any change
in direction in the pipe from vertical to an angle other than
vertical, then back to vertical. Offsets are most often used
to run a stack around an obstruction (such as a wall or
beam) that cannot be drilled or notched. An offset that is
not more than 45 from vertical is defined to be vertical.
Receptor (indirect waste): The term receptor refers
to a device such as a floor sink or a floor drain. Indirect
waste receptors have a source of water that is not directly

An indirect waste receptor collects drain water from a

source and introduces it to the drain system, but it is not
connected directly to the wastewater source. Floor drains
(above) are common indirect receptors.

and permanently connected to the receptor. Example: a

floor drain could receive condensate water from an air
conditioning system. The condensate drain is not directly
and permanently connected to the floor drain.

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Definitions of Plumbing Terms

Slip joints

P-trap

Install slip joints only on accessible traps.

Saddle fitting: A saddle fitting is a connection between

pipes where a new pipe is attached to an existing pipe by
puncturing the existing pipe and clamping the new pipe to
the existing pipe. Saddle fittings are sometimes used to tap
existing water supply pipes for low volume applications
such as refrigerator ice-makers and reverse osmosis
water treatment systems. Saddle fittings are prohibited

Saddle fittings are prohibited on drainage pipes, but

they are sometimes allowed in low volume applications
such as this water filter discharge tube. Ask your building
department if saddle fittings are allowed in your area.

in drainage pipes, but are often found in low volume

applications such as reverse osmosis water treatment
system discharge tubing connection to traparms.
Slip joint: A hand-tightened fitting at the inlet and outlet
side of traps. Slip joints allow easy removal of the trap for
cleaning. Slip joints must be accessible.
Soil: Material in the plumbing drainage system that
contains urine or fecal material.
Solder (Soldering): A method of joining metal pipe (such
as copper and brass) at temperatures that do not exceed
800 F. Soldering usually uses a tin alloy as the joining
material. Soldered joints are weaker than brazed joints.
Stack: A stack is a vertical plumbing drain or waste pipe
that extends one or more stories. A stack collects waste
material from horizontal drainage pipes and conducts it to
the building drain or other horizontal drain.
Stack vent: A dry vent that connects to a soil or waste
stack above the highest horizontal drainage connection
and may extend through the roof to the outdoors or may
terminate with a stack-type air admittance valve.

Soldering is a technique, often called sweating, thats

used to join copper and brass tubing and fittings. It is less
strong than brazing, but code approved for virtually all
residential plumbing joints.

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Standpipe: A vertical pipe used as an indirect waste

receptor. Standpipes are most often used as the receptor
for a clothes washing machine.
Stop-and-waste valve: A water supply valve with
an opening that allows draining of the non-pressure
side. These valves are most common in cold climates
and are used to protect exterior water fixtures from
freezedamage.
Tailpiece: A tailpiece is a short piece of vertical pipe that
runs from the plumbing fixture waste outlet (drain) to the
inlet side of the fixtures trap.
Trap: A trap is a fitting, usually located either inside
or under fixtures, that prevents sewer gases from
escaping from the plumbing waste pipes. Traps maintain
a water seal (trap seal) extending from the traps
crown weir to its dip. Vents help protect the water seal
A standpipe is an open pipe mounted vertically
and leading into a branch drain system. Standpipes
often are installed as receptors for washing machine
dischargetubes.

fromsiphoning.
Vent: Pipe or mechanical device that allows air into the
plumbing drainpipes to equalize air pressure in the pipes.
Plumbing vents help avoid draining (siphoning) traps and
help wastewater flow freely through the system. Plumbing
vents usually terminate on the roof, although mechanical
vents (called air admittance valves) are allowed in
somecircumstances.
Vent stack: Dry vent that connects at or near the
connection of a soil or waste stack and a horizontal drain.
A vent stack runs vertically and often runs parallel to the

Chromed
brass P-trap

soil or waste stack that it vents.

Yard hydrant (freeze proof): A freeze proof yard
hydrant is an outdoor water supply outlet that has a valve
and outlet above ground and a drain opening below the
frost level. When the valve is opened, water flows. When
the valve is closed, the water supply to the hydrant is shut
off below the frost level and a drain hole is opened that
allows the water in the yard hydrant pipe to drain into a

P-trap for
wall drain

gravel bed. This drains the yard hydrant and its riser so
S-trap for floor
drain (prohibited
innewconstruction)

that the hydrant will not freeze.

Waste: Liquid material in the plumbing drainage system

Traps are the S- or P-shaped pipes in a fixture drain.

Their purpose is to prevent sewer gas from coming up
through the drain opening.

that does not contain urine or fecal material. Waste is

sometimes referred to as gray water. Waste comes from
all plumbing fixtures except toilets and urinals.

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The Home Plumbing System

Roof vent

Stack vent
Branch vent

Vent pipe

Trap

Water heater
Branch pipe

Waste
stack

Branch drain

Main
shutoff
valve
Water meter

Hot water
supply pipes

Floor drain

Cold water
supply pipes
Drain pipes
Vent pipes

Building drain

Main water
supply pipe

Building sewer

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Water Supply Piping

ater supply pipes carry hot and cold water

throughout a house. In homes built before 1960,
the original supply pipes were usually made of galvanized
iron. Newer homes have supply pipes made of copper.
In most areas of the country, supply pipes made of rigid
plastic or PEX are accepted by local plumbing codes.
Water supply pipes are made to withstand the
high pressures of the water supply system. They have
small diameters, usually inch to one inch, and are
joined with strong, watertight fittings. The hot and
cold pipes run in tandem to most parts of the house.
Usually, the supply pipes run inside wall cavities or
are strapped to the undersides of floor joists. They are
sometimes run in the attic in warm climates.

Hot and cold water supply pipes are connected

to most fixtures and appliances. Fixtures include
sinks, tubs, and showers. Some fixtures, such as
toilets and hose bibbs, are supplied only by cold
water. Appliances include dishwashers and clothes
washers. A refrigerator icemaker uses only cold
water. Tradition and codes say that hot water
supply pipes and faucet handles are found on
the left-hand side of a fixture, with cold water on
theright.
Because it is pressurized, the water supply
system is prone to leaks. This is especially true of
galvanized iron pipe, which has limited resistance
to corrosion.

HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Hot water
supply lines
Cold water
supply lines

In from municipal
water supply

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 Water Pressure vs. Water Flow

Water flow and water pressure are often confused.
Water flow is the amount of water you can get from a
full water pipe. Water pressure is the amount of force
that the water exerts on the walls of a full water pipe.
Once a pipe is full of water, a water pressure increase
will not increase the water flow in the pipe. In fact, a
water pressure increase beyond a certain amount will
cause the pipe to burst. The ideal water pressure is
between 40 and 60 pounds per square inch (psi).
Water flow is primarily a function of the size,
type, and installation of water supply pipes and
supply fixtures. You can achieve more flow in a larger
pipe than you can in a smaller pipe. Different pipe
materials, such as PEX and copper, have different
flow rates for the same size pipe. Many current water
supply fixtures have flow restriction devices that limit
the water flow rate to conserve water.
Water pressure is primarily a function of the force
behind the water as it enters the piping system. A
system with too little water pressure may not provide
sufficient water flow when multiple supply fixtures are
being used. Too much water pressure, exceeding 80
psi, can cause premature failure of water supply pipes
and fixtures. A pressure regulator is recommended to
reduce excessive water pressure.

Install a pressure-reducing
valve when the water
pressure exceeds 80psi.

Table 29: Min. Water Flow

Rate at Fixture Supply Pipe
FIxTURE

MInIMuM & MAxIMuM WATeR PReSSuRe

1. Provide each dwelling with at least 40 psi of static
water pressure. The minimum pressure applies to
both public and private (well supplied) water supplies.
Measure the water pressure as close as possible to
where the water supply enters the building.
2. Do not exceed 80 psi static water pressure.
3. Install an approved pressure-reducing valve at the
main water supply connection to the dwelling if
the static pressure exceeds the maximum. Measure
the water pressure to the point where the water
supply enters the building as closely as possible.
MInIMuM FLoW RATe AT FIxTuReS
1. Provide at least the water flow rate in Table 29 for
the indicated fixtures. Water flow rate is measured
in gallons per minute. Water flow rate means
the water flow from the pipe without the fixture
attached. The water flow rate in the table does not
mean that the water flow from the fixture must
be at least the amount in the table. Some fixtures
contain required flow restrictors that will limit the
actual water flow from the fixture to less than the
water flow rate in the table. Example: the minimum
water flow rate for a shower is three gallons per
minute but the maximum flow-restricted rate from
the showerhead is 2.5 gallons per minute.
MAxIMuM FLoW RATe AT FIxTuReS
1. Use fixtures that allow a water flow rate that is not
more than the flow rate in Table 30. Water flow
rate is measured in gallons per minute. If either
the water supply pressure to the building or the
water pressure loss in the pipes reduces the water
pressure at the fixture to less than the design
pressure, the flow rate at a flow-restricted fixture
may be less than the maximum.

MInIMUM FLOW RATE (gPM)

Bathtub

Bidet

Dishwasher

2.75

Laundry tub

Lavatory

0.8

Shower

2.5

Hose bibb
Sink

5
1.75

Table 30: Max. Water Flow

Rate at Fixture
FIxTURE

MAxIMUM WATER FLOW

RATE AT DESIgn PRESSURE

Lavatory

2.2 gpm at 60 psi

Shower head

2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Sink

2.2 gpm at 60 psi

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CoMMon WATeR DISTRIBuTIon PIPeS

1. Install water service pipe that has a working
pressure rating of at least 160 psi at 73 degrees
Farenheit, or the highest available pressure,
whichever is greater.
2. Common water distribution pipe materials used in
modern residential construction include those in
Table 31.
3. You may use other approved materials if allowed
by local codes. Copper, CPVC, and PEX are the
most common water distribution pipes.

Copper

CPVC

Table 31: Common Water

Distribution Pipe Materials
COMMOn WATER
DISTRIBUTIOn
PIPEMATERIALS

APPROVED FOR
USE UnDER
COnCRETE SLABS

CPVC plastic pipe

yes

Copper and copper alloy

pipe and tubing

Copper tubing,
minimum Type M

PEXALPEX pipe

yes

PEX tubing

yes

PEALPE pipe

yes

Water supply pipes include: copper,

CPVC, and PEX (blue for cold, red for hot).

PEx

Fittings for water supply lines include:

(A) PVC and CPVC tee, elbow and coupling;
(B) copper tees and elbows; (C) brass
compression fittings; (D) brass fittings,
withbarbs.

B
C

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WATeR DISTRIBuTIon PIPe JoInTS

AnDConneCTIonS
1. Use fittings made from the same material as the pipe
when connecting pipes made from the same material.
Example: use copper fittings to connect copper pipe
and CPVC fittings to connect CPVC pipe. Use
solder or brazing to connect copper pipes. Use PVC
cement and primer to connect CPVC pipes.
2. You may use flared fittings to make connections
between soft copper water tubing and valves and
fixtures. Use approved fittings and a flaring tool to
form and connect these joints.
3. Use fittings and crimping tools approved by the
tubing manufacturer when connecting PEX and
other plastic water supply materials to each other.
Most homeowners should not attempt to install
PEX and similar materials using these fittings
and tools because this requires training and
experience. Mechanical fittings are recommended
for homeowners.
4. You may use mechanical fittings to connect
pipes made from the same materials and pipes

using fittings made from the same

material as the pipe is the least
expensive way to connect pipes.

made from different materials. Install the fittings

according to manufacturer's instructions.
FLexIBLe WATeR ConneCToRS
1. Use flexible water connectors to connect water
supply pipes to appliances and fixtures. Examples
of proper uses of flexible water connectors:
connecting water supply pipes and a water
heater, connecting valves and a clothes washing
machine or a dishwashing machine, connecting a
refrigerator icemaker and a valve, and connecting
a valve and a faucet.
2. Use a flexible water connector that is approved
for the application. Example: do not use a
connector intended for a clothes washing machine
to connect a water heater to the hot water
supplypipe.
3. Do not run flexible water connectors
through walls, ceilings, and floors and in
concealedspaces.
4. Do not use flexible water connectors as a
substitute for permanent water supply pipes.

using mechanical fittings is a

good (but more expensive) way for
homeowners to connect different pipe
types together and to connect pipes of
the same type together.

use flexible water connectors

according to manufacturer's
instructions. Avoid using plastic tubing.
This material can burst and cause
significant water damage.

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table 32: Plumbing Pipe support, Water supply & dWv Pipes
PiPe
mAteriAl

ABS pipe
Cast-iron pipe

mAximum horizontAl
sPACing

mAximum vertiCAl
sPACing

mid story guide reqd

for PiPe diA. 2"

48"

120"

yes

60"*

180"

no

Copper tubing ( 1 4" dia.)

72"

120"

no

Copper tubing ( 112" dia.)

120"

120"

no

CPVC pipe or tubing ( 1" dia.)

36"

120"

yes

CPVC pipe or tubing ( 114" dia.)

48"

120"

yes

Polybutylene (PB) pipe or tubing

32"

48"

no

PEX

32"

120"

yes

PEXALPEX and PEALPE

32"

48"

yes

PVC pipe

48"

120"

yes

Steel pipe

144"

180"

no

* You may increase cast-iron pipe horizontal spacing to 120" when using 10 ft. pipe lengths.

PiPe SuPPort
1. Support pipes so they will maintain alignment and
will not sag.
2. Support and install pipes so they can move with
the normal expansion and contraction of the
piping system without scraping or rubbing against
supports or framing materials.
3. Use pipe supports that will carry the weight of
the pipe and that are sufficiently wide to prevent
crimping and distortion of the pipe.
4. Use pipe supports that will not cause corrosion or
galvanic reaction between the pipe and the support.
Example: do not use steel supports with copper
pipe or copper supports with cast-iron pipe.
5. Provide rigid sway bracing at changes in pipe
direction more than 45 degrees for pipe sizes at
least 4 inches in diameter.
6. Provide horizontal and vertical support for pipes
according to Table 33 (see page 136).

Support copper tubing

withcompatible hangers.

A
B

Support hangers and clamps for: CPVC and PVC (A),

Copper (B), PEX (C).

Support for PeX tubing is particularly

important near manifolds and fittings.

Provide vertical support for pipes

running parallel to wall studs. Install
supports according to Table 32.

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Protect pipes 1" from the edges of studs and joists.

PRoTeCTIng PIPeS FRoM

PunCTuRe&CoRRoSIon
1. Protect plumbing pipes (other than cast iron or
galvanized steel) with shield plates, if the pipe is
run through holes that are closer than 1 inches
from the edge of studs, joists, rafters, or similar
framing members. Extend the shield plate at
least two inches below top plates and at least two
inches above bottom plates.
2. Use shield plates at least 0.062 (116)-inch thick.
3. Apply these rules to pipes running through
holes and notches in framing materials. While
not required by most general codes, it is a best
practice to protect pipes (other than cast iron or
galvanized steel) that are closer than 112 inches
from the edge of framing materials. The most
common example of such pipes is a pipe installed
parallel to the edge of a stud or joist.
4. Protect copper plumbing pipe from corrosion
where it passes through masonry or concrete. You
may use pipe wrapping material designed for this
purpose or you may enclose the pipe in a sleeve.
5. Protect gas pipes with shield plates if the pipe
is closer than 1 inches from the edge of studs,
joists, rafters, or similar framing members. Extend
the shield plate at least 4 inches below top plates
and at least 4 inches above bottom plates.

PRoTeCTIng PIPeS FRoM FReezIng

1. Do not install water supply and waste pipes:
outside of a building, in exterior building walls,
in attics and crawl spaces, or in any other place
subject to freezing temperatures unless the pipes
are protected by insulation or heat or both.
2. Install water service pipe at least 12 inches deep
or at least six inches below the frost line.
3. Verify minimum water service and building sewer
pipe depth with the local building official.
4. Apply these requirements only to areas with a
winter design temperature of 32 degrees Farenheit
or less.

FIxTuRe CuToFF VALVe (AngLe SToP)

1. Provide each plumbing fixture, except for
bathtubs and showers, with an accessible cutoff
valve on the hot and cold water supply pipes.
These valves are sometimes called angle stop
valves. You may install cutoff valves at bathtubs
and shower, but these valves are not required.
VALVeS & ouTLeTS
InSTALLeD BeLoW gRounD
1. Do not install water supply outlets and stopand-waste valves below ground. Example: do not
install a hose bibb below ground.
2. You may install a freeze-proof yard hydrant below
ground if the water supply to the hydrant is
protected with a backflow preventer and the yard
hydrant is permanently labeled as a non-potable
water source.
HoSe BIBB CuToFF VALVe
1. Provide hose bibbs that are subject to freezing
with a stop-and-waste valve inside the building.
This includes frost-proof hose bibbs.
2. You need not install a stop-and-waste valve on
a frost-proof hose bibb if the stem extends into
an open heated or semi-conditioned area of
thebuilding.

Foundation
Branch drain
wall

Hose bibbs that are subject to freezing require a stop-and-waste valve inside the building.

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Drain, Waste & Vent Piping (DWV)

rainpipes use gravity to carry wastewater away

from fixtures, appliances, and other drains. This
wastewater is carried out of the house to a municipal
sewer system or septic tank.
Drainpipes are usually plastic or cast iron. In
some older homes, drainpipes may be made of
copper, galvanized steel, or lead. Because they are
not part of the supply system, lead drainpipes pose
no health hazard. However, lead pipes are no longer
manufactured for home plumbingsystems.
Drainpipes have diameters ranging from
114inches to four inches. These large diameters allow
waste to pass through easily.

Traps are an important part of the drain system.

These curved sections of drainpipe hold standing water,
and they are usually found near any drain opening. The
standing water of a trap prevents sewer gases from backing
up into the home. Each time a drain is used, the standing
trap water is flushed away and is replaced by new water.
In order to work properly, the drain system requires
air. Air protects trap from being drained. To allow air
into the drain system, drainpipes are connected to vent
pipes. All drain systems must include vents, and the
entire system is called the drain-waste-vent (DWV)
system. One or more vents, located on the roof,
provide the air needed for the DWV system to work.

Stack

Vent pipes

Trap

Branch drain

Waste stack

Drain pipes

Building drain

Out to municipal sewer or septic tank

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C
B

use vent tee fittings only in vent pipes, not in drain pipes
that carry wastewater. Drain pipes must maintain a minimum
2% slope that is not supported by a tee with perpendicular
pipe outlets.

DRAIn & SeWeR PIPe

geneRALRequIReMenTS
1. Install fittings that have a smooth interior surface
and are compatible with the pipe to which they
are attached. Example: do not use ABS fittings
with PVC pipe.
2. Do not use fittings that contain ledges, shoulders,
or reductions that may retard or obstruct
drainageflow.
3. Install fittings that maintain a two percent
slope and are approved for use where installed.
Example: do not use a vent tee in a drainage pipe
where water flows.
4. Do not use threaded connections in pipes where
the threads run on the inside of the pipe and
could retard or obstruct drainage flow.
5. Do not drill, tap, burn, or weld drainage, sewer,
and vent pipes. Example: do not drill into a
vent pipe to insert the discharge hose from a
watersoftener.
6. Do not use the following types of joints and
connections: cement or concrete, mastic or
hot-pour bituminous, fittings not approved for
the specific type of pipe or installation, joints
between different pipe diameters made with

Common sewer pipe materials: PVC (A) or ABS (B) are

allowed for use in DWV systems. Cast iron is also allowed but
is rarely used in residential construction.

elastomeric rolling O-rings, solvent-cement joints

between different types of plastic pipe, and
saddlefittings.
CoMMon DWV PIPe MATeRIAL
1. You may use any of the common drainage and
sewer pipe materials listed in Table 33. You may
use other materials listed if approved by your
localcodes.
2. Install galvanized steel drainage pipe at least six
inches above the ground.

Table 33: Common Drainage

and Sewer Pipe Materials
COMMOn DRAInAgE
USED
& SEWER PIPE
FOR
MATERIALS
DRAInAgE

USED
FOR
SEWER

Cast-iron soil pipe

yes

yes

ABS-DWV pipe

yes

yes

PVC plastic pipe

yes

yes

Steel pipe (black or galvanized)

yes

no

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WATeR CLoSeT ConneCTIon

BeTWeenCLoSeT FLAnge & PIPe
1. You may use a three-inch quarter bend to
connect to a closet flange if you install a fourinch-by-three-inch flange to receive the closet
fixturehorn.
2. You may use a four-inch-by-three-inch reducing
closet bend to connect to the closet flange.

2. Provide vanity sinks, bidets, and similar fixtures

with tailpieces and traps at least 114 inches.
SLIP JoInTS
1. Use slip joints only on a trap inlet, outlet, and
within the trap seal.
2. Provide access to slip joints with access of at least
12 by 12 inches.

TAILPIeCeS
1. Provide sinks, dishwashers, laundry tubs, and
similar fixtures with tailpieces and traps at least
112 inches in diameter.

4 3 reducing closet bend (horn).

Drain tailpieces must match the diameter of the other pipes

in the drain kit: 114 or 112" depending on the type of fixture
being drained.

Chromed P-trap with slip joints on lavatory sink.

VIoLATIon! Flexible, ribbed material is not approved in a

DWVsystem.

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DWV Fitting Descriptions

Bend (elbow): A bend is a drainage fitting used to

One type of closet flange allows you to offset the closet

change the direction of flow. A bend is often called an

flange around a floor joist.

elbow. Bends are available as a single fitting with two

openings and some are available as a double fitting

Coupling: A fitting used to join two lengths of pipe in a

with three or more openings. Some bends have inlets in

straight line. It has two female openings, one on each end.

addition to the openings. Use vent bends only in the dry

vent sections of vent pipes. Quarter bends are sometimes

Inlet: An additional opening in a fitting. A low-heel-inlet

called short sweeps in plastic pipes. See the definition

is located in a straight line with one opening of the fitting.

of sweep. Quarter bends with a longer turn radius are

sometimes called long turn quarter bends or long sweeps.
Bends are made with the angles shown in Table 34.

Table 34:
Bend Direction Change

Closet bend: A fitting used to connect a closet flange (a

part of your toilet drain system) to other plumbing pipes.
Closet bends often reduce the pipe size from the four
inches of the closet flange to three inches.
Closet flange: The fitting upon which a toilet (water
closet) sits. Many different closet flanges are available to

BEnD nAME

DIRECTIOn CHAngE

4 bend

90

6 bend

60

8 bend

45

16 bend

2212

accommodate different fitting and pipe configurations.

Bend pipes for DWV systems include:

4 street bend (A), 14 bend (B), 14 vent
bend (C), 14 bend with side inlet (D).

Parts of a toilet drain system include:

closet bend (A), closet flange (B), offset
closet flange (C).

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Ahigh-heel-inlet is located above the curved portion of

Wye: A fitting with three openings. Two openings are

the fitting. A side-inlet occurs on one side of the fitting.

in a straight line and one opening is at an approximate

45-degree angle to the others. Wye fittings can be made

Sanitary tee. A sanitary tee is a tee fitting combined with

with other fittings to make combination fittings such as a

a -bend fitting.

tee-wye and a combination wye and 18 bend. Double wye

and double tee-wye fittings are also available.

Street fitting: A street fitting has a female opening (hub)

on one end and a male opening (spigot) on the other end.
Most drainage fittings have female openings on both ends.
A

Sweep: A sweep is a drainage fitting used to make a

90 change in the direction of flow. A short sweep is the
same as a quarter bend in plastic pipes. Short sweeps
and quarter bends are different fittings in cast iron pipes.
A quarter bend with a longer radius bend is sometimes
called a long sweep or a long turn quarter bend.

Tee: A fitting with three openings. Two openings are in

a straight line, and one opening is at an approximate
90-degree angle to the others. Double tees, with four
openings, are also available. Use vent tees only in the dry

Inlet fittings include: bend with low-heel inlet (A), bend

with side inlet (B).

vent sections of vent pipes.

Tees for use in DWV systems include: Double fixture

tee (A), vent tee (B), test tee (C).

Two types of sanitary tees include: Single sanitary

tee (A), double sanitary tee (B).

Wye fittings for DWV use include:

Wye (A), double wye (B), tee-wye (C).

C
A

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Table 35: Approved DrainageFittings

for Changing FlowDirection
TYPE OF FITTIng

HORIz. TOVERT.

VERT. TOHORIz.

HORIz. TOHORIz.

22 elbow (116bend)

yes

yes

yes

45 elbow ( 8 bend)

yes

yes

yes

60 elbow ( 6 bend)

yes

yes

yes

90 elbow ( bend)
(cast-iron pipesonly)

yes

YES for fixture drains 2 inches

NO for other pipes & sizes

YES for fixture drains 2 inches

NO for other pipes & sizes

90 elbow ( bend and shortsweep)

(plastic pipes)

yes

YES for fixture drains 2 inches

and all pipes 3 inches

YES for fixture drains 2 inches

NO for other pipes & sizes

90 elbow (long sweep

and long turn bend) (all pipes)

yes

yes

yes

sanitary tee

yes
limits on multiple connection fittings

no

no

wye

yes

yes

yes

tee-wye

yes

yes

yes

1
1

Drain & Sewer Pipe Connections & Joints

1

8 bend
Tee-wye
1

8 bend

Wye

Changing flow direction from vertical to

horizontal using a wye fitting and 18bend.

Changing flow direction from vertical

to horizontal using a tee-wye.

Changing flow direction from vertical

to horizontal using two 18 bends.

Changing flow direction from

horizontal to horizontal using a
wyefitting.

Changing flow direction from

horizontal to horizontal using a longradius tee-wye fitting.

Long sweep

Changing flow direction from

horizontal to horizontal using a long
sweep fitting.

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3. You may use the side-inlet of a quarter bend

to change the flow direction when the inlet is
horizontal (side facing), but not when the inlet
is vertical (facing up). The side-inlet may accept
drainage flow from any fixture except a toilet. Side
and heel inlets are usually 1- or 2-inch openings
and you may not connect a toilet to any opening
less than (<) 3 inches.
4. You may connect a dry vent to the quarter bend
side or heel-inlet only when the inlet is vertical
(facing up). You may connect a dry vent to a
quarter bend side or heel-inlet when the inlet
is horizontal (side facing) only when the entire
quarter bend fitting is used as part of a dry vent.

Changing flow direction from horizontal to vertical using:

sanitary tee (A), 18 bend (B), wye (C).

DRAInAge & SeWeR PIPe FITTIngS

FoRCHAngIng FLoW DIReCTIon
1. Use the fittings in Table 35 to change the
direction of flow in drainage and sewer pipes.
DRAInAge & SeWeR PIPe FITTIngS:
CHAngIng FRoM HoRIzonTAL To
VeRTICAL uSIng MuLTIPLe FITTIngS
1. You may use multiple fittings and double fittings
(such as double sanitary tees) to connect backto-back fixtures and two or more branch drains
on the same level if directly opposite fitting
connections are from the same size pipe, and
if directly opposite fitting connections are from
similar fixture types or fixture groups.
2. Do not use a double sanitary tee to receive
discharge from back-to-back toilets and from
fixtures or appliances with pumping action (such
as washing machines and dishwashers). You may
use a double sanitary tee if the distance between
the center of the closet flange and the inlet of the
sanitary tee is at least 18 inches.
quARTeR BenDS WITH HeeL oR SIDe-InLeT
1. You may not use a heel-inlet quarter bend to
change flow direction from vertical to horizontal
if the fitting serves a toilet. You may use a heelinlet quarter bend to change flow direction from
horizontal to vertical without restrictions.
2. You may not connect wet vented fixtures to the
low heel inlet of a heel-inlet quarter bend.

90 BEnD WITH
LOW-HEEL InLET
Flow from any
fixture except
toiletok
vent connection ok

90 BEnD WITH
HIgH-HEEL InLET
Flow from any
fixture except
toiletok
vent connection ok

90 BEnD WITH
SIDEInLET
Flow from any
fixture ok
vent connection
ok

Flow from any

fixture except toilet
and wet vented
fixture ok
no vent connection

Flow from any

fixture except
toiletok
no vent connection

Flow from any

fixture except
toiletok
no vent connection

Flow from
anyfixture
excepttoilet ok
vent connection ok

Flow from
anyfixture
excepttoilet ok
vent connection ok

Flow from
anyfixture
excepttoilet ok
vent connection ok

Flow from
anyfixture ok
vent connection ok

Flow from
anyfixture ok
vent connection ok

Flow from
anyfixture ok
vent connection ok

Allowed uses of 90 bends with an inlet

OK
FLOW
OK

nO

nO

nO
FLOW

FLOW

FLOW

FLOW

FLOW

FLOW

OK

OK

Sanitary tee allowed flow direction change

Fixture drain
2 in. ok
all pipes

3 in. ok
bend &
short sweep
plastic pipe

Long sweep ok
any pipe,
any size

Long & short

sweep ok
any pipe,
any size

90 bend allowed direction change

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 Drain & Sewer Pipe Connections & Joints

ABS PLASTIC PIPe JoInTS
1. You may use approved elastomeric gaskets to join
buried ABS pipes. Do not use elastomeric gaskets
to join above ground ABS pipes unless the use is
approved by the building official.
2. You may use solvent cement to join ABS pipes
above and below ground. Clean and dry pipes and
fittings before applying primer to all joint surfaces.
Apply primer that complies with ASTM F 656
if required by your local jurisdiction. Make the
joint while the solvent cement is wet. Use solvent
cement that complies with ASTM D 2235. Do not
use PVC cement with ABS pipe.
3. You may use threaded joints for Schedule 80 and
heavier ABS pipe. The threads should be NPT
type. Do not place threads on the pipes interior.

STeeL PIPe JoInTS

1. You may use threaded joints for galvanized steel
pipes. The threads should be NPT type.
2. You may use approved mechanical joints to join
galvanized steel pipes. Install the mechanical
joints according to manufacturers instructions.

You may use a product called transition cement to join

ABS and PVC pipe if the product is approved by your local
jurisdiction. This product is not currently approved by general
codes, but is frequently used.

use the correct solvent for the type of pipe youre using:
PVC and CPVC should be welded with PVC solvent; ABS
requires ABS solvent.

PVC PLASTIC PIPe JoInTS

1. You may use approved elastomeric gaskets to join
buried PVC pipes. Do not use elastomeric gaskets
to join above ground PVC pipes unless the use is
approved by the building official.
2. You may use solvent cement to join PVC pipes
above and below ground. Clean and dry pipes
and fittings before applying primer to all joint
surfaces. Apply primer that complies with ASTM
F 656 if required by your local jurisdiction.
Apply solvent cement that complies with ASTM
D 2564. Make the joint while the solvent
cement is wet. Do not use ABS cement with
PVC pipe.

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3. You may use threaded joints for Schedule 80 and

heavier PVC pipe. The threads should be NPT
type. Do not place threads on the pipes interior.
JoInTS BeTWeen DIFFeRenT
TYPeSoFPIPe
1. Use compression or mechanical-sealing
elastomeric fittings approved for joining the
different types of pipe. Install all fittings according
to manufacturers instructions.
2. Use an approved brass ferrule with a caulked joint
or a mechanical compression joint when joining
copper tubing to cast-iron pipe.
3. Use a brass converter fitting or a dielectric fitting
when joining copper tubing to galvanized steelpipe.
DRAIn & SeWeR PIPe SLoPe
1. Install horizontal drainage and sewer pipe with a
uniform slope and alignment.
2. Install pipe not more than 2 inches in diameter
with at least a unit in 12 units (2percent)slope.
3. Install pipe at least three inches diameter with at
least a 18 unit in 12 units (one percent) slope.
DRAIn & SeWeR PIPe SIze ReDuCTIon
1. Do not reduce drainage and sewer pipe
size in the direction of the waste flow.
(Note: A four-inch by three-inch closet bend
fitting is not classified as a reduction in size.)
Example: do not drain a two-inch trap into a
1-inchdrainpipe.

Cast-iron drain pipe joints originally were made with

hubbed fittings. Since new cast iron is seldom installed, joinery
with cast iron is normally accomplished by connecting the
original cast iron to another material, such as PVC, with a
elastomeric gasket.

Install and support DVW pipe

tomaintain the required uniform slope.

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 Drain & Sewer Cleanout openings

CLeAnouT LoCATIonS & SPACIng
1. Install a cleanout in every horizontal drainpipe
so that the distance between cleanouts is not
more than 100 feet, measured along the pipes
developed length. Install at least one cleanout for
every horizontal drainpipe regardless of drainpipe
length. This provision applies to the building
drain, building sewer, and horizontal branch
drains, not to fixture drains.
2. Install a cleanout within 10 feet of the building
drain and building sewer junction. You may install
this cleanout inside or outside the building. Make
this cleanout accessible. Measure the 10feet
along the developed length of the pipe from
the cleanout fitting to the building drain and
sewerjunction.
3. Install a cleanout at every change of pipe
direction more than 45 degrees when the
direction change uses one fitting. When multiple
direction changes occur in one pipe run, only
one cleanout is required, spaced not more than
40 feet apart. This provision applies to the

Cleanout required
inbuilding sewer
every 100 ft.

Building
sewer

One cleanout required

10 ft. from
junction of building drain
and building sewer,
inside or
outside foundation

building drain, building sewer, and horizontal

branchdrains.
CLeAnouT SIze
1. Install cleanouts that are the same size as the
largest pipe served by the cleanout. Example:
you may not use 1-inch fixture drain as a
cleanout for a 2-inch branchdrain.
2. You may install a cleanout in a vertical stack that
is one pipe size smaller than the stack pipesize.
CLeAnouT ACCeSSIBILITY
1. Provide at least 18 inches between the cleanout
and any obstruction. Measure the distance
perpendicular to the front of thecleanout.
2. Do not conceal cleanouts with permanent
finishing materials.
3. Extend underground cleanouts to or above
finished grade. Do not extend cleanouts
abovesurfaces where they may become
triphazards or where they may be damaged
bytraffic.

One cleanout required in horizontal

drainage pipes and building drain
every 100 ft.

Building
drain

Cleanout required
at change in
horizontal pipe direction > 45,
not more than 1 cleanout
every 40 ft. if more
than 1 direction change

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CLeAnouT PLugS
1. Install brass or plastic plugs in cleanoutfittings.
2. Make cleanouts gas and liquid tight.
CLeAnouT DIReCTIon
1. Install cleanouts so that they open toward the
direction of the waste flow.

CLeAnouT FIxTuRe ConneCTIonS

1. Do not connect other pipes or fixtures to an
existing cleanout unless you install an alternate
cleanout. Example: do not remove a cleanout
plug and use the cleanout opening as the drain
for a laundrysink.

A cleanout is a threaded, removable

cap positioned in a drainpipe run to
allow access for equipment that clears
clogs. Every horizontal line should have
a cleanout that is no smaller in diameter
than the largest drainpipe in the line.

Seal cleanout plugs before capping cleanout fittings.

For your convenience, keep access clear to cleanouts.

Position movable objects, like this washing machine, so
they will not interfere with drain cleaning tools. Permanent
obstructions must be kept at least 18" away from the cleanout,
measured perpendicular to the opening.

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Plumbing Vents

Vent pipe

o understand the purpose of plumbing vents, you

must first understand the purpose of plumbing
traps. A trap is required for all fixture drains connected
to the DWV pipes. A trap can be a separate fitting,
such as a P-trap for a sink or a shower or it can be
part of the fixture, such as the trap in a toilet. A
trap maintains a water seal that keeps noxious and
potentially explosive sewer gas in the DWV pipes
and away from the air in the home. Water flows into
a fixture and through a trap when you use a fixture.
When you stop using the fixture, some of the water
remains in the trap and recharges the traps water seal.
When water flows in a pipe near a trap, the suction
caused by the flowing water can create enough negative
pressure at the trap to pull the water out of the trap.
This is sometimes called siphoning the trap because
it is similar to what happens when you use a hose to
siphon fuel out of fuel tank. If the trap looses its water
seal, the home is open to the flow of sewer gas.
A plumbing vent protects the traps water seal by
allowing air into the DWV pipes. The air provided
by the vent replaces the air that is drawn along with
the flowing water. This replacement air reduces the
suction and protects the trap. Without properly sized
and installed vents, the DWV system will not function
as intended.

Drainpipe

45

Vent pipes should extend in an upward direction from

drains. This ensures that wastewater cannot flow into the
vent pipe and block it. At the opposite end, a vent pipe should
connect to an existing vent stack or stack vent at a point at
least 6" above the flood rim of the highest fixture draining into
the system.

Vent Slope & Connection to Pipes

PLuMBIng VenTS RequIReD
1. Install an approved vent for every trap and trapped
fixture. This means that every plumbing fixture
(such as a sink or a shower) and every plumbing
fixture with an integrated trap (such as a toilet)
must be protected by an individual vent or an
approved vent system in which one vent protects
multiple fixtures.
2. Terminate at least one vent outdoors. Connect the
outdoor vent to the building drain or to a branch
or extension of the building drain. The branch or
extension cannot be an island fixture vent.
VenT PIPe SLoPe & SuPPoRT
1. Install all vent pipes using adequate supports so
that the vent pipes slope toward the soil or waste
pipe. Moisture in any form should flow toward the

Vent pipe

Support vent pipes so they slope toward drain pipes.

soil or waste pipe by gravity. General codes do not

specify support intervals for vent pipes. Supporting
vent pipes at the same interval required for drain
pipes is recommended, but not required.

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VenT PIPe ConneCTIon

To HoRIzonTAL DRAInAge PIPeS
1. Connect vent pipes to horizontal drainage pipes
above the centerline of the horizontal drainage
pipe. This protects the vent pipe from filling with
solid material.
VenT ConneCTIon HeIgHT MInIMuMS
1. Connect dry vent pipes to vent stacks, stack
vents, and to stack-type air admittance valves so
that the connection point is at least six inches
above the flood rim level of the highest fixture
served by the vent. A common violation of this
provision is when a dry vent runs parallel to the
drainage pipes under the fixture. This provision
helps protect the vent pipe from filling with
solidmaterial.

2. Install horizontal branch vent pipes at least six

inches above the flood rim level of the highest
fixture served by the vent.
VenT RougH-In FoR FuTuRe FIxTuReS
1. Install a vent for roughed-in (future) fixtures that
is at least one-half the diameter of the drainpipe
rough-in.
2. Connect the roughed-in vent to the vent system or
provide another approved means to terminate the
roughed-in vent.
3. Label the roughed-in vent pipe to indicate that it
is a vent.
CRoWn VenTIng
1. Connect the vent fitting at least two pipe
diameters from the trap weir.

Trap weir

Connect vent pipes to other vents at least 6" above the

highest fixture so that the vent pipe will not become clogged
with solid materials.

VIoLATIon! Do not connect the vent pipe within 2 pipe

diameters of the trap weir.

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 Vent Termination
VenT HeIgHT ABoVe RooF
1. Extend vent pipes above the roof at least six
inches, or the number of inches required by local
snow accumulation and temperature conditions,
whichever is higher. Measure vent height from
the high side where the vent exits the roof. Obtain
the snow accumulation height from the local
buildingofficial.
2. Extend vent pipes at least seven feet above any
roof used as a balcony, observation deck, or similar
accessible walking surface.
VenT FReezIng
& FRoST CLoSuRe PRoTeCTIon
1. Protect exterior vent terminals from freezing by
using heat or insulation, or both.
2. Increase the diameter of exterior vent terminal
pipes to at least three inches, beginning at least
one foot below the roof or inside the wall.
3. These provisions apply only where the 97.5
percent winter design temperature is less than
0 degrees Farenheit. Obtain this information
from IRC Chapter 3 and from your local
buildingofficial.

VenT FLASHIng
1. Use approved flashing to make vent pipes
extending through a roof watertight.
2. Use caulk to make vent pipes extending through a
wall watertight.
VenT exTeRIoR
TeRMInATIonLoCATIonS
1. Locate plumbing vent terminations at least
four feet below, at least three feet above, or at
least 10 feet horizontally from any: (a) door or
operable window, (b) other air intake opening of
the building, and (c) air intake opening of any
adjacentbuilding.
2. Locate plumbing vent terminations running
through a side wall at least 10 feet from the
lot line and at least 10 feet above the highest
grade within 10 feet horizontally from the
venttermination.
3. Protect side-wall vent terminations from entry by
birds or rodents.
4. Do not locate vent terminations directly under
the buildings overhang if the overhang contains
soffitvents.

use approved vent flashing boots to

seal around the vent projections in a roof.
Make sure boot angle is compatible with
your roof slope.

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VenT ConneCTIon DISTAnCe

FRoM TRAP
1. Use Table 37 to determine the maximum length
of a fixture drain between a trap weir and a vent
fitting. The vent fitting may be at a vent pipe,
such as an individual vent, or at a vented pipe,
such as a wet vent. Uniform Plumbing Code
fixture drain lengths are different.
2. The table does not apply to self-siphoning fixtures,
such as toilets. No fixture drain length limitations
apply to these fixtures.
FIxTuRe DRAIn SLoPe
1. Connect the fixture drain pipe with not more than
one pipe diameter of fall between the bottom of
the trap outlet and the bottom of the vent fitting
inlet. This parallels the distance requirements in
Table 37 and reduces the chance that the trap
will drain because the fitting is below the trap.
Example: five feet by 14 inch per foot equals
114inches. See the first row of Table 37.
2. Connect the top of the fixture drainpipe to the
vent fitting above the trap weir. This provision
does not apply to toilet fixture drains.

Table 37: Vent Distance

fromTrap
TRAP
SIzE

SLOPE

DISTAnCE FROM TRAP

TO VEnT FITTIng

1 1 4
1 1 2
2
3
4

4" per ft.

4" per ft.
1
4" per ft.
1
8" per ft.
1
8" per ft.

5 ft.
6 ft.
8 ft.
12 ft.
16 ft.

1
1

Maximum vent distance

from trap

The distance from the trap to the vent fitting is limited.

Note that the vent fitting may connect to a vent pipe or to a
pipe that is vented, such as a wet vented pipe.

IMPRoPeR VenT ConneCTIon

PRoPeR VenT ConneCTIon

Vent connected below flood rim.

Waste flow through horizontal
vent could occur when drain stack
or fixture drain is blocked.

Branch vent
Connect individual
and branch vents
6 in. above highest
fixture flood rim

Flood rim

Flood rim
Vent
stack

Flood rim

Vent
stack
Drain
blocked

Individual vents

When a vent is connected to a vent stack, the connection should be at least 6 inches above the fixture flood rim level. This
helps avoid improper waste flow through the trap.

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Vent pipe at least 2 pipe

diameter from trap weir

1 pipe
diameter

Fall of
drain less
than 1 pipe
diameter

2 diameter

examples of correct individual vent configurations.

VenT PIPe SIze

1. Use at least a 114-inch-diameter vent pipe or a
vent pipe at least one-half the diameter of the
drainpipe being vented, whichever is larger, as the
dry vent.
2. Increase the vent pipe diameter by at least one
pipe size over the entire length of the vent pipe
when the vents developed length is greater than
40 feet.

5. Fixture drain length to vent connection: Use

Table 37 to determine the maximum distance
between the fixture trap weir and the individual
ventfitting.
6. Individual vent pipe size: Use at least a 114-inch
pipe or a pipe at least one-half the size of the
drainpipe being vented, whichever is larger.

VenT PIPe DeVeLoPeD LengTH

1. Measure the developed length of individual,
branch, and circuit vents beginning where
the vent connects to the drainage system and
ending where the vent connects to a vent stack,
stack vent, air admittance valve, or the vents
termination point outside the building.
InDIVIDuAL VenTS
1. Fixture types: Use an individual vent to protect
any fixture.
2. Number of fixtures: Use an individual vent to
protect only one fixture.
3. Fixture location: Use an individual vent
to protect one fixture located anywhere in
thestructure.
4. Individual vent connection location: Connect the
individual vent on the fixture drain of the fixture
being vented or at the fixture drain connection to
the drainage system.

Individual vents are the easiest to install. They protect

one fixture.

150 Codes for Homeowners

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CoMMon VenTS
1. Fixture types: Use a common vent to protect any
two fixtures. You may common vent different
types of fixtures, such as a sink and a shower or a
shower and a toilet.
2. Number of fixtures: Use a common vent to
protect only two fixtures.
3. Fixture location: Use a common vent only for
fixtures located on the same floor level. You may
connect the fixture drains at different vertical
levels if the fixtures are on the same floor level.
4. Common vent connection location: You may
connect the common vent where the fixture
drains intersect. You may connect the common
vent downstream from where the fixture drains
intersect only when the fixture drains connect to
the branch drainpipe at the same horizontallevel.
5. Fixture drain length to vent connection: Use
Table 37 to determine the maximum distance
between each fixture trap weir and the common
ventfitting.

6. Common vent pipe size: Use at least 1 inches

of pipe or a pipe at least one-half the size of the
drainpipe being vented, whichever is larger, for
the common vent.
WeT VenTS
1. Fixture types: Use a wet vent to protect any
combination of fixtures from not more than two
bathroom groups.
2. Number of fixtures: Use a wet vent to protect not
more than two toilets, two bathtubs or showers,
two lavatory sinks, and two bidets.
3. Fixture location: Use a wet vent only for approved
bathroom fixtures located on the same floor level.
4. Wet vent connection location: (a) Begin the wet vent
with an individual or common vent for a lavatory,
bidet, shower, or bathtub. This vent does not need
to be at the first wet vented fixture in a horizontal
wet vent. This vent must be at the first wet vented
fixture in a vertical wet vent. End the wet vent at the
last wet vented fixture connection to the wet vented

Common vent with vent connecting at fixture drainintersection.

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pipe. (b) Do not connect more than one fixture

upstream from the beginning individual or common
vent in a horizontal wet vent. (c) Connect each
fixture individually to the wet vented pipe. Do not
connect two or more fixtures together and connect
that branch drain to the wet ventedpipe.
5. Horizontal wet vent fixture drain connection
location: (a) Connect each individual fixture
drain horizontally to a horizontal wet-vented
pipe. Example: you may not install a wye fitting
vertically and connect a fixture drain to the vertical
opening of the wye in a horizontal wetvent. You
may install the wye horizontally and connect the
horizontal fixture drain to the horizontal opening
of the wye. (b) You may connect a fixture drain
vertically to a horizontal wet-vented pipe if you
install a dry vent on the vertically connected
fixture. Example: you may install a wye fitting
vertically if you connect an individual vent to
the fixture. (c) Do not connect any fixtures to
the horizontal wet-vented pipe other than those
fixtures being wet-vented. You may connect other
fixtures to the horizontal pipe downstream after
the wet vent ends. Example: do not connect a
bedroom bar sink to a wet-ventedpipe.
6. Vertical wet vent fixture drain connection location:
(a) Connect all toilet fixture drains at the same
vertical level. (b) Connect fixture drains from
bathtubs, showers, lavatory sinks, and bidets at or
above where the toilet fixture drains connect to
the vertical wet vent.
7. Fixture drain length to wet-vented pipe: Use Table 37
(see page 149) to determine the maximum distance
between each fixture trap weir and the fixture drain

fitting at the wet-vented drain pipe. You may use

individual and common vents to protect any fixture
where the fixture drain length limit is a problem.
8. Wet vent pipe size: (a) Use a dry vent that is at least
a 1-inch pipe or a pipe at least one-half the size
of the wet- vented pipe, whichever is larger, for the
individual or common vent that begins the wet vent.
(b) Use Table 38 to size the horizontal and vertical
wet-vented drainage pipe. You may not connect a
toilet to a drainage pipe smaller than three inches
regardless of what is allowed in thetable.
Island FIxtUre Vent
1. Fixture types: Use an island fixture vent to
protect only sinks such as those in kitchens and
bathrooms. You may connect a dishwasher and
disposal to a kitchen sink.

table 38: Horiz. and vert.

Wet-vented drainage
pipesize

Horizontal wet vent begins

at individual or common vent

Wet-vented
pipesize

Max. drain Fixtures

load

1 1 2 "

2"

2 2"

3"

12

4"

32

Fixtures connecting vertically

need separate vent

Fitting installed
horizontally

Fdl
Wet
vented
pipe
Fdl

all wet vented fixtures connect horizontally to wet

vented pipe

Wet vent ends

at last wet vented
bathroom group
fixture

Using a wet vent eliminates the need for an individual vent for each fixture.

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2. Use an island fixture vent to protect any number

of approved fixture types.
3. Use an island fixture vent only for fixtures located
in the same island and on the same floor level.
4. Pipe configuration: (a) Extend the loop portion of
the island fixture vent vertically to above the drain
outlet of the fixture being vented before extending
the horizontal and/or vertical downward portion.
(b) Use drainage fittings and pipe slopes for any
portion of the vent below the fixture flood rim
level. Do not use vent fittings or slope the vent
pipe as a vent below the fixture flood rim level.
(c) Connect the downward portion of the vent
loop downstream from where the fixture drain
connects with the horizontal drainage pipe. Make
the connection using a full size fitting. (d) Provide
cleanouts at the downward portion of the loop
vent and in the vertical portion of the vent pipe
before it connects to the exterior vent pipe.
5. Dry Vent Connection Location: (a) Connect the
dry vent to the drainage system using a full size
fitting. Connect the dry vent to a vertical drain
pipe or the top half of a horizontal drain pipe. (b)
Extend any dry vent at least 6 inches above the
flood rim level of the highest fixture being vented
before any connection to the outside vent.
6. Fixture Drain Length to Vent Connection: Use
Table 37 to determine the maximum distance
between the fixture trap weir and the fixture drain
connection to the island vent.
7. Vent Pipe Size: Use at least a 1 inches pipe or
a pipe at least one-half the size of the drain pipe
size being vented as the dry portion of the vent,
whichever is larger.

Fixture
flood rim
Drain
trap

AIR ADMITTAnCe VALVeS

1. Install air admittance valves according to
manufacturers installation instructions and
general code provisions.
2. You may use air admittance valves to vent
individual vents, branch vents, circuit vents, and
stack vents. Use individual and branch-type air
admittance valves to vent fixtures that are on
the same floor level and that are connected to a
horizontal branch drain.
3. Use air admittance valves that are rated for the
vent size to which the valve is connected.
4. Locate individual and branch-type air admittance
valves at least four inches above the horizontal
branch drain or fixture drain being vented.
5. Locate stack-type air admittance valves at least
six inches above the flood rim level of the highest
fixture being vented.
6. Locate the air admittance valve within the vents
developed length limits.
7. Locate air admittance valves in attics at least six
inches above insulation.
8. Provide air admittance valves with access and
adequate ventilation.
9. Install air admittance valves within 15 of vertical
and do not install air admittance valves outdoors
unless allowed by the manufacturers instructions.
10. Do not use an air admittance valve as the vent for
a sewage ejector tank unless the vent system for
the tank is designed by an engineer.
11. Look for the UPC symbol on the air admittance
valve. Air admittance valves without this symbol
are for use only in manufactured homes. They
may not be used in homes governed by the IRC.

Island vent
Vent stack
Cleanout
required
Vent pipe

Cleanout
(Basement)

Drainpipe

An island fixture vent is a fairly complicated venting configuration used to vent

fixtures installed in a kitchen island. To further complicate matters, many codes now
require that the vent pipe from the fixture connect to the vent stack at least 6 inches
above the fixture flood rim.

Air admittance valves can be

installed in an island cabinet to vent a
sink drain line, greatly simplifying the
venting process.
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Plumbing Traps
TRAP SIze
1. Use Table 39 to determine the minimum trap size
for most plumbing fixtures.
2. Do not install separate traps on toilets, urinals,
and other fixtures that have traps in the
fixtureitself.
3. Do not install a trap that is larger than the
drainage pipe into which the trap discharges.
Example: do not connect a two-inch trap to a
112-inch pipe on the discharge side of the trap.
TRAP SeAL
1. Install traps with a water seal of at least two
inches and not more than four inches.
2. Install floor drain traps that have a deep seal (near
four inches) design or a trap primer. Connect trap
primer valves above the trap seal level.

Trap dip

Measure the water seal from the trap dip to the crown weir.

VIoLATIon! Install traps so that the water seal is level.

Traps set out of level may lose their water seal and will not
drainproperly.

Table 39: Minimum Trap

Sizefor Plumbing Fixtures
MInIMUM TRAP
SIzE

PLUMBIng FIxTURE

Bathtub (equipped or not equipped with

shower head or whirlpool)

1 1 2"

Bidet

1 1 4"

Clothes washing machine standpipe

2"

Dishwasher (separately trapped)

1 1 2"

Floor drain

2"

Kitchen sink (equipped or not equipped with

dishwasher or disposal and trapped using
one or two traps)

1 1 2"

Laundry tubs ( 1 compartments)

1 1 2"

Lavatory

1 1 4"

Shower (total flow rate of all showerheads

and body sprays) 5.7 gallons per minute
(gpm) > 5.7 gpm and 12.3 gpm >
12.3gpm and 25.8 gpm
> 25.8 gpm and 55.6 gpm

1 1 2"
2"
3"
4"

TRAP InSTALLATIon
1. Set traps level with respect to their water seal.
2. Protect traps from freezing.
3. Provide access to traps with slip joints at the trap
inlet or outlet.
4. Do not install more than one trap per fixture.
5. Limit the vertical distance between the fixture
drain outlet and the trap weir to not more than
24inches.
6. Limit the horizontal distance between the fixture
drain outlet and the center of the trap inlet to not
more than 30 inches. Note that this 30inches
horizontal distance may be eliminated or not
enforced in some jurisdictions. Verify if this
provision applies in your jurisdiction.
PRoHIBITeD TRAPS
1. Do not install the following types of traps: bell
traps, drum traps, S-traps, traps with moving
parts, and building traps.

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Plumbing Appliances & Fixtures

he installation and hookup of appliances that are

part of your home plumbing system is the part of
the plumbing process that DIYers are most likely to
attempt. The information in this section provides a
good general backdrop for making plumbing hookups,
but be sure to read the manufacturers installation
recommendations carefully. As always, manufacturer
instructions take precedence over codes.

Safety Tip
You can save money by installing the new appliance
yourself, and by making the plumbing hookups. Hire a
professional to make gas hookups.

Water Heaters
Replacing a water heater is a relatively easy
DIY plumbing task as long as it is a like-for-like
replacement. In an ideal situation, youd replace the
old unit with one of the exact same size and make,
and thereby avoid having to move any gas, water,
or electrical lines. But if you choose to upgrade or
downgrade in size, or perhaps replace an old electric
water heater with a gas water heater that costs less to
run, youll find that relocating the necessary lines isnt
that difficult.
Water heaters for primary duty in residences range
in size from 30 gallons to 65 gallons. For a family of
four, a 40- or 50-gallon model should be adequate.
While you dont want to run out of hot water every
morning, you also dont want to pay to heat more water
than you use. Base your choice on how well your
current water heater is meeting your demand.
PRoHIBITeD LoCATIonS
FoR WATeR HeATeRS
1. Do not install fuel-fired water heaters in rooms
used as storage closets. You may install water
heaters in closets used solely to store the water
heater if you provide adequate combustion air in
the closet. You may install electric water heaters in
any closet when allowed by the manufacturer.
2. Do not install fuel-fired water heaters in bedrooms
or bathrooms unless the water heater is installed
in a sealed enclosure where combustion air does
not come from the living space. This restriction
does not apply to direct vent water heaters.
3. You may provide access to water heaters located
in attics or crawl spaces through bedrooms,
bathrooms, or their closets if ventilation of the
bedroom, bathroom, or closet complies with codes.

no more
than 6"

Water heaters typically last for at least 10 years, but once

they start to show signs of aging, its a good idea to replace
them with a new, more efficient appliance.

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WaTer HeaTer relief ValVes

1. Install either a separate temperature relief
valve and a separate pressure relief valve or a
combination temperature and pressure relief valve
on all appliances used to heat or store hot water.
Combination temperature and pressure relief
valves (T&P valves) are used almost exclusively
in modern water heaters. This provision applies
to tank-type, tankless, and swimming pool
waterheaters.
2. Install the temperature relief or T&P valve on the
top of the water heater or on the side of the water
heater within six inches of the top. Do not install
an extension pipe between the water heater and
the T&P valve.
3. Do not install a check valve or shutoff valve
anywhere that might interfere with the operation
of the relief valve or the flow of water or steam
from the discharge pipe.

The T&P valve is a critical safety device that is required on all

water heaters.

WaTer HeaTer relief ValVe

DiscHargePiPe
1. Use water distribution pipe listed in Table 31
(see page 131) as the relief valve discharge pipe.
Copper and CPVC are the most commonly used
discharge pipes. It is difficult to maintain uniform
slope and fall on flexible pipes such as PEX.
2. Install the discharge pipe so hot water and steam
will not cause personal injury or property damage
if the relief valve discharges.
3. Install the discharge pipe so that any leaking
from the pipe outlet is readily observable by the
building occupants.
4. Use a discharge pipe that is at least as large as the
relief valve opening. This size is usually inch
indiameter. Use 1-inch diameter PEX tubing if
you use this as the discharge pipe.
5. Run the discharge pipe full size to the floor, to
an indirect waste receptor (such as a floor drain)
inside the building, to the water heater drip pan,
or outside the building. If the area is subject to
freezing, terminate the discharge pipe through
an air gap into an indirect waste receptor located
inside the building. You may use other discharge
points in areas subject to freezing, if approved by
the local building official.
6. Slope the discharge pipe so that it drains by
gravity from the relief valve to the discharge point.
7. Do not connect the discharge pipe directly to the
buildings drain, waste, and vent system. Leave an
air gap between the discharge pipe and the floor,
ground, or other termination point.
8. Do not install a trap or a valve or a threaded outlet
in the discharge pipe.
9. Terminate the discharge pipe through an air
gap not more than 6 inches and not less than
1inches above the floor.
10. Do not connect more than one appliance to a
discharge pipe.

SAFETY TIP:
T&P valve manufacturers recommend testing the
valve at least once per year. They also recommend
having a licensed plumber inspect the valve at least
every 3 years. Minerals in the water can collect on
T&P valves should be installed on your water heater prior to
placing the appliance in position. Many water heaters today
come with the T&P valve preinstalled.

the sensor and render the valve inoperable. Check

and follow the safety instructions for your T&P valve.

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WATeR HeATeR DRIP PAnS

1. Install a drip pan under water heaters located where
leakage could cause damage. These locations often
include attics and all areas within the conditioned
area of the home, including finished basements.
2. Use a drip pan at least 112-inches deep and made
with at least 24-gauge galvanized steel or other
approved materials. Use a pan with a size and
shape to catch all leaks and condensation from
the water heater. Do not install a plastic pan
under a gas-fired water heater.
3. Run the discharge pipe to an indirect waste
receptor (such as a floor drain) or to the outside
of the building. Terminate the pipe not more than
24inches or not less than 6 inches above the
ground or a waste receptor such as a floor drain.
4. You are not required to install a pan under
a replacement water heater if no pan is
currentlyinstalled.

Install a drip pan under a water heater when water

leaks might damage surrounding areas. Use at least a 34"
diameter discharge pipe to drain the drip pan. Use a larger
discharge pipe if the connection to the drip pan is more than
3
4"diameter.

The vent for a gas water heater should be connected

securely to the draft hood at the top of the appliance.

Pex connection to an electric water heater is allowed

by PEX guidelines. Follow the water heater manufacturers
instructions about transition pipe type.

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 Toilets
You can replace a poorly functioning or inefficient
toilet with a high-efficiency, high-quality new toilet
in just a single afternoon. All toilets made since
1994 have been required to use 1.6 gallons or less
per flush, which has been a huge challenge for the
industry. Today, the most evolved 1.6-gallon toilets
have wide passages behind the bowl and wide (threeinch) flush valve openingsfeatures that facilitate
short, powerful flushes. This means fewer second
flushes and fewer clogged toilets. These problems

Refill tube

Fill valve
Overflow pipe
Flush (flapper)
valve

Most toilet tanks today are equipped with a float cup style
fill valve rather than the float ball types that were common
previously. Some have power-assisted flush mechanisms to
boost todays low-flow toilets.

were common complaints of the first generation of

1.6-gallon toilets and continue to beleaguer inferior
models today. See what toilets are available at your
local home center in your price range, then go
online and see what other consumers experiences
with those models have been. New toilets often go
through a debugging stage when problems with
leaks and malfunctioning parts are more common.
Your criteria should include ease of installation,
good flush performance, and reliability. With a little
research, you should be able to purchase and install a
high-functioning economical gravity-flush toilet that
will serve you well for years to come.
geneRAL RequIReMenTS
1. Install toilets with an approved flushing
mechanism that provides enough water to clear
and refill the toilet bowl and refill the toilets
internal trap. Approved flushing mechanisms
are the common gravity feed flush tanks (oneand two-piece tanks) and power-assisted tanks
orvalves.
2. Install toilets that use an average of not more than
1.6 gallons per flush.
3. Provide the toilet with an adequate supply of
water. Control the water supply with an automatic
device (such as a float valve) that will refill the
toilet tank after each flush and completely stop
the flow of water to the tank when the tank is full.
The device should also supply enough water to
refill the toilet.
4. Install toilets with a flush valve seat in the toilet
tank that is at least one inch above the flood level
of the toilet bowl. An alternate design (used by
low-profile one-piece toilets) is acceptable. This
design closes the flush valve when the toilet is
clogged and prevents water from flowing back into
the tank.
5. Provide toilet tanks with an overflow pipe or
mechanism that is sufficient to prevent the tank
from flooding if the fill valve malfunctions.
6. Provide access to all parts in the toilet tank for
repair and replacement. Do not install permanent
counter tops or similar obstructions that restrict
access to the tank.
7. Use toilet seats made of smooth, non-absorbent
material properly sized for the toilet bowl.
8. Use corrosion-resistant screws, nuts, bolts, and
washers to secure toilets to the closet flange.

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BACkFLoW PRoTeCTIon
oF ToILeT FILL VALVeS
1. Protect toilets with an approved antisiphon
fillvalve.
2. Locate the backflow preventer at least one inch
above the opening of the overflow pipe. Fill valves
with all parts below the tank water line usually
violate this provision.
ToILeT (CLoSeT) FLAnge
1. Install a closet flange that is firmly attached to
a structural support (floor) to connect a toilet
to drainage piping. Use a closet flange that is
compatible with the connected drainage pipe.
Example: do not use a PVC closet flange with
ABS pipe. Do not use the closet flange to provide
structural support to the toilet.
2. Use non-corrosive bolts and an approved gasket
(O-ring) or other approved setting compound to
secure the toilet and closet flange and to make the
seal watertight.

The water inlet of a fill valve should usually be above the

tanks water line to reduce backflow of wastewater into the
drinking water system.

An overflow tube must be provided inside the toilet tank

to keep water from rising out of the tank if the fill valve
ismalfunctioning.

The closet flange and O-ring seal the plumbing connection.

The closet flange does not support the toilet.

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 Dishwashing Machines
geneRAL RequIReMenTS
1. You may discharge a dishwashing machine, a
disposal, and a kitchen sink into one 112-inchdiameter drain (trap). Use a 34-inch-diameter
dishwashing machine drain tube when discharging
the dishwashing machine into either a sink drain
(trap) or a disposal. Connect the dishwashing

machine drain tube to a wye fitting in the sink

tailpiece when connecting the drain line directly
to the sink tailpiece. Loop the dishwashing
machine drain line as high as possible in the sink
cabinet and securely fasten or install an air gap
device. An air gap device is not required in the
dishwashing machine drain tube.

Drain tailpiece

Wye tailpiece

Discharge tube
from dishwasher

use a wye tailpiece fitting when connecting a dishwashing machine drain tube directly to a sink.

A dishwashing machine drain tube high loop is one method

of backflow prevention. Secure the tube as high as possible in
the sink base cabinet.

A dishwashing machine drain air gap device is one

method of backflow prevention. Install the device according
to manufacturers instructions. These are required in some
jurisdictions instead of a high loop.

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Food Disposers
FITTIngS
1. Use an approved directional fitting on the
tailpiece when connecting a disposal or
dishwashing machine. This helps direct the
waste down into the plumbing drain system and
avoids blockage and blow back up the tailpiece
when these appliances discharge under pressure.
Examples of directional fittings include the waste
tee with a baffle and a sanitary tee.

Waste tee

A sanitary tee fitting is one possible directional fitting

when draining a dishwashing machine or food disposer into a
kitchen sink.

A waste tee with a baffle is one possible directional fitting

when draining a dishwashing machine or food disposer into a
kitchen sink.

Clothes Washing Machines

FITTIngS
1. Discharge the wastewater from a clothes washing
machine through an air gap. Do not connect the
clothes washing machine drain line directly to
the plumbing waste pipes. Inserting the clothes
washing machine drain hose into the standpipe is
the most common acceptable method of providing
the required air gap.
2. Install a water-hammer arrestor where required
to control water flow and reduce the possibility
of water hammer. A water-hammer arrestor may
be used near a quick-closing valve such as in a
clothes washing machine.

Water
hammer
arrestors

Water-hammer arrestors may be required in some

jurisdictions at clothes washing machine hose connections.

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 Whirlpool Bathtubs (Jetted Baths)

geneRAL RequIReMenTS
1. Install whirlpool tubs according to manufacturers
instructions. This includes: testing the tub
for leaks and pump operation, usually prior to
installation, and providing adequate support for
the tub, water, and occupants. Some whirlpool
tub manufacturers allow plaster as a tub support
method. Plaster is not the same as drywall joint
compound. Do not use drywall joint compound to
support bathtubs unless it is specifically approved
by the tubmanufacturer.
2. Provide a door or access panel large enough to
allow service personnel to repair and replace
the pump. The door size will depend on where
the pump is located relative to the door. The
door may have to be larger than the specified
minimum size if the pump is located far away
from the door.
3. Make the access opening at least 12 inches by
12inches if the manufacturer does not specify an

Whirlpool tub motors need access for maintenance and

replacement. The access opening must be large enough
to allow effective access to the motor. Connect a bonding
wire between the tub motor and metal water pipes for
electricalsafety.

4.
5.

6.

7.

opening size. Make the access opening at least

18inches by 18 inches if the pump is located
more than two feet away from the opening. Do not
place obstructions, such as tub support framing
and pipes, between the access opening and
thepump.
Locate the circulation pump above the crown weir
of the trap.
Install circulation pipes and pump drain line so
that they are self-draining and retain minimum
possible water after using the tub.
Install whirlpool bathtub motors on a GFCIprotected circuit. Do not use the bathroom
receptacle circuit for this purpose.
Install a copper bonding wire at least #8 AWG
connecting all metal pipes, pump motors,
and other electrical equipment associated
with the whirlpool bathtub. Do not bond
grounded double insulated whirlpool bathtub
pumpmotors.

A bathtub can crack and drain connections can loosen and

leak unless it is properly supported. Here, the tub is installed
on a bed of hardened mortar.

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Showers

30" minimum

SHoWeR SIze
1. Provide showers with a finished area of at least
900 square inches and a finished minimum
dimension of at least 30 inches. Maintain
the minimum dimensions from the top of the
threshold to at least 70 inches above the shower
drain outlet. Measure the shower from the
centerline of the threshold (curb). You may install
valves, showerheads, soap dishes, and grab bars
that encroach into the minimum dimensions. You
may install a fold-down seat in the shower if the
minimum dimensions are maintained when the
seat is up.
2. You may provide a shower with a finished
minimum dimension of at least 25 inches if the
finished area is at least 1,300 square inches.
3. Provide shower compartment access of at least
22-inch finished width.
4. Swing hinged shower doors out from the shower
stall. Hinged doors may swing into the shower
stall if they also swing out. Sliding shower doors
are also allowed.
WATeR SuPPLY RISeR
1. Secure the pipe between the shower valve and
the showerhead to the permanent structure. This
provision applies whether the riser is visible or
concealed. Securing the riser helps avoid leaks if
the riser twists and becomes loose at joints.

A sufficiently large shower stall is more than a

convenienceit is a safety issue.

Attaching the shower riser pipe to framing helps avoid

water leaks caused when adjusting the showerhead loosens
the pipe fittings.

Top of receptor liner at least 2" above curb

2"

SHoWeR ReCePToR ConSTRuCTIon

1. You are not required to install a raised curb or
threshold at the entrance to a shower. Showers
designed for wheelchair access will not have a
Proper installation of a site-built shower receptor is critical
curb or threshold.
to avoiding costly water leaks.
2. Install a shower curb or threshold (when used):
(a) at least 1 inch below the sides and back of the
Illo 252
receptor; and (b) at least 2 inches and not more
than 9 inches above the top of the drain.CG_Codes6. Extend the lining material at least 2 inches
beyond or around the rough jambs of the shower
3. Slope the shower floor at least unit in 07-20-2009
12 units
receptor. Extend the lining material at least
(two percent slope) and not more than unit in
2inches above the finished threshold or curb.
12 units.
7. Attach the lining material to an approved backing.
4. Use a flanged shower floor drain that provides a
Nail or perforate the lining at least one inch above
watertight seal at the floor.
the finished threshold. Seal joints in plastic lining
5. Use hot-mopped felt, sheet lead, sheet copper,
material according to manufacturers instructions.
approved plastic liner material, or approved trowel
8. Install an approved flanged shower drain that is
applied liquid material when installing a site-built
equipped with weep holes into the drain and is
shower receptor. Plastic liners (such as chlorinated
equipped with a flange that makes a watertight
polyethylene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride) are
seal between the lining material and the drain.
the most common modern site-built liner material.
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Water Supply Backflow Prevention

An important part of the design and use of the

drawn back into the potable water system. If the liquid

drinking (potable) water supply system is preventing

were weed killer in a spray bottle at the end of a garden

contamination of potable water. Contamination can

hose, the weed killer could be drawn into the potable

occur when the potable water supply is intentionally or

water system.

unintentionally connected to a contaminant source. A

Backflow into the potable water system can occur

cross-connection is a connection between the potable

by backpressure or by backsiphonage. Backpressure

water supply and a potential contaminant source.

occurs when the pressure in the cross-connection source

Backflow is when material (usually liquid) travels in

exceeds the pressure in the potable water supply system.

the reverse of the intended direction within a cross-

Contaminated material is forced under pressure into the

connection. Contamination occurs when contaminated

potable water system. Sources of backpressure include

material backflows into the potable water system through

pumps, liquid storage tanks at a higher elevation than

a cross-connection.

the cross-connection point, and thermal expansion from

Some cross-connections are intended. Examples

a heat source such as a water heater. Backsiphonage

of intended cross-connections include toilet tank fill

occurs when the pressure in the potable water supply

valves, automatic fill systems for swimming pools, and

system falls below atmospheric pressure. Air pressure can

lawn irrigation systems. Some cross-connections are

force contaminated material into the potable water supply

unintended. Examples of unintended cross-connections

system or negative pressure in the potable water supply

include spray hoses connected to a laundry tub faucet

system can draw contaminated material into the potable

and garden hoses attached to chemical sprayers. In these

water supply system.

examples, a sudden loss of water pressure in the potable

The IRC requires protections of all potable water

water supply system or an increase in pressure at the

supply outlets and all intentional cross-connections by an

contaminant source could allow a contaminant to be

air gap or by an approved backflow prevention device.

Air gap Terms

Air gap: An air gap is the unobstructed distance
between a water supply fixture outlet opening and
the flood rim level of a receptor. Example: the vertical
distance between a sink spout and the highest level that
the water in the sink could reach without overflowing is

Air gap
measurement

the air gap.

Air gap distance measurement: Measure the air gap
distance between the plumbing fixture outlet opening
and the flood rim of the fixture or receptor. Measure
the fixture outlet opening diameter without the aerator
attached. Measure the vertical air gap distance with the
aeratorattached.
Air gap minimum distances: Provide an air gap
distance based on the effective size of the fixture outlet
opening. In most cases this distance is twice the fixture
outlet opening diameter. Example: if a bathroom sink
faucet outlet opening is ", then the minimum vertical air
gap between the faucet outlet opening and the flood rim
of the sink is 1".

Most commercially available faucets are designed to

provide the required minimum air gap distance.

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Irrigation Systems
1. Protect lawn irrigation system water connections
by installing an atmospheric vacuum breaker, a
pressure vacuum breaker, or a reduced pressure
backflow preventer.

2. Do not install a valve downstream from an

atmospheric vacuum breaker.
3. Install a reduced pressure backflow preventer if
chemicals are introduced into the irrigation system.

VIoLATIon: Pressure vacuum breakers are a common way to protect lawn irrigation systems. This manifold is missing a backflow
preventer (inset photo) and is a code violation.

PVC supply tubing is a good choice for bringing water to

a home irrigation system: " inside diameter schedule 40 is
shown here.

Sprinkler heads in many irrigation systems are tied into

the water supply with thin riser flex pipes. The union is typically
made with a barbed fitting.

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Electrical
System
H

ome wiring is a very popular do-it-yourself subject

that is fundamentally hazardous. When it comes
to electricity, mistakes and accidents do pose threats
including fire, injury, and death. Therefore, safety is
the primary focus of the electrical code provisions.
In this chapter you will find many of the rules
governing safe installation of electrical wires, electrical
equipmentincluding conduit, electrical receptacles,
switches, lights, and other fixtures. Use this
information to inspect your wiring and make sure it all
conforms to code. If it does not, or if you are unsure
about it, have a professional electrician upgrade your
electrical system.

In this chapter:
Understanding Electrical Circuits
Electrical Grounding & Bonding
Electrical Branch Circuit Requirements
Electrical Receptacle Installation
Ground-fault (GFCI)
& Arc-fault (AFCI) Protection
Junction Boxes, Device Boxes
&Enclosures
Switch Installation
Light Fixture Installation
Satellite Dishes, Television
& Radio Antennas
Broadband Cable Wiring

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Definitions of Electrical Terms

Accessible (wires): Wires are accessible if they can

construction is actually a cable called nonmetallic cable

be exposed without removing or damaging permanent

and abbreviated NM. Romex is a common brand name

parts of the building and if a person can reach them for

belonging to one manufacturer of NM cable.

inspection, repair, or maintenance. Examples: wires are

accessible if they are behind suspended ceiling panels,

Grounded: The ground in an electrical system is the

or if access requires opening a door, removing an access

return path through which alternating current electricity

panel, or climbing a ladder. Wires are not accessible if you

flows to return to its source (the utility's transformer and

must cut drywall to expose the wires or if they are located

ultimately to the power generating station). A grounded

in an area that cannot be reached for repair, inspection,

conductor is connected to the earth or to some body

ormaintenance.

that serves as the earth. A grounded connection may be

intentional (as in a circuits grounded conductor) or it may

Accessible (readily): Electrical components are readily

be unintentional (as in a ground fault).

accessible if they can be reached quickly without moving

or climbing over obstructions (such as pictures and work

Grounded wire: A grounded conductor, broadly defined,

benches) and without using a portable ladder. Locks

is any conductor that is intentionally grounded. The

may be used to secure readily accessible components;

common term for the grounded conductor in residential

however, the key or combination should be readily

electrical systems is the neutral wire. The grounded

accessible to all occupants at all times. Panelboards and

conductor is a current-carrying conductor. You should

service disconnect equipment must be readily accessible

treat it as such when working with electrical circuits.

in case circuits need to be shut off during anemergency.

Grounded conductors are usually insulated with white or

light gray colored insulation.

Bonding: Metallic components are bonded if they

are physically and electrically connected together.

Grounding wire: A grounding conductor, also called

Example: a bonding wire should connect a swimming

an equipment grounding conductor, connects electrical

pool motor and nearby metal parts of the electrical

equipment to the grounding electrode system. This

supply system. Example: metal conduit should be

connection usually occurs at a grounding bus or terminal

electrically and mechanically connected where it enters a

bar at the service equipment that is in turn connected to a

panelboardcabinet.

grounding electrode. Grounding conductors are bare wires

Bonded metallic components are part of an

or may be insulated with green-colored insulation.

electrically conductive path that will safely conduct

current imposed by a ground fault. Example: when metal

Grounding electrode: A component in contact with

conduit containing a damage wire becomes energized,

the earth that provides the grounding connection for

this is a ground fault. A proper bonding connection

the electrical system. Common residential grounding

will conduct the fault current on the conduit safely to

electrodes include a copper rod driven at least eight feet

the electrical panel and allow proper operation of the

into the ground, or a metal water service pipe, or a piece

circuit breaker or fuse. Otherwise, a person touching the

of reinforcing steel embedded in the footing.

energized conduit could become the electrical circuit

and that person could receive a dangerous shock or the

Grounding electrode wire: The grounding electrode

current flow could generate enough heat to start a fire.

conductor is a wire that connects the grounding electrode

to the grounded conductors. In most residential electrical

Branch circuit: A branch circuit begins at a circuit

systems, the only connection between the grounding

breaker or fuse in a panelboard and conducts electricity

electrode conductor and the grounded conductors should

to where it is used. A branch circuit can serve one device,

occur at the service equipment.

such as an oven, or it can serve multiple devices such as

Ground fault: A ground fault occurs when metal that is

receptacles and light fixtures.

not normally energized becomes energized. Examples of

Cable: Any two or more wires contained in an

a ground fault: (a) the hot (ungrounded) wire in a motor is

insulating sheath or jacket. Most wire used in residential

damaged or disconnected and touches the motors case

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energizing the case; (b) a screw penetrates the insulation

(ungrounded) wires and the neutral (grounded) wire is

of a hot (ungrounded) wire in an electrical panelboard and

120 volts. When a multiwire branch circuit is operating as

energizes the cabinet; (c) damaged insulation on a hot

intended, the current on the shared neutral (grounded)

(ungrounded) wire allows the conductor to touch copper

wire is zero. Split-wired receptacles that provide the

water pipe energizing the pipe.

required two 20-amp kitchen countertop receptacle

circuits are one example of a multiwire branch circuit.

Location (damp): Damp locations are subject to moderate

Clothes dryer and range circuits are another example.

levels of moisture but are not subject to direct saturation by

Water heater and air conditioning condenser circuits are

liquids. Examples of damp locations include covered porches

usually not multiwire branch circuits because there is no

and some basements. Many inspectors consider ceilings

neutral (ungrounded) wire in the circuit.

over showers and bathtubs as damp locations but general

codes do not specifically cite these as damp locations.

Outlet: An outlet is a connection point where electricity

is taken for use. An outlet could be a receptacle, a light

Location (wet): Wet locations are subject to direct

fixture box, a junction box connected to an oven, or an

contact with liquids or the elements. Examples of wet

air conditioning condenser disconnect box. Switch boxes,

locations include exterior house walls not protected by a

junction boxes, and panelboards are not outlets.

roof, concrete and masonry in contact with the earth, and

any components buried or in contact with the earth.

Overcurrent protection device: An overcurrent

protection device automatically interrupts the flow of

Multiwire branch circuit: A multiwire branch circuit is a

electricity if the current flowing through the device

three-wire branch circuit with two hot (ungrounded) wires

exceeds a design maximum amount. Common examples in

and one neutral (grounded) wire. In residential electrical

residential electrical systems are fuses and circuitbreakers.

systems, the voltage between the two hot (ungrounded)

wires is 240 volts, and the voltage between the hot

Receptacle: A device into which a plug is inserted and

through which electricity flows to equipment that uses
electricity. Receptacles include the familiar single (one

Split-wired
receptacle

plug) and duplex (two plug) 120-volt devices and the

240-volt devices most often seen in laundry rooms to
serve electric clothes dryers.
Service drop: The service drop describes overhead
electrical wires beginning at the power pole and ending
where the service drop wires connect to the service
entrance wires. This is usually at the service point near the
mast on the roof.
Service entrance wires: Service entrance wires run

240V
receptacle

from the service point to the service equipment. Typically,

the service entrance wires mark the point in your home
wiring system where the equipment is the responsibility of
the homeowner and not the utility company.
Ungrounded conductor: An ungrounded conductor
is one that intentionally carries electricity. The common
term for an ungrounded conductor in residential

Shared-neutral receptacles

Illo 272
Multiwire branch circuits.
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

electrical systems is the hot or live wire or conductor.

Ungrounded conductors are usually insulated with red- or
black-colored insulation.

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 Typical Home Wiring System

Weatherhead prevents moisture
from entering the house.
Service mast creates an anchor
point for service wires.
Service entrance wires supply
electricity to the house from the
utility companys power lines.

Chandelier

Receptacles

Wall switch

Switch loop

Separate 120-volt circuit

for microwave oven
GFCI receptacles

Separate 240-volt circuit

for water heater
Electric meter measures the
amount of electrical power
consumed and displays
the measurement inside
a glass dome.

Grounding rod must be at

least 8 ft. long and is driven
into the ground outside
the house.

Service panel distributes

electrical power into circuits.

Separate 240-volt circuit

for clothes dryer
Grounding conductor
tometal grounding rod

Bonding wire to
metal water pipe

Jumper wire is used to

bypass the water meter and
ensures an uninterrupted
grounding pathway.

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Understanding Electrical Circuits

n electrical circuit is a continuous loop. Household

circuits carry current from the main service
panel, throughout the house, and back to the
main service panel. Several switches, receptacles,
light fixtures, or appliances may be connected to a
singlecircuit.
Current enters a circuit loop on hot wires and
returns along neutral wires. These wires are color
coded for easy identification. Hot wires are black
or red, and neutral wires are white or light gray.
For safety, most circuits include a bare copper or
green insulated grounding wire. The grounding wire
conducts current when wires or equipment are
malfunctioning and helps reduce the chance of severe
electrical shock. The service panel also has a bonding
wire connected to any metal water pipes.
If a circuit carries too much current, it can
overload. A fuse or a circuit breaker protects each
circuit in case of overloads.
Current returns to the service panel along a
neutral circuit wire. Current then leaves the house on
a large neutral service wire that returns it to the utility
pole transformer.

Wiring Safety
Safety should be the primary concern of anyone
working with electricity. Although most household
electrical repairs are simple and straightforward,
always use caution and good judgment when
working with electrical wiring or devices. Common
sense can prevent accidents.
The basic rule of electrical safety is: Always turn
off power to the area or device you are working on. At
the main service panel, remove the fuse or shut off the
circuit breaker that controls the circuit you are servicing.
Then check to make sure the power is off by testing for
power with a current tester. Restore power only when
the repair or replacement project is complete.
Follow the safety tips shown on these pages.
Never attempt an electrical project beyond your skill
or confidence level. Never attempt to repair or replace
your main service panel or service entrance head.
These are jobs for a qualified electrician and require
that the power company shuts off power to your house.

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 General Requirements
MInIMUM SeRvICe CURRenT
CAPACITyReqUIReMenTS
1. Provide at least 100-amp service to a single
familyhome.
2. Provide at least 60-amp service to an accessory
structure. Exceptions to the 60-amp minimum
service exist for one- and two-circuit service to
accessory structures.
3. You may use the following wire sizes as a feeder
when the load at the accessory structure is limited
to one or two 15 or 20 amp, 120 volt, branch
circuits: (a) use at least #10 AWG copper or #8
AWG aluminum wire if the accessory structure
has not more than two 15 or 20 amp, 120 volt
branch circuits, (b) use at least #14 AWG copper
or #12 AWG aluminum if the accessory structure
has only one 15 amp, 120 volt branch circuit and
use at least the same size feeder wire as used for
the branch circuit.
4. Provide an equipment grounding wire with
the feeder wires and refer to the grounding
requirements section if there are at two or more
branch circuits in the accessory structure.

3. Cover open outlet boxes with a blank cover, a

blank plate, or fixture canopy. Switch plates and
receptacle plates do not provide complete closure
for electrical boxes.
4. Ground metal covers and plates.
IdenTIfICATIOn Of CIRCUITS
IneLeCTRICAL PAneLS
1. Provide a legible and permanent marking or label
that identifies the purpose of circuit breakers,
fuses, and other equipment used to disconnect
power from a circuit. Identify the circuit in
enough detail so that it can be distinguished from
all other circuits. Example: do not identify a circuit
as general lighting. Identify the specific rooms or
outlets served by the circuit. A marking or label is
not required if the purpose of the disconnecting
equipment is self-evident. Use marking or labeling
materials that will withstand the environment
where the disconnecting equipment is located.
2. Locate the circuit identification on the face
of the panelboard enclosure or on the inside
panelboarddoor.

CLOSURe Of UnUSed OPenInGS

1. Close all openings in boxes, conduit bodies,
andcabinets with material that provides
protection equal to the original opening cover.
This means using plastic or metal knockout
covers. Tape andcardboard do not provide
equalprotection.
2. Recess metal knockout covers in non-metallic
boxes and conduit bodies at least inch from the
surface of the box or conduit body.

PROHIBITed LOCATIOnS
fOReLeCTRICALPAneLS
1. Do not locate electrical panels and circuit breakers
and fuses in clothes closets, bathrooms, over
stairway steps, or in spaces designated forstorage.

Cover open conduit knockouts in electrical boxes with an

approved plastic or metal cap (inset).

Label each circuit in all electrical panels so that the purpose

of each circuit is clear.

WORkInG CLeARAnCeS AROUnd

eLeCTRICAL PAneLS
1. Inspect your electrical panels to make sure they
conform to Code. If not, hire a professional

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electrician to relocate it. Panel should have a

clear working space in front of electrical panel
enclosures and other equipment and enclosures
that require access while interior parts are
energized. Examples of other enclosures and
equipment include air conditioner and furnace
service-disconnect boxes.
2. Provide a clear working space around electrical
panels that is at least 36 inches deep, and at
least 30 inches wide (or as wide as the enclosure
if it is wider than 30 inches), and at least 78
inches high (or as high as the enclosure if it
is higher than 78inches). Measure the clear
working space from any exposed energized
parts or from the cover in front of covered
energizedparts.
3. Panel should have enough clearance so that the
enclosure door can be opened at least 90 degrees.
4. Do not allow any objects located above or below
the electrical enclosures to extend into the clear
working space more than six inches beyond the
front of the electrical enclosure.

5. Panel should provide access to the clear working

space. Do not block access with shelves,
workbenches, or other difficult to move objects.
6. Install electrical panels and circuit breakers and
fuses so that the circuit breaker handle or fuse is not
more than 79 inches above the floor or ground when
the center of the handle is in its highestposition.
7. You may install electrical panels rated not more
than 200 amps in existing buildings where the
working space height is less than 78 inches. This
does not apply to new construction.
CLeAR SPACe ABOve & BeLOW
eLeCTRICAL PAneL enCLOSUReS
1. Maintain a clear space directly above and
below electrical panel enclosures, free from any
components not associated with the electrical system.
This space is intended for wires entering and leaving
the electrical panel. Do not install plumbing pipes,
HVAC ducts, and similar components in this space.
2. Maintain a clear space that is at least the width
and depth of the electrical panel enclosure.

Ideal height
60" (eye level)

Minimum 78" high

unobstructed
access

Minimum 30" wide

unobstructed
access

Minimum 36" deep

unobstructed
access in front

your equpment should include a safe space above, in front of, and below all electrical panels and similar electrical equipment.
If your panel does not meet these standards, have it relocated by a professional.

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Minimum: two
16-gauge wires

Minimum: two 14-gauge wires

Maximum: four 12-gauge
(or three 10-gauge) wires

Maximum: four
14-gauge wires

Minimum: two
18-gauge wires

Maximum: two
14-gauge wires

Use wire connectors rated for the wires you are connecting. Wire connectors are color-coded by size, but the coding scheme
varies according to manufacturer. The wire connectors shown above come from one major manufacturer. To ensure safe
connections, each connector is rated for both minimum and maximum wire capacity. These connectors can be used to connect
both conducting wires and grounding wires. Green wire connectors are used only for grounding wires.

SPLICInG WIReS
1. Splice (join) wires using only listed devices
such as appropriate-sized wire connectors. Use
wire connector according to manufacturers
recommendations regarding the minimum and
maximum number and size of wires that the
connector can accommodate.
2. Cover spliced wires with material equal to the
original insulation. This does not include electrical
tape or similar materials.
3. For splice wires that will be buried in the ground,
use only devices listed for direct burial and install
them according to manufacturers instructions.
4. Provide access to spliced wires, unless the splice
and splicing device are specifically allowed to
be concealed. Access is usually provided by an
accessible, covered junction box.
5. Do not place wire splices in a raceway unless the
raceway has a removable cover.

Pushin connectors are a relatively new product for joining

wires. Instead of twisting the bare wire ends together, you
strip off about 34" of insulation and insert them into a hole in
the connector. The connectors come with two to four holes
sized for various gauge wires. These connectors are perfect
for inexperienced DIYers because they do not pull apart like a
sloppy twisted connection can.

Twist wire connectors over the ends of individual

conductors that have been stripped of insulation. Pre-twist
wires together with pliers or linesmans pliers (optional). Do not
leave bare wire exposed beneath bottom of connector.

SPLICInG ALUMInUM & COPPeR WIReS

1. Splice (join) aluminum and copper wires together
using devices listed for splicing aluminum and
copper wires. Look for a mark or label such as
AL/CU on the device or on the package for
assurance that the device is listed for splicing
aluminum and copper wires. Some wire nuts
sold for residential use are not listed for splicing
aluminum and copper wires.
2. Use only inhibitors and antioxidant compounds
that are approved for splicing aluminum
and copper wires. These materials should
not degrade or damage the wires, wire
insulation, or equipment. Read and follow
manufacturersinstructions.

174 Codes for Homeowners

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LenGTH Of WIReS exTendInG fROM BOxeS

1. Extend wires at least three inches beyond the
opening of any electrical box, junction, or switch
point, if the opening is less than eight inches
in any direction. This applies to most switch,
receptacle, and light fixture mounting boxes used
in residential electrical systems.
2. Extend wires at least six inches beyond where the
wires emerge from the raceway or cable sheathing.
Example: NM cable enters a single residential
switch box with one inch of intact sheathing
(outer cover). Begin the six inches measurement
where the sheathing ends. The cable should
extend at least seven inches from the rear of the
box. The NM cable should also extend at least
three inches beyond the outside edge of the box.

COnneCTInG WIReS TO TeRMInALS

1. Remove insulation from wires and connect wires
to terminals without damaging the wire. Do not
connect damaged wires to terminals. Example: if
you nick, damage, or cut strands from a stranded
wire, cut the wire back to where it is full size and
use the full, undamaged wire.
2. Connect more than one wire to a terminal only
if the terminal is identified to accept multiple
wires. Example: many panelboards require one

extend wires past the box opening at least 3".

vIOLATIOn! Do not connect multiple neutral or hot wires to a

terminal unless specifically allowed (neutral bus bar seen here
has two neutral conductors connected to single terminal).

vIOLATIOn! Never connect multiple hot wires to the same

terminal on circuit breakers or other electrical devices unless
specifically allowed by the manufacturer.

wire per terminal for the grounded (neutral)

wires and allow two or more same-gauge wires
per terminal for the equipment grounding wires.
Example: many circuit breakers allow only one
hot (ungrounded) wire per circuit breaker terminal.
3. Connect aluminum wires to terminals only if the
terminal is identified to accept aluminum wires.

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WIRe COLOR COdeS

1. Use wires with white- or gray-colored insulation or
wires with three white stripes on other than green
insulation as neutral (grounded) wires. You may
use wires with other than white or gray colored
insulation as neutral (grounded) wires if they are
larger than #6 AWG and if you mark them with a
permanent white marking at all wire terminations.
2. Use wires with green-colored insulation or wires
with green-colored insulation and at least one
yellow stripe as equipment grounding wires. You
may use uninsulated (bare) wires as equipment
grounding wires in most circuits.
3. You may use any color other than white, gray, or
green as hot (ungrounded) wires. The common
colors are red and black. You may use a wire with
white or gray insulation as a hot (ungrounded) wire
if the wire is part of a cable (such as NM) and if
you permanently mark it as a hot (ungrounded)
conductor at all places where the wire is visible and
accessible. This marking is usually done by wrapping
the end of the wire with black or red electrical tape.
neUTRAL & eqUIPMenT
GROUndInG WIRe COnTInUITy
1. Connect neutral (grounded) wires together in
device boxes if the neutral (grounded) wire is part
of a multiwire branch circuit. Do not rely on any
device, such as a receptacle or light fixture, to
provide the connection for the neutral (grounded)
wire in a multiwire branch circuit.
2. Connect equipment grounding wires together in
all device boxes. Do not rely on any device, such
as a receptacle or light fixture, to provide the
connection for the equipment grounding wire in
any circuit.
3. Install a wire (called a pigtail) between the
connected wires and any device in the box.

Wire Color Chart

WIRE ColoR

FUnCTIon

neutral wire: at zero

voltage in many, but
not all, circuits

White

hot wire carrying

current at full current
and voltage
hot wire carrying
Red
current at full current
and voltage
hot wire carrying
White,
current at full current
Black markings and voltage
Black

Green

serves as a
grounding pathway

Bare copper

serves as a
grounding pathway

Individual wires are colorcoded to identify their

function. In some circuit installations, the white wire
serves as a hot wire that carries voltage. If so, this
white wire may be labeled with black tape or paint to
identify it as a hot wire.

Wire Size Chart

WIRE GaUGE

WIRE CapaCITy & USE

#6

55 amps; central air conditioner,

electric furnace

#8

40 amps; electric range, central air

conditioner

#10

30 amps; window air conditioner,

clothes dryer

#12

20 amps; light fixtures,

receptacles, microwave oven

#14

15 amps; light fixtures, receptacles

#16

lightduty extension cords

#18 to thermostats, doorbells,

22
security systems
pigtail

Use a pigtail when you need to connect multiple wires

together and use one wire to connect to a terminal.

Wire sizes (shown actual size) are categorized by the

American Wire Gauge system. The larger the wire size,
the smaller the AWG number. Amp ratings in this chart
assume that the wires are contained in NM cable.

176 Codes for Homeowners

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Shut off power at the main electrical

service panel before beginning any
work. In some cases you may shut
off individual circuits, but the safer
precaution is always to throw the main
breaker before starting work.

Service & Main Service Panel

dISCOnneCTInG eLeCTRICAL SeRvICe
1. Provide equipment to disconnect all electrical
service to a building using not more than six circuit
breakers or switches located in the same area. The
disconnecting equipment may be in one cabinet or
in a group of cabinets in the same general location.
A person should be able to turn off all electrical
power to a building in not more than six hand
motions without moving from oneposition.
2. The service disconnecting equipment as such.
The label must be permanent and clearly marked.
3. Use only service disconnecting equipment listed
and labeled for that purpose. The electric meter
and meter enclosure are not service equipment.
Do not rely on removing the electric meter to
disconnect electrical service.
4. The service disconnecting equipment should be
installed in a readily accessible place where every
building occupant has access.
5. The service disconnecting equipment may be
located outside the building or inside the building
as close as possible to where the service entrance
conductors enter the building. Check with the
local building official for information concerning
your area. Fifteen feet is one typical maximum,
but the distance may be less in some jurisdictions.
6. Service disconnecting equipment should not be
located in bathrooms.
7. Service disconnecting switches or circuit breakers
should not be installed more than 79 inches above
the floor or ground.

A service disconnecting switch may be required when the

main service panel is located too far from the point where the
service entrance conductors enter the house.

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Identifying your Service

Weatherhead

Service wires

Service entrance
wires

Aboveground service. In this

common configuration, the
service wires from the closest
transformer (called the service
drop) are connected to the
power distribution system in
your house through a protective
hood called a weatherhead.
The service entrance wires are
routed to a power meter thats
owned by your utility company
but housed in a base that may
be your property. From the
meter the entrance wires enter
your house through the wall and
are routed to the main service
panel, where they are connected
to the service equipment. Other
above ground configurations
areallowed.

Conduit

power meter

Service
entrance
wires

Meter base

178 Codes for Homeowners

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Underground service lateral.

Increasingly, homebuilders
are choosing to have power
supplied to their new homes
through underground service
wires instead of an overhead
service drop. Running the
wires in the ground eliminates
problems with power outages
caused by ice accumulation
or fallen trees, but it entails a
completely different set of wire
and conduit requirements. For
the homeowner, however, the
differences are minimal because
the hookups are identical once
the power service reaches
themeter.

Service
entrance
wires
power meter

Meter base

Strap

Conduit

Underground service wires

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3 ft. clearance required

3 ft. clearance required

Illo 275
CG_Codes
Inspect your service clearance to make sure individual service wires are not within 3 ft. from doors, operable windows, and decks.
06-15-2009
OveRHeAd SeRvICe
dROP WIRe CLeARAnCeS
1. Provide at least 3 feet clearance between service
drop and service entrance wires and porches,
decks, stairs, ladders, fire escapes, balconies,
sides of doors, and sides and bottoms of operable
windows (not the tops of operable windows even
if the top sash is operable). Clearance is required
only to service drops and service entrance wires
that consist of individual wires that are not
protected by a raceway or outer jacket. This
means that clearances are usually required for
utility service drop wires and are not required for
SE type service entrance cable and for wires or
cables installed in conduit or tubing.
2. Provide at least 8 feet vertical clearance between
service drop wires and a roof not designed for
regular pedestrian traffic with a slope less than 4
inches in 12 inches. Access to such a roof would
usually be by a ladder, through a window, or
through a maintenance hatch.

3. You may reduce the 8 feet vertical clearance to

at least 3 feet vertical clearance if: (a) the voltage
between wires is not more than () 300 volts, and
if (b) the roof is guarded or isolated; or if (c) the
roof slope is at least 4 inches in 12 inches. Many
residential service drops comply with thisexception.
4. Provide at least 10 feet vertical clearance between
service drop wires and a roof designed for regular
pedestrian traffic. Access to such a roof would
usually be by stairs or by a door and the roof edges
would be protected by a guard.
5. Provide at least 18 inches vertical clearance between
service drop wires and a roof if: (a) the wires pass
only over the overhang portion of the roof, and if (b)
not more than 6 feet of wire pass over not more than
4 lineal feet of roof surface measured horizontally,
and if (c) the wires enter a through-the-roof mast or
terminate at an approvedsupport.
6. Maintain all required clearances above the
roof for at least 3 feet in all directions from the
roof sedge.

180 Codes for Homeowners

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SeRvICe dROP CLeARAnCe ABOve GROUnd

1. Measure the vertical clearance between service
drop wires and the ground, walkway, driveway, or
street beginning at the lowest point of the service
drop wires and ending at the surface under the
wires lowest point. The lowest point of the service
drop wires is often at the drip loop, but it could be
at the point of attachment to the house or it could
be where the wires enter the house.
2. Provide at least 10 feet vertical clearance between
service drop wires and areas or sidewalks accessed
by pedestrians only.
3. Provide at least12 feet vertical clearance between
service drop wires and residential property and
driveways.
4. Provide at least 18 feet vertical clearance between
service drop wires and public streets, alleys, roads,
or parking areas subject to truck traffic.

Safety Tip

The service drop must occur at least 10 ft. above ground

level, and as much as 18 ft. in some cases. Occasionally, this
means that you must run the conduit for the service mast up
through the eave of your roof and seal the roof penetration
with a boot.

If your electrical service entry does not conform to

the codes, hire a professional to update it.

> 18 ft.

> 12 ft.
> 10 ft.

Safe clearance between service drop wires and the ground.

Illo 276
CG_Codes
06-15-2009
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Electrical System 181

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Electrical Grounding & Bonding

ne of the important purposes of grounding and

bonding can be summarized in this simple rule:
Electricity wants to return to its source and will take
all available paths to get there. When the electrical
system is working as intended, electricity enters
through the hot (ungrounded) wire, does its work, and
returns to its source (usually the utilitys transformer)
through the neutral (grounded) wire.
When electricity finds its way out of the
intended path, things get dangerous. Example: a
rat sits on copper water pipe and chews through
the insulation on electrical cable exposing the
hot (ungrounded) wire. After electrocuting the
unfortunate rat, the exposed wire lands on the
water pipe. If the water pipe is connected without
electrical interruption to the electricitys source
(through bonding), the electricity thinks that the
water pipe is the neutral (grounded) wire and happily
starts flowing through the water pipe. This is a
ground fault. The electric current should quickly rise

to the point where it trips a circuit breaker or blows a

fuse, clearing the fault.
But what if the water pipe is not bonded?
Perhaps a water softener has been added to the
system interrupting the electrical continuity of
some or all of the water pipe. In our example, the
water pipe is still energized but there is no way for
the electricity to return to its source; that is, until
someone grabs a metal water faucet handle and
is standing on the ground or on some conducting
surface. At that time, the electricity finds its path to
its source through the person. The person is injured
orkilled.
When trying to understand grounding and
bonding, think like electricity. If metal can become
energized, however unlikely that is, you must assume
that it will become energized. Bonding metal together
and connecting the metal to ground in an approved
manner lets you, not the electricity, decide how
electricity will flow in a fault condition.

Service panel
Black hot
wire

Grounding wire

White
neutral
wire
Grounding
screw
Grounding
wire
loose hot wire
Grounding wire to
grounding rods

Grounding wire to
grounding rods
8 ft.

8 ft.

6 ft. minimum

6 ft. minimum

normal current flow: Current enters the electrical box along

a black hot wire, then returns to the service panel along a
white neutral wire.

Ground fault: Current is detoured by a loose wire in contact

with the metal box. The grounding wire picks it up and
channels it safely back to the main service panel where the
circuit breaker trips or the fuse blows.

182 Codes for Homeowners

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Inspect electrical Panels for Proper Grounding

GROUndInG & BOndInG
AT SeRvICe PAneLS And SUBPAneLS
1. The neutral (grounded) wire should be
connected to the grounding electrode wire at
the nearest accessible point at or before the
service equipment (main disconnect). The
service equipment is usually the most convenient
accessible grounding point because the meter
enclosure and points before it are usually locked
Metallic conduit must be physically and electrically connected
to panel cabinets. A bonding bushing may be required, in some
cases, where all of a knockout is not removed.

neutral bus

or secured and not accessible. The grounding

electrode wire connects the neutral (grounded)
wire to a grounding electrode.
2. The neutral (grounded) wire should not
be connected to ground at any other place
downstream from the service equipment grounding
point. An exception to this rule exists when two
buildings are supplied by one electric service.
3. All metal parts of the electrical system should be
connected to the neutral (grounded) wire. This
includes service equipment and panelboard cases,
any metal electrical conduit or tubing, and all
metal pipes in the building (such as metal water
and gas pipe).

Grounding bus

The neutral and grounding wires should not be connected

to the same bus in most subpanels. The grounding bus should
be bonded to the subpanel cabinet. The neutral bus should
notbe bonded to the subpanel cabinet.

Service drop wires

Service entrance wires

Main breaker (service equipment)

Hot

Subpanel

Feeder

Hot

Meter

neutral

Branch
circuit
breakers

neutral
Bonding jumper

Ground
neutral bus
Grounded
electrode
Bonding jumper

Parts of a common electrical service configuration.

Illo 279
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

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Electrical System 183

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SeRvICe GROUndInG AT TWO BUILdInGS

USInG fOURWIRe feedeR
1. Use this procedure when installing a new feeder
cable to a second building from the building with
the primary electric service. (a) Install a feeder
cable to the second building that contains an
equipment grounding wire. Use a #10 copper
equipment grounding wire for feeders above
20amps to 60 amps or less. (b) Install a grounding
electrode at both buildings. (c) Connect the
feeder cable equipment grounding wire to the
grounding electrode wire at the second building

subpanel grounding bus. Connect all second

building branch circuit equipment grounding
wires to the grounding bus. (d) Bond the subpanel
case to the grounding bus. (e) Connect the feeder
cable neutral (grounded) wire to an isolated
grounded bus at the second building subpanel.
Do not connect the grounded bus to the subpanel
case or to the grounding bus.
2. You are not required to use this procedure if there
is only one branch circuit in the second building
and if the new feeder cable for that one branch
circuit contains an equipment grounding wire.

Main dwelling

Detached dwelling
Hot

Hot

neutral bus
Ground

Grounding bus

Grounding bus

neutral bus
Jumpers

Electrode

neutral

Electrode

Wiring diagram for wiring a feeder from the main service panel to a subpanel in a separate building.

Illo 280
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

Grounding electrodes & electrode Wires

GeneRAL ReqUIReMenTS
1. Every electrical service should be provided at
least one approved type of grounding electrode.
The most common grounding electrodes are
underground metal water pipe, driven rod and
pipe, and concrete encased.
2. All grounding electrodes that may be available at
a building should be bonded together. General
codes do not require that all possible types of
grounding electrodes be installed. They require
that if a grounding electrode is installed, it must

be connected (bonded) to all other grounding

electrodes and to the neutral (grounded) wire.
3. A bonding jumper at least as large as the
grounding electrode wire should be used to
connect (bond) the grounding electrodes. Bonding
jumpers may be connected between grounding
electrodes at any convenient point.
4. The grounding electrode wire may be connected
at any convenient grounding electrode.
5. Metal gas pipe should never be used as a
grounding electrode.

184 Codes for Homeowners

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UndeRGROUnd WATeR PIPe eLeCTROdeS

1. Use metal underground water pipe that is in
contact with the ground for at least 10 feet as
a grounding electrode. This includes all metal
water pipe materials such as copper and steel.
This includes all metal water pipes such as water
service pipes, metal well casing pipe, and metal
irrigation system pipes.
2. You must consider all underground water pipe that
satisfies the previous conditions as a grounding
electrode and connect (bond) underground water
pipe to all other grounding electrodes.
3. Do not connect a grounding electrode wire to
any interior metal water pipe at a point that is
more than 5 feet from where the underground
water pipe enters the building. Do not use any
interior metal water pipe that is more than 5 feet
from where the water pipe enters the building as
a conductor for a grounding electrode. Example:
do not connect the grounding electrode wire at a
water heater cold water pipe if the pipe is more
than 5 feet from where the water pipe enters
thebuilding.
4. Do not use underground metal water pipe as the
only grounding electrode. Install at least one other
type of grounding electrode and connect (bond) it
to the underground metal water pipe.
5. Install bonding jumper wires around devices that
might interrupt electrical continuity. Such devices
include water meters, water pressure reducers,
water softeners, and water filtration systems.
ROd & PIPe eLeCTROdeS
1. You may use metal pipe or conduit that is at least
-inch diameter and is at least 8 feet long as a
grounding electrode. Use galvanized materials
or other corrosion-resistant coating on iron and
steelpipes.
2. You may use a stainless steel, zinc-coated steel, or
copper rod that is at least 58-inch diameter and is
at least 8 feet long as a grounding electrode.
3. You may use a listed stainless steel or non-ferrous
(such as copper) rod that is at least 8 feet long as
a grounding electrode.
4. Do not use aluminum as rod and pipe electrodes.
5. Do not use one rod or pipe electrode as the only
grounding electrode. Install at least one other
grounding electrode of any approved type. Bond
all grounding electrodes together. This provision
does not apply if the rod or pipe electrode has a
resistance to earth of not more than 25 ohms.

Grounding electrode

A piece of reinforcing bar encased in a concrete footing is

a common grounding electrode in new construction. Called a
ufer, the electrode must be No. 4 or larger rebar and at least
20ft. long. (Shown prior to pouring concrete.)

COnCReTe enCASed eLeCTROdeS

1. You may use at least -inch diameter reinforcing
bar or at least #4 AWG bare copper wire as a
concrete encased grounding electrode. The
electrode material must be at least 20 feet
long. Do not use reinforcing bar that is not
electrically conductive or that is coated in
non-conductivematerial.
2. Encase the reinforcing bar or wire in at least
2inches of concrete. Place the bar or wire
in either the horizontal or vertical part of the
concrete that is in direct contact with the ground.
Do not place a moisture barrier between the
concrete and theground.
3. You may use wire ties or similar means to connect
(bond) reinforcing bars together to achieve the
20feet minimum length.
4. Concrete encased electrodes are also called ufer
grounding electrodes after the man who designed
this grounding electrode system.

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 Grounding electrode Wire Installation

ALUMInUM GROUndInG eLeCTROdeWIReS
1. Do not use aluminum or copper-clad aluminum
grounding electrode wires if the wire is in direct
contact with masonry or with the ground or if the
wire is in a corrosive environment.
2. Do not install aluminum or copper-clad aluminum
grounding electrode wires within 18 inches of the
ground when the wire is installed outside.

softeners, water filtration equipment, dielectric

fittings and other equipment and fittings that
interrupt the electrical continuity of metal piping
used as a grounding electrode.
2. Make bonding jumpers long enough to permit removal
of the equipment and maintain electricalcontinuity.
3. Use bonding jumpers that are at least the same
wire size as the grounding electrode wire.

COnneCTInG GROUndInG eLeCTROde

WIReS TO THe eLeCTROde
1. Use one of the following methods to connect
grounding electrode wires to grounding electrodes:
(a) a pipe fitting, pipe plug or other approved
device screwed into a pipe or pipe fitting, or (b) a
listed bolted clamp made of cast bronze or brass,
or plain or malleable iron.
2. You may use a listed metal strap ground clamp
to connect indoor communications equipment
grounding electrode wires to a grounding electrode.
3. Make accessible the connection point of
grounding electrode wires and bonding jumpers to
grounding electrodes. The connection point need
not be accessible for buried or concrete encased
grounding electrodes.
4. Clean grounding electrode wire connection points
and all clamps and fittings of non-conductive
materials such as paint.
5. Use ground clamps or fittings that are either
approved for installation without physical
protection or that are protected by enclosing them
in metal, wood or an equivalent protective cover.

MeTAL WATeR PIPe BOndInG

1. Connect (bond) interior metal water pipes to the
service equipment enclosure, or to the neutral
(grounded) wire at the service equipment, or
to the grounding electrode conductor, or to any
grounding electrode.
2. Use a bonding jumper or wire that is at least the
same wire size as the grounding electrode wire.
3. Make the bonding connection point accessible.

COnneCTIOnS AROUnd eqUIPMenT

AndInSULATed fITTInGS
1. Install bonding jumpers around equipment such
as water meters, pressure reducing valves, water

A listed metal strap may be used to ground indoor

communication wires such as telephone and cable TV.

MeTAL GAS PIPe BOndInG

1. Connect (bond) interior metal gas pipes and
other metal pipes to the service equipment
enclosure, or to the neutral (grounded) wire at the
service equipment, or to the grounding electrode
conductor, or to any groundingelectrode.
2. You may use the equipment grounding wire
that serves the gas appliance as the bonding
wire. Number 10 AWG copper wire is the
largest equipment grounding wire for almost all
residential branch circuits. This means that: (a) a
separate bonding wire between the gas pipe and
the service equipment is usually not necessary
(although some jurisdictions require one anyway),
and (b) #10 AWG copper wire is usually the
largest required gas pipe bonding wire.
3. Make the bonding connection point accessible.
BOndInG CORRUGATed STAInLeSS STeeL
GAS TUBInG
1. Install a #6 AWG copper bonding wire on gas
supply systems using corrugated stainless steel gas
tubing (CSST). Limit the length of the wire to not
more than 75 feet. This bonding connection is for
lightning protection.
2. Install the bonding wire at the first length of steel or
copper pipe before the CSST. This is usually at the
gas meter or where the propane pipe enters the home.
3. One manufacturer of 1 type of CSST does not require
this bonding connection. Verify CSST bonding
requirements using manufacturer's instructions and
by contacting your buildinginspector.

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Electrical Branch Circuit Requirements

very electrical circuit has its limits. Among the

more basic tasks in evaluating your existing wiring
system or planning a system expansion is to identify
which loads will be drawing from which circuits so
you can establish what each circuit capacity will
need to be. In addition to letting you plan the circuits
wisely, specific load knowledge lets you create a more
balanced service panel, lessening the chances that
youll trip breakers.

Branch Circuit Load Limits

15AMP & 20AMP CIRCUITS
1. Use only 15-amp and 20-amp, 120-volt circuits for
multiple outlet branch circuits. A multiple outlet
branch circuit has more than one light fixture and/or
receptacle on the same circuit. One duplex receptacle
(the common receptacle with two openings for plugs)
counts as two receptacles. A circuit that serves one
duplex receptacle is a multiple outlet branch circuit.
This provision does not apply to a circuit that serves
one single receptacle or one single light fixture.
2. Use only 120-volt branch circuits to supply residential
light fixtures, and to supply receptacles for plug-andcord connected loads not more than 1,440 watts, and
to supply motor loads less than .25 horsepower.
3. You may use either 120- or 240-volt branch
circuits to supply one plug-and-cord connected
or one permanently wired appliance rated more
than 1,440 watts. This means that branch circuits
rated more than 120 volts are effectively limited to
serving a single receptacle or permanently wired
fixed equipment.
4. Do not connect one plug-and-cord device that
exceeds 80 percent of a multiple outlet branch
circuits amperage rating. This means that one
device (such as a vacuum cleaner or a toaster
oven) may not exceed 12 amps (about 1,440
watts) on a 15-amp multiple outlet branch circuit
and may not exceed 16 amps (about 1,920 watts)
on a 20-amp multiple outlet branch circuit.
5. Do not connect one or more fixed devices that in
total exceed 50 percent of a multiple outlet branch
circuits amperage rating. Fixed devices do not
include light fixtures. This means that that all fixed
devices (such as a permanently wired disposal or
hot water circulating pump) on a multiple outlet

Planning a codecompliant branch circuit starts with

calculating the amount of load you expect the circuit to draw.

A duplex receptacle (A) contains two outlets. A single

receptacle (B) contains one outlet.

branch circuit may not exceed 7.5 amps (about

900 watts) on a 15-amp multiple outlet branch
circuit and may not exceed 10 amps (about 1,200
watts) on a 20-amp multiple outlet branch circuit.
30AMP CIRCUITS
1. Do not connect one plug-and-cord device that
exceeds 80 percent of a 30-amp branch circuits
amperage rating. This means that one device (such
as a clothes dryer) may not exceed 24 amps (about
5,760 watts) on a 30-amp, 240-volt branch circuit.
2. Do not use a 30-amp branch circuit to serve
loads other than a fixed device such as a water
heater or a single plug-and-cord connected
device such as a welder.

Safety Tip
Always work with your local electrical inspector and an
experienced wiring installer when adding electrical circuits.

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ROOM AIR COndITIOneR CIRCUITS

1. Use wires that are rated at least 125 percent of
a window or through-wall air conditioners total
rated current load if: (a) the air conditioner is
connected to a receptacle by a plug-and-cord, and
if (b) the air conditioners total rated current load
is shown on its nameplate (not just the individual
motor load), and if (c) the air conditioners total
rated current load on the nameplate is not more
than 40 amps and 250 volts, and if (d) the branch
circuit overcurrent protection device does not
exceed the branch circuit wire ampacity rating and
the ampacity rating of the receptacle. Example: a
plug-and-cord connected room air conditioners
total rated current load is 17 amps. Use wires
rated for 1.25 times 17 amps equals 21.25 amps
(#10 copper wire).
2. Do not install a window or through-wall air
conditioner on a 15- or a 20-amp multiple
outlet branch circuit if the air conditioners
total rated current load is more than 50 percent
of the branch circuits rating (80 percent for
dedicatedcircuits).
kITCHen SMALL APPLIAnCe CIRCUITS
1. Provide at least two 20-amp, 120-volt branch
circuits to serve only receptacles in the kitchen,
pantry, breakfast and dining areas, and similar
rooms. You may use the kitchen receptacle
circuits to power a refrigerator, a wall clock,

Airconditioner load ratings can be found on

thenameplate.

An electric clothes dryer requires a separate, dedicated

circuit (usually 240-volt, 30-amp).

and the electrical requirements for gas cooking

equipment. You may not use the kitchen
branch circuits to supply light fixtures or
other outlets in these rooms, and you may
not use the kitchen branch circuits to supply
outlets in other rooms.
BATHROOM ReCePTACLe CIRCUIT
1. Provide at least one 20-amp, 120-volt branch
circuit to serve only receptacles located in the
bathroom(s). You may not use the bathroom
branch circuit to supply light fixtures or other
outlets in the bathroom, and you may not use
the bathroom branch circuit to supply outlets in
otherrooms.
2. You may provide each bathroom with its own
dedicated 20-amp, 120-volt branch circuit. In this
case, you may use the branch circuit to supply
other bathroom outlets, such as light fixtures and
exhaust fans.
LAUndRy ReCePTACLe CIRCUIT
1. Provide at least one 20-amp, 120-volt branch
circuit to serve only receptacles located in the
laundry area. You may not use the laundry branch
circuit to supply light fixtures or other outlets
in the laundry, and you may not use the laundry
branch circuit to supply outlets in other rooms.
Electric clothes dryers require a dedicated 240volt, 30-amp circuit.

188 Codes for Homeowners

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MULTIWIRe BRAnCH CIRCUITS

1. Run multiwire branch circuit wires from adjacent
slots on the same panelboard. It is safer to
originate a multiwire branch circuit from adjacent
slots on the same side of the panelboard. This
helps avoid overloading the shared neutral
(grounded) wire.
2. Use a two-pole overcurrent device or two single
pole devices that are connected by an approved
handle tie to protect most multiwire branch
circuits. Do not connect circuit breaker handles
with nails, wires, or other unapproved handle tie
substitutes.
3. Use wire ties or similar devices to group all
ungrounded (hot) and grounded (neutral) wires
of each multiwire branch circuit in the cabinet
where the circuit originates.

The receptacle yoke is removed (A) when it is split-wired using

a multiwire branch circuit.

Connect both handles of circuit breakers protecting a multiwire branch circuit with an approved handle tie.

Quantity of Receptacles on a Branch Circuit

A widely held belief exists that the IRC limits the number

number of outlets (both lights and receptacles) allowed

of receptacles on a residential branch circuit. This belief is

for commercial electrical circuits. Commercial applications

incorrect. The IRC only requires that the number of branch

allow about 13 outlets on a 20-amp circuit and about 10

circuits is sufficient to supply the connected load and

outlets on a 15-amp circuit. Wiring residential general

that the load on any branch circuit does not exceed the

lighting branch circuits based on these commercial outlet

IRC limits. This belief may come from restrictions on the

limits is often a good idea but is not required by the IRC.

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 Current Wiring Methods

Table 42 lists the wiring methods currently
allowed in residential construction. Note that
certain wiring methods may not be used in
certainapplications.

Table 42:
CurrentWiringMethods

APPROved USeS fOR WIRInG MeTHOdS

1. Table 43 lists when a wiring method may be
used in a specific application. Note that some
wiring methods have restrictions or limitations
shown by the following superscripts: (1) use less
than six feet of LFC if the conduit walls are not
reinforced, (2) insulate the neutral (grounded)
wire unless the cable is used to supply other
buildings on the same property, (3) insulate the
neutral (grounded) wire, (4) use wires approved
for wet locations and seal raceways to prevent
water entry, (5) use materials listed as sunlight
resistant, (6) protect metal raceways from
corrosion, (7) use Schedule 80 RNC, (8) use
materials listed as sunlight resistant if exposed
to direct sunlight, (9) use less than six feet
ofconduit.

Armored cable

AC

Electrical metallic tubing

EMT

Electrical nonmetallic tubing

ENT

Flexible metal conduit

FMC

Intermediate metal conduit

IMC

Liquidtight flexible conduit

LFC

Metalclad cable

MC

Nonmetallic sheathed cable

NM

WIRInG METHoD

aBBREVIaTIon

Rigid nonmetallic conduit

RNC

Rigid metallic conduit

RMC

Service entrance cable

SE

Surface raceways

SR

Underground feeder cable

UF

Underground service cable

USE

Table 43: Current Wiring Methods allowed Uses

alloWED applICaTIon

aC

EMT

EnT

FMC

IMC
RMC
RnC

lFC 1

MC

nM

SR

SE

UF

USE

Service entrance

NO

OK

OK8

OK9

OK

OK9

OK

NO

NO

OK

NO

OK

NO

OK

OK

OK2

OK

NO

Feeder

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Branch circuits

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Indoors (e.g., in stud walls)

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK5

OK

OK

OK

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK

Wet locations & exposed to sunlight

NO

OK

Damp locations

NO

OK

OK

OK

Embedded in concrete in dry location

NO

OK

OK

NO

OK

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Embedded in concrete below grade

NO

OK

OK

NO

OK

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Embedded in plaster in dry location

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

NO

OK

OK

NO

OK

OK

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Embedded in masonry

NO

OK

OK

NO

OK

In masonry voids & cellsin damp location

or below grade

NO

OK6

OK

OK4

OK6

OK

OK

NO

NO

OK

OK

NO

Fished in masonry voids

OK

NO

NO

OK

NO

OK

OK

OK

NO

OK

OK

NO

In masonry voids & cells in dry location

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

OK

OK

NO

Exposed not subject to damage

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

OK

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

NO

NO

NO

OK

NO

Exposed subject to damage

Direct burial

NO

NO

NO

OK

NO
NO

NO

OK

190 Codes for Homeowners

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RULeS fOR nM And Uf CABLe

1. Use Table 44 to determine the maximum
ampacity and overcurrent protection of NM and
UF cable. NM and UF cable is often referred
to by the trade name Romex. This table will
apply to almost all branch circuit and feeder
wiring in modern residential electrical systems.
Example:the maximum rating for a circuit
breaker protecting Number 12 copper wire is
20amps.

Rigid metal conduit has threaded ends for making watertight

connections with female-threaded fittings andcouplings.

Table 44: nM and UF Cable

Maximum ampacity
WIRE
SIzE
(aWG)

CoppER
WIRE
(aMpS)

alUMInUM
WIRE
(aMpS)

14

15

12

20

15

10

30

25

40

30

55

40

70

55

85

65

95

75

110

85

electrical nonmetallic tubing (A) may be used inside, and

outside if it is rated as sunlight resistant. Liquid-tight flexible
conduit can be non-metallic (B) or it can be metallic conduit
with a non-metallic sheath (C).

nonmetallic sheathed cable is available in the most

common gauges used in residential construction.

Table 45: Maximum Hole or notch Size in Studs and Joists

FRaMInG MEMBER

MaxIMUM HolE SIzE

MaxIMUM noTCH SIzE

2 4 loadbearing stud

1 16" diameter

2 4 nonloadbearing stud

2 8" diameter

1716" deep

2 6 loadbearing stud

214" diameter

138" deep

2 6 nonloadbearing stud

3516" diameter

2316" deep

2 6 joists

1 8" diameter

2 8 joists

2 8" diameter

114" deep

2 10 joists

3116" diameter

112" deep

2 12 joists

334" diameter

178" deep

7
1

7
3

8" deep

8" deep

This framing member chart shows the maximum sizes for holes and notches that can be cut into studs and joists
when running cables. When boring holes, there must be at least 58" of wood between the edge of a stud and the hole,
and at least 2" between the edge of a joist and the hole. Joists can be notched only in the end 13 of the overall span,
never in the middle 13 of the joist.

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nM & Uf CABLe InSTALLATIOn

1. Use NM and UF cable where the cable is
not subject to physical damage. The term
subject to physical damage is undefined and
subject to interpretation. Your local building
inspector will define what this means in your
area. Locations that may be considered subject
to physical damage include those within easy
reach. Examples may include inside cabinets, in
unfinished walls, and attached to finished walls
below about 7 feet above the floor. Cable run in
attics and crawlspaces is not usually considered
subject to physical damage.
2. Protect NM and UF cable using RMC, IMC,
EMT, or Schedule 80 RNC when the cable is
subject to physical damage. Extend the protection
at least six inches above the floor when the cable
runs through the floor.
3. Protect NM and UF cable using nail guards or
other approved physical protection when the
cable is installed: (a) through holes, notches, or
grooves that are closer than 1 inches to the
edge of a stud or joist, (b) in notches and grooves
in places such as drywall, plaster, and under
carpet, unless the groove or notch is deeper than
1inches, (c)through holes in metal framing
(use grommets or bushings), and (d) parallel to
the edge of a stud, joist, or furring strip when the

cable is closer than 1 inches to the edge of the

framing member.
4. Support NM, UF, AC, and MC cable every
4feet. Use wire staples or other approved
fasteners to support vertical runs of NM, UF, AC,
and MC cable. Staple the cable only on the flat
edge. Note that wiring methods need not always
be secured to be considered supported. Cable run
across the tops of joists and truss chords is usually
considered supported without being secured to
the joists. Cable must be secured to be considered
supported when it is run vertically and when it is
run on the sides and bottoms of framing members.
5. Secure NM and UF cable not more than 8inches
from boxes and terminations that do not have cable
clamps. This includes most plastic boxes. Secure
NM and UF cable not more than 12inches from
boxes and terminations that have cable clamps.
This includes most metal boxes. Measure the
support distance from where the cable sheathing
ends in the box, not from the boxitself.
6. Use NM cable only in dry locations that are
indoors and not within concrete or masonry that
is exposed to the ground. Do not use NM cable
in conduit that is buried in the ground. Buried
conduit is considered a wet location. You may use
UF cable in wet locations including outdoors and
underground if it is not subject to damage.

vIOLATIOn! Do not install NM and UF

cable inside cabinets.

192 Codes for Homeowners

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vIOLATIOn! Do not install NM and UF cable in exposed walls

and ceilings. You may install NM and UF cable in exposed
basement ceilings and attics under certain conditions.

vIOLATIOn! Do not install NM cable outdoors. Outdoors

includes buried conduit. You may install UF cable outdoors if it
is protected from physical damage.

Support nM and Uf cable at least every 412 ft. Cable on top

of ceiling joists is considered supported.

Secure nM and Uf cable within 8" from where the cable

enters or leaves a plastic box. Measure from where the cable
sheathing ends in the box, not from the edge of the box.

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COndUIT & TUBInG InSTALLATIOn

1. Apply the following installation requirements
to EMT, IMC, RMC, ENT, FMC, LFC, and
RNC: (a) limit the number of 90-degree bends
between junction boxes to not more than four, (b)
install bushings where conduit or tubing enters
a box, fitting, or enclosure, unless the device
provides equivalent protection against damage
to any wires that may be pulled into the device,
(c) remove rough edges from the ends of all
conduit and tubing that may damage wires, (d)
support EMT, IMC, and RMC not more than
every 10 feet and within three feet of junction
boxes or terminations, (e) support ENT not more
than every three feet, unless the ENT is in an
accessible ceiling, such as a drop ceiling, and if
the distance between light fixtures is not more
than six feet, and (f) support FMC and LFC not
more than every 412 feet and within 12 inches of
junction boxes and terminations, unless the FMC
and LFC is in an accessible ceiling, such as a drop
ceiling, and if the distance between light fixtures
is not more than six feet.
2. You may allow not more than 36 inches between
the last support and a light fixture or other
equipment that may need to be moved for service
or replacement.

WIRInG SUPPORT ReqUIReMenTS

1. Table 46 lists the on-center support
requirements for wiring methods. Note that
some wiring methods have special requirements
shown by the following superscripts: (1)
support is not required in accessible ceilings,
such as drop ceilings, if the distance between
light fixtures is not more than six feet, (2) you
may allow not more than 24 inches between
the last support and a light fixture or other
equipment that may need to be moved for
service or replacement, (3) you may allow not
more than 36 inches between the last support
and a light fixture or other equipment that may
need to be moved for service or replacement,
(4) support NM and UF cable not more than
eight inches from boxes and terminations that
do not have cable clamps. This includes most
plastic boxes. Measure the support distance
from where the cable sheathing ends in the box,
not from the box itself, (5) support NM and
UF cable not more than 12 inches from boxes
and terminations that have cable clamps. This
includes most metal boxes. (6) support RNC not
more than five feet for conduit sizes more than
one inch.

Table 46: Wiring Methods Support

MaxIMUM
SUppoRT

EnT

FMC
lFC

nM
UF

RnC

SE USE
(SERVICE)

SE
(BRanCH
CIRCUIT
oR InDooR
FEEDER)

aC

MC

EMT
IMC
RMC

4.51 ft.

61 ft.

10 ft.

31 ft.

4.51 ft.

4.5 ft.

36 ft.

2.5 ft.

4.5 ft.

121,2 ft.

121,2 ft.

36 in.

36 in.

121,3 in.

84 125 in.

36 in.

12 in.

12 in.

SpaCInG
MaxIMUM
SUppoRT
DISTanCE
To Box oR
TERMInaTIon
(InCHES)

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Use wood or other substantial guards to protect NM

and UF cable installed perpendicular to rafters within the
protection area.

WIRInG PROTeCTIOn In ATTICS

1. Protect electrical cables in accessible attics by
using substantial guard strips that are at least as
tall as the electrical cables when: (a) access to
the attic is by permanent stairs or ladders (such
as a pull-down attic ladder), and the cables are
within seven feet vertically from the top of attic
floor joists or truss bottom chords, or the cables
run across the face (shortest dimension) of rafters,
studs, or truss webs or chords, or (b) access to
the attic is by scuttle hole or similar opening and
the cables described in (a) are within six feet
horizontally from the nearest point of the attic
access opening.
2. You need not protect electrical cables in accessible
attics when the cables are installed:(a)running

Use wood or other substantial guards to protect NM

and UF cable installed on top of ceiling joists within the
protectionarea.

parallel to the edge of the framing and at least

114 inches from the edge of the framing, or (b) in
holes that are at least 114 inches from the edge of
the framing.

Basement Ceilings:
Running Boards
A running board is a board, such as a 1 6, attached
to the bottoms of the basement ceiling joists to create
a mounting surface for NM and UF cables containing
wires #10 AWG and smaller. You may not want to use
this method if you intend to finish thebasement.

7 ft.

Scuttle opening:
area within 6 ft.
of opening

Protect exposed nM and Uf cable installed in accessible attics and within the shaded protection area.

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Electrical Receptacle Installation

hether you call them outlets, plug-ins, or

receptacles, these important devices represent
the point where the rubber meets the road in your
home wiring system. From the basic 15-amp, 120-volt
duplex receptacle to the burly 50-amp, 240-volt
appliance receptacle, the many outlets in your home do
pretty much the same thing: transmit power to aload.
Learning the essential differences between
receptacles does not take long. Amperage is the
main variable, as each receptacle must match the
amperage and voltage of the circuit in which it is
installed. A 15-amp circuit should be wired with
15-amp receptacles; a 20-amp circuit needs 20-amp
receptacles (identified by the horizontal slot that
Ts into each tall polarized slot). A 20-amp multireceptacle circuit may use either 15- or 20-amp
receptacles. Receptacles for 240-volt service have
unique slot configurations so you cant accidentally
plug in an appliance thats not rated for the amperage
in the circuit. Some receptacles can be wired using
the push-in wire holes, but this is not recommended.
Some receptacles provide built-in, ground-fault circuit
protection, tripping the circuit breaker if there is a
short circuit or power surge. These are easy to identify
by reset and test buttons.
GeneRAL ReCePTACLe
InSTALLATIOnReqUIReMenTS
1. Use only grounding type (3-slot) receptacles on
15-amp and 20-amp branch circuits.
2. Mount receptacles in boxes that are recessed from
the wall by seating the receptacles extension ears
at the top and bottom of the receptacle against the
wall surface.
3. Mount receptacles in boxes that are flush with the
wall by seating the receptacles mounting yoke or
strap against the box.
4. Do not allow the receptacle to move when a plug
is inserted. This can, over time, cause wires to
loosen, allow arcing, and cause a fire.
5. Install receptacle faceplates so that the plate
completely covers the receptacle and so that the
faceplate is flush against the wall. No gaps should
exist between the receptacle and the faceplate
and between the faceplate and the wall.
6. Install receptacles so that the face of the
receptacle is either flush with or projects out from
a nonmetallic faceplate.

Stamp of approval
Mounting
strap

long
(neutral)
slot

push-in
fitting

Short (hot) slot

Wire
type

Grounding
hole

Silver
(neutral)
screw
terminals

Wire
ratings

Connecting
tab

Brass (hot)
screw
terminals
Voltage
rating
Green
(grounding)
screw terminal

amperage
rating

FRonT

BaCK

7. Install receptacles so that the face of the

receptacle projects out from a metallic faceplate
at least () 164 inch.
8. Install receptacles so that the wiring terminals are
not exposed to physical contact.
TAMPeRReSISTAnT ReCePTACLeS
1. Install tamper-resistant receptacles in 120-volt, 15and 20-amp general purpose branch circuits. These
receptacles usually have an opening that moves to
allow access to the receptacle. This requirement
includes interior and exterior receptacles unless
an exception applies. This requirement includes
replacement of existingreceptacles.
2. You do not need to install tamper-resistant
receptacles if the receptacle: (a) is located more
than 66 inches above the floor, or (b) is part of a
light fixture or appliance, or (c) is a single or duplex
dedicated appliance receptacle into which one or
two not easily movable appliances will beplugged.
nOnGROUndInG TyPe ReCePTACLeS
1. You may replace a non-grounding type receptacle
(2-slot) with another non-grounding typereceptacle.
2. You may replace a non-grounding type receptacle
(2-slot) with a grounding type receptacle (3-slot)
if: (a) the replacement receptacle is a GFCI

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3.

4.

5.
6.

receptacle, and if (b) the cover plate is labeled

No Equipment Ground.
You may replace a non-grounding type receptacle
(2-slot) with a grounding type receptacle (3-slot)
if: (a) the replacement receptacle is supplied
by a GFCI protected circuit, and if (b) the
cover plate is labeled GFCI Protected and No
EquipmentGround.
Use 1, 2, and 3 above only if no equipment
grounding wire is available in the receptacle box. You
must use a grounding type receptacle and you must
use the equipment grounding wire if it isavailable.
Do not run an equipment grounding wire to any
outlet downstream from the replacementreceptacle.
Do not connect the neutral wire to the receptacle
grounding lug. These bootleg grounds are a
dangerous code violation.

ReCePTACLe InSTALLATIOn In ROOMS

1. Apply these provisions to receptacles in living rooms,
family rooms, bedrooms, dens, sunrooms, recreation
rooms, dining rooms, breakfast rooms, libraries, and
similar living areas. Kitchens, bathrooms, hallways,
garages, laundry rooms, and exterior receptacles
have their own installationrequirements.
2. Install the required interior receptacles so that
any point along a wall is not more than six feet
from a receptacle. Do not include operable doors,
fireplaces, closet interiors, and similar openings
when measuring a wall. A wall begins at the edge
of an opening and continues around any corners to
the next opening. Walls include fixed (not sliding)
panels in doors that are at least two feet wide. Walls
include partial height walls that serve functions

such as room dividers and walls that form breakfast

bars and similar bar-type counters. Walls include
guards and railings at balconies, raised floors, and
other areas where furniture could be placed.
3. Locate floor receptacles intended to serve as
required interior receptacles not more than 18
inches from the wall. You may install interior floor
receptacles at any safe place, but you may count
only receptacles not more than 18 inches from the
wall among the required receptacles.
4. Install receptacles not more than 66 inches above
the finished floor. You may install receptacles at
any height, but you may count only receptacles
not more than 66 inches above the finished floor
among the required receptacles.
kITCHen COUnTeRTOP
ReCePTACLeInSTALLATIOn
1. Install a GFCI protected receptacle at every
kitchen countertop that is at least 12 inches wide.
2. Install kitchen countertop receptacles so that all
points along the countertop wall are not more
than two feet from a receptacle. A wall begins at
the edge of an opening or appliance and continues
around any corners and ends at the next opening
or appliance. Include windows when measuring
the wall unless the window is above a sink or
cooking appliance.

2 ft.

4 ft.

1 ft.
4 ft.
6 ft.

3 ft.sliding
door

3 ft.
Refrigerator

3 ft. fixed
door

6 ft.

1 ft.
2 ft.

6 ft.

1 ft.

3 ft.

Island

6 ft.

2 ft.

1 ft.

6 ft.
5 ft.

1 ft.

1 ft.

Illo 299
CG_Codes
06-15-2009
example

4 ft.

6 ft.

4 ft.

6 ft.

Illo 302

of receptacle spacing requirements in a typical

CG_Codes
room. Measure receptacle spacing distance
along the wall line.
06-15-2009
Install receptacles along partial height walls
and along balcony
guards in lofts and similar areas.

2 ft.

2 ft. 2.5 ft.

example of countertop receptacle spacing in a

typicalkitchen.

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vIOLATIOn! Running a pigtail from the

neutral terminal to the grounding screw
on a receptacle is called a bootleg
ground. It is usually done to make
an ungrounded circuit appear to be
grounded. It is very dangerous.

you must install receptacles behind

a short run of countertop if it is at least
12" wide along a straight wall.

3. Install receptacles behind a sink or cooking

appliance located along a straight wall if the
countertop behind the sink or cooking appliance
is at least 12 inches wide. Install receptacles
behind a sink or cooking appliance located along
a wall corner if the countertop behind the sink or
cooking appliance is at least 18 inches wide.
4. Install receptacles not more than 20 inches above
the countertop. You may install receptacles at any
height, but you may include only receptacles not
more than 20 inches above the countertop among
the required kitchen countertop receptacles.
5. Do not include among the required kitchen
countertop receptacles: (a) receptacles located in
appliance garages, and (b) receptacles dedicated
for a fixed-in-place appliance, and (c) receptacles
not readily accessible for use by small appliances.
6. Do not install receptacles face up on
worksurfaces.
kITCHen ISLAnd & PenInSULA
ReCePTACLeS WITHOUT A SInk
ORCOOkInG APPLIAnCe
1. Install at least one GFCI protected receptacle at
every kitchen island and peninsula that measures
at least 24 inches by at least 12 inches. Measure
a peninsula from the interior connecting edge of
thecountertop.
2. Install kitchen countertop receptacles along
any wall space above an island or peninsula
countertop. Such wall space occurs when
an island or peninsula is installed at a partial
heightwall.

you must install receptacles behind

a sink or cooking appliance if the
countertop behind the sink or cooking
appliance is at least 18" wide in a
cornercabinet.

3. You may install receptacles not more than

12inches below an island or peninsula countertop
if the countertop is flat and there is no wall space
above the countertop. Do not install the required
kitchen island or peninsula receptacle below a
breakfast bar or other countertop that extends
more than six inches beyond the supporting base.
kITCHen ISLAnd And PenInSULA
ReCePTACLeS WITH A SInk
ORCOOkInGAPPLIAnCe
1. Install at least one GFCI protected receptacle
not more than 24 inches from each side of a sink
or cooking appliance installed in a kitchen island
orpeninsula.
2. Install receptacles behind a sink or cooking
appliance if the countertop behind the sink or
cooking appliance is at least 12 inches wide or
at least 18 inches wide if the sink or cooking
appliance is installed in a corner.
3. Install kitchen countertop receptacles along
any wall space above an island or peninsula
countertop. Such wall space occurs when an island
or peninsula is installed at a partial heightwall.
4. You many install receptacles not more than 12inches
below an island or peninsula countertop if the
countertop is flat and there is no wall space or cabinet
above the countertop. Do not install the required
kitchen island or peninsula receptacles below a
breakfast bar or other countertop that extends more
than 6 inches beyond the supportingbase.
5. Do not install receptacles face up on counter tops
and similar work surfaces.

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BATHROOM SInk ReCePTACLeS

1. Install at least one GFCI protected receptacle
not more than 36 inches from the outside edge
of each sink basin in a bathroom. You may install
the receptacle along a wall adjacent to the sink.
An adjacent wall usually means the wall on
which the mirror is usually placed or on the wall
perpendicular to the mirror wall. You may also
install the receptacle on the side or face of the
basin cabinet if the receptacle is not more than
12 inches below the countertop. Receptacles
in light fixtures do not count as the required
sinkreceptacle.
2. Do not install receptacles face up on
worksurfaces.
LAUndRy ReCePTACLeS
1. Install at least one 20-amp, 120-volt receptacle in
the laundry area. This required receptacle usually
serves the clothes washing machine. The required
laundry receptacle is in addition to any required
garage or basement receptacle if the laundry is in
the garage or basement.
2. Provide GFCI protection for all 15 and 20 amp,
120 volt receptacles in the laundry area. This
includes any dedicated receptacle for the clothes
washingmachine.

so that it is accessible from grade level and is not

more than 78 inches above finished grade level.
2. Install at least one GFCI protected, 15- or
20-amp, 120-volt receptacle within the perimeter
of any balcony, deck, or porch that: (a) is
accessible from inside the home, and (b) has a
usable area of at least 20 square feet.
BASeMenT ReCePTACLeS
1. Install at least one GFCI protected, 15- or
20-amp, 120-volt receptacle in an unfinished
basement. Install at least one GFCI protected
receptacle in the unfinished part of a basement
that is partially finished.
2. You are not required to provide GFCI protection
to a receptacle that is dedicated to serving a fire or
security alarm system.

exTeRIOR ReCePTACLeS
1. Install at least one GFCI protected, 15- or
20-amp, 120-volt receptacle on the front and back
exterior wall of every home. Locate the receptacle

GARAGe And ACCeSSORy

BUILdInGReCePTACLeS
1. Install one GFCI protected, 15- or 20-amp
receptacle for each motor vehicle parking space in
an attached garage and in a detached garage that
is supplied with electricity. You are not required to
supply electricity to detached garages and accessory
buildings, but if you do you must install a receptacle.
Accessory buildings include work sheds, storage
sheds, tack sheds, barns, and similar buildings.
2. You may not serve any other outlets from the
circuit serving garage receptacles. This means that
garage lights and exterior lights and receptacles
must be served by one or more separate circuits.

A GfCI protected receptacle must be installed within 36" of

each bathroom sink basin.

An exteriorrated receptacle should be installed on both

the front and back exterior walls of your house.

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Ground-fault (GFCI) & arc-fault (aFCI) protection

GROUndfAULT LOCATIOn ReqUIReMenTS
1. Kitchen receptacles. Install ground-fault circuit
interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120-volt
receptacles that serve kitchen countertops. This
does not include receptacles under the kitchen
sink, receptacles located on kitchen walls that do
not serve the countertop, and receptacles that are
not within six feet from a sink.
2. Kitchen. Install ground-fault circuit interrupt
(GFCI) protection on the outlets that supply
dishwashing machines.
3. Bathroom receptacles. Install ground-fault
circuit interrupt (GFCI) protection on all
120-volt receptacles located in bathrooms.
This applies to all receptacles regardless of
where they are located in the bathroom and
includes receptacles located at countertops,
inside cabinets, and along bathroom walls. This
also applies to bathtubs and shower stalls that
are not located in a bathroom. Install groundfault circuit interrupt (GFCI) protection on

all circuits serving electrically heated floors in

bathrooms, kitchens, and around whirlpool tubs,
spas, and hot tubs.
4. Garage and Accessory Building receptacles.
Install ground-fault circuit interrupt (GFCI)
protection on all 120-volt receptacles located
in garages and grade-level areas of unfinished
accessorybuildings.
5. Exterior receptacles. Install ground-fault circuit
interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120-volt
receptacles located outdoors. This does not apply
to receptacles that are dedicated for deicing
equipment and are located under the eaves. This
applies to holiday lighting receptacles located
under the eaves.
6. Basement receptacles. Install ground-fault
circuit interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120volt receptacles located in unfinished basements.
An unfinished basement is not intended as
habitable space and is limited to storage and
work space.

Groundfault receptacles and circuit breakers

detectunwanted current running between an energized wire
and a grounded wire.

A combination ARCfault circuit breaker detects sparking

(arcing) faults along damaged energized wires and detects
these faults between wires. A branch ARC-fault circuit breaker
only detects arcing faults between wires.

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7. Crawl space receptacles. Install ground-fault

circuit interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120-volt
receptacles located in crawl spaces. Receptacles
in crawl spaces are not required unless equipment
requiring service is located there.
8. Sink receptacles. Install ground-fault circuit
interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120-volt
receptacles that are located within six feet of the
outside edge of a sink. This includes wall, floor,
and countertop receptacles.
9. Boathouse receptacles. Install ground-fault circuit
interrupt (GFCI) protection on all 120-volt
receptacles located in boathouses. Install groundfault circuit interrupt (GFCI) protection on all
120-volt and 240-volt receptacles that serve
boathoists.
10. Spas, tubs, and other circuits requiring groundfault protection. Install ground-fault circuit
interrupt (GFCI) protection on all circuits
serving spa tubs, whirlpool tubs, hot tubs, and
similar equipment. Refer to the general codes
for more information about receptacles serving
thesecomponents.
11. Install GFCI circuit breakers and receptacles so
that they are readily accessible.
ARCfAULT LOCATIOn ReqUIReMenTS
1. Install a combination type or an outlet
(receptacle) type arc-fault circuit interrupter
(AFCI) on all 15- and 20-amp, 120-volt branch
circuits serving sleeping, family, dining, living,

2.

3.

4.

5.

sun, and recreation rooms, kitchens, laundry

areas, and parlors, libraries, dens, hallways,
closets, and similar rooms and areas. This
means that 15- and 20-amp, 120-volt branch
circuits serving most interior spaces in a
home are required to have AFCI protection.
Note that garages, basements, utility and
mechanical rooms, and exterior branch circuits
are not included in this list, although local
building officials may include these areas
byinterpretation.
You may provide AFCI protection for the entire
branch circuit by installing a combination-type
AFCI circuit breaker in the electrical panel where
the branch circuit originates.
You may provide AFCI protection to a branch
circuit using several different combinations of
branch-circuit type AFCI circuit breakers and
branch-circuit type AFCI receptacles. Refer to
general codes or your local building inspector
for details about these alternatemethods.
Provide AFCI for branch circuits that are
modified, replaced, or extended. You may use
either of the following methods: (a) install
a combination-type AFCI circuit breaker in
the electrical panel where the branch circuit
originates, or (b) install a branch-circuit type
AFCI receptacle at the first receptacle in the
existing branch circuit.
Install AFCI circuit breakers and receptacles so
that they are readily accessible.

Receptacles for whirlpool tubs must

be GFCI protected and must face the
access opening. The receptacle shown
here is a violation.

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Junction Boxes, Device Boxes & Enclosures

ll electrical boxes are available in different

depths. A box must be deep enough so a switch
or receptacle can be removed or installed easily
without crimping and damaging the circuit wires.
Replace an undersized box with a larger box using
Table 48 the Electrical Box Fill Chart (see page 204)
as a guide. The NEC also says that all electrical
boxes must remain accessible. Never cover
an electrical box with drywall, paneling, or
wallcoverings.

NoN-metallic Box iNstallatioN

1. Use non-metallic boxes only with NM type cable
or with non-metallic conduit or tubing. You may
use non-metallic boxes with metallic conduit or
tubing if you maintain the electrical continuity
of the metallic conduit or tubing by installing
a bonding jumper through the box. In many
situations it is easier to use a metallic box with
metallic conduit or tubing.
2. Extend NM cable sheathing at least 14 inch into a
non-metallic box knockout opening.
3. Secure NM cable, conduit, and tubing to each
box. You may secure NM cable with cable clamps
inside the box or with compression tabs provided
where the cable enters the box. You do not need
to secure NM cable to a standard single-gang box
(214 by four inches) mounted in a wall or ceiling
if you fasten the cable not more than eight inches
from the box and if the sheathing enters the box at
least 14 inch. Measure the eight inches along the
length of the sheathing, not from the outside of
the box.
light Fixture Box iNstallatioN
1. Use boxes designed for mounting light fixtures if
a light fixture is to be mounted to the box. These
boxes are usually four-inch round oroctagonal.
2. You may use other boxes to mount light fixtures on
walls if the fixture weighs less than 6 pounds and
if the fixture is secured to the box using at least
#6screws.
3. Support light fixtures weighing at least
50poundsindependently from the light
fixturebox. You may use the light fixture box
to support light fixtures weighing less than
50pounds. Note that ceiling fans are not
lightfixtures.

Box shape is directly related to function, as electrical fixtures

are created to fit on boxes of a particular shape. Octagonal and
round boxes generally are designed for ceiling mounting, while
square and rectangular boxes are sized for single-pole, duplex,
and other standard switch and receptacle sizes.

Do not support heavy light fixtures using only the light

fixture electrical box. The eye hook supporting this chandelier
is driven into the same ceiling joist to which the electrical box
is mounted.

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BOx COnTenTS LIMITATIOnS

1. Limit the number of wires, devices (such as switches
and receptacles), and fittings in a box. This limitation
is primarily based on the heat generated by the wires
and devices in the box. The actual size of the box
relative to its contents is a secondary consideration.
2. Use the cubic inch volume printed on the box or
provided in the box manufacturers instructions to
determine box volume. Do not attempt to measure
the box volume. Do not estimate box volume from the
volume of similar size boxes. You will probably not get
the same volume as provided by the manufacturer.
3. Use Table 47 to determine the volume units
required by wires, devices, and fittings in a box.
BOx InSTALLATIOn TOLeRAnCeS
1. Install boxes in non-combustible material, such
as masonry, so that the front edge is set back not
more than inch from the finished surface.
2. Install boxes in walls and ceilings made of wood or
other combustible material so that the boxs front
edge is flush with the finished surface or projects
from the finished surface. You may use an extension
ring, plaster ring, or similar device to extend the box
to the finished wall surface. Mechanically secure
the extension device to the box.
3. Cut openings for boxes in drywall and plaster so
that the opening is not more than 18 inch from the
perimeter of the box.

Boxes must be installed so the front edges are flush with the
finished wall surface, and the gap between the box and the wall
covering is not more than 18".

Table 47: Wire Volume Unit

WIRE SIzE (aWG)

WIRE VolUME

14

2.00 in.3

12

2.25 in.3

10

2.50 in.3

3.00 in.3

5.00 in.3

Volume Units
Calculate the volume units required by wires, devices, and

box. From Table 47, #14 wire uses 2.00 cubic inches and #12

fittings based on the following definitions:

wire uses 2.25 cubic inches. Allow 4.5 cubic inches volume
units (2 2.25 cubic inches) for each switch or receptacle in

volume units for currentcarrying wires. Allow

the box based on the volume of the larger #12 NM cable.

one volume unit for each individual hot (ungrounded)

and neutral (grounded) wire in the box. Use Table 47

volume units for grounding wires. Allow one volume

to determine the volume units of common wire sizes.

unit for all grounding wires in the box. Base the volume

Example: two pieces of #14/2 NM are in a box. Each piece

unit on the largest hot (ungrounded) or neutral (grounded)

of this cable contains one hot (ungrounded) and one

wire in the box.

neutral (grounded) wire and one grounding wire. From

Table 47, each #14 wire uses 2.00 cubic inches in the box.

volume units for clamps. Allow one volume unit for all

The total volume units required by the hot (ungrounded)

internal cable clamps in the box, if any. Base the volume

and neutral (grounded) wires is eight cubic inches.

unit on the largest hot (ungrounded) or neutral (grounded)

wire in the box.

volume units for devices. Allow two volume units for each
device (switch or receptacle) in the box. Base the volume

volume units for fittings. Allow one volume unit for all

units on the largest hot (ungrounded) or neutral (grounded)

fittings in the box, if any. Base the volume unit on the largest

wire in the box. Example: NM cable size #14 and #12 are in a

hot (ungrounded) or neutral (grounded) wire in the box.

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table 48:
electrical Box fill chart
Box size
and shape

(If volume not labeled

bymanufacturer)

MaxiMuM nuMBer
of voluMe units
perMitted
(see notes Below)
14
awG

12
awG

10
awG

8
awG

4 114" R or O

4 112" R or O

4 218" R or O

10

4 1 1 4" S

4 1 1 2" S

10

4 2 1 8" S

15

13

12

10

41116 114" S

12

11

10

41116 112" S

14

13

11

41116 218" S

21

18

16

14

3 2 1 1 2"

3 2 2"

3 2 2 1 4"

3 2 2 1 2"

3 2 2 3 4"

3 2 3 1 2"

4 2 1 8 1 1 2"

4 218 178"

4 2 1 8 2 1 8"

junction Boxes

device Boxes

Notes:
R = Round; O = Octagonal; S = Square or rectangular
Each hot or neutral wire entering the box is counted as one volume unit.
Grounding wires are counted as one volume unit in totaldo not
count each one individually.
Raceway fittings and external cable clamps do not count. Internal
cable connectors and straps count as one volume unit.
Devices (switches and receptacles mainly) each count as two volume units.
When calculating total volume units, any non-wire components
should be assigned the gauge of the largest wire in the box.
For wire gauges not shown here, contact your local electrical
inspections office.

Box Support in WallS,

CeilingS & FloorS
1. Provide support for boxes that rigidly and securely
fasten them in place. You may use nails or screws
to support these boxes.
2. Protect screws inside boxes so that the threads
will not damage the wires.
3. Wood braces used to support boxes must be at
least 12".
4. Use cut-in or old work retrofit boxes only
if they have approved clamps or anchors that
are identified for the location where they
areinstalled.
Damp loCationS
1. Install a receptacle box cover that is
weatherproof when the cover is closed and a
plug is not inserted into a receptacle located in
a damp location. This applies to 15-amp and
20-amp receptacles. A damp area is protected
from direct contact with water. Refer to the
definition of damp location. You may use a
receptacle cover suitable for wet locations in a
damp location (see page 169).
2. Install a watertight seal between a flushmounted receptacle and its faceplate. This will
require a gasket or sealant between the finished
surface (such as stucco, brick, or siding) and
thefaceplate.
Wet loCationS
1. Install a receptacle box cover that is
weatherproof when the cover is closed on any
receptacle located in a wet location. This applies
to 15-amp and 20-amp receptacles in any indoor
or outdoor wet location. This applies regardless
of whether or not a plug is inserted into the
receptacle. Refer to the definition of wet location
(see page 169).
2. Install a watertight seal between a flushmounted receptacle and its faceplate. This will
require a gasket or sealant between the finished
surface (such as stucco, brick, or siding) and
thefaceplate.

204 Codes for Homeowners

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BOx SUPPORT By RACeWAyS

1. Do not support any junction or device boxes using
only conduit or tubing if the box volume is larger
than 100 cubic inches.
2. Support boxes that do not contain switches,
receptacles, or light fixtures by using at least two
lengths of conduit threaded wrench-tight into the
box. Secure the conduit not more than three feet
from the box if the conduit enters from different
sides of the box. Secure the conduit not more
than 18 inches from the box if the conduit enters
from the same side of the box. Example: if the
conduit enters the box from the top and bottom
of the box, then secure the conduit not more than
three feet from the box. Example: if the conduit
enters the box from only the top or only from the
bottom, then secure the conduit not more than
18inches from the box.
3. Support boxes that contain switches or receptacles
or light fixtures by using at least two lengths
of conduit threaded wrench-tight into the box.
Secure the conduit not more than 18 inches from
the box.
4. You may use RMC or IMC metal conduit to
support light fixtures under certain conditions.
Refer to the IRC for the exceptions.

Secure each cable to a cabinet using an approved

cableclamp.

Panel boxes, including the main service panel and subpanel

boxes, also require the use of properly sized cable clamps
wherever cables enter or exit the box.

Secure conduit supporting a junction box within 3 ft. from

the box if the conduit enters the box from opposite directions.
Boxes containing a switch or receptacle should be supported
by two pieces of conduit and should be secured within 18"
from the box.

CABLeS SeCURed TO A CABIneT

1. Secure each individual cable to panelboard
cabinets and to similar enclosures, unless the
exception applies.
2. You may run NM cable into the top of a surfacemounted cabinet through an accessible rigid
raceway under certain conditions. Refer to IRC
Chapter 39 for the conditions.

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 electrical Box Types

3 1 2"-deep plastic boxes with preattached mounting nails
are used for any wiring project protected by finished walls.
Common styles include single-gang (a), double-gang (B),
and triple-gang (C). Double-gang and triple-gang boxes
require internal cable clamps.

Metal boxes should be used for exposed installations

indoor
wiring,
in
an unfinished
such as conduit
basement.
installations
Metal boxes
in an
also
unfinished
may
be used
basement.
for wiringMetal
that will
boxes
bealso
covered
can be
byused
for wiring that will be covered by finished walls.
finishedwalls.

plastic retrofit light fixture box

lets you install a new fixture in
an existing wall or ceiling.
plastic light fixture boxes with
brace bars let you position a
fixture between framing members.
GFCI damp
area plates
Duplex damp
area plates

Metal light fixture

boxes with heavyduty brace bars
are recommended
when installing
heavy light
fixtures or hanging
a ceiling fan.

Cast aluminum
boxes are required
for outdoor electrical
fixtures connected
with metal conduit.
Sealed seams and
threaded openings
keep moisture out.
a variety of cover
plates are available.

pVC plastic boxes

are used with
pVC conduit in
outdoor wiring and
exposed indoor
wiring. pVC cover
plates are available
to fit switches,
standard duplex
receptacles, and
GFCI receptacles.

206 Codes for Homeowners

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Box Installation Specifications

D

Highquality nonmetallic boxes are rigid and dont contort

easily. A variety of adapter plates are available, including singlegang (A), double-gang (B), light fixture (C), and junction box
cover plate (D). Adapter plates come in several thicknesses to
match different wall constructions.

Boxes larger than 2 4" and all retrofit boxes must have
either compression tabs or internal cable clamps. After
installing cables in the box, tighten cable clamps over the
cables so they are gripped firmly, but not so tightly that the
cable sheathing is crushed.

Grounding screw

pigtail

Metal boxes must be grounded to the circuit grounding

system. Connect the circuit grounding wires to the box with a
green insulated pigtail wire and wire connector (as shown) or
with a grounding clip.

Cables entering a metal box must be clamped. A variety

of clamps are available, including plastic clamps (A, C) and
threaded metal clamps (B).

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 Circuit Breaker Panels

The circuit breaker panel is the electrical distribution
center for your home. It divides the current into
branch circuits that are carried throughout the house.
Each branch circuit is protected by a circuit breaker
that protects the wires from dangerous current
overloads. When installing new circuits, the last step
is to connect the wires to new circuit breakers at the
panel. Follow basic safety procedures and always shut

off the main circuit breaker and test for power before
touching any parts inside the panel. Never touch the
service wire lugs. If unsure of your own skills, hire an
electrician to make the final circuit connections. (If
you have an older electrical service with fuses instead
of circuit breakers, always have an electrician make
these final hookups.)

120-volt
branch
circuits

Main circuit breaker

panel distributes the
current entering
the home into
branch circuits.

Grounding conductor
leads to metal
grounding rods
driven into the
earth or to other
grounding electrodes.

Two hot service wires

provide 120/240 volts
to the main circuit
breaker. These wires
are always HoT.

neutral service wire

carries current back
to the source after it
has passed through
thehome.

Grounding bus bar has

terminals for linking
grounding wires to
the main grounding
conductor. It is bonded
to the neutral bus bar.

Main circuit
breaker protects
the panelboard
from overloads and
disconnects current to
all circuits in
the panel.

Two hot bus bars run

through the center of
the panel, supplying
current to the circuit
breakers. Each carries
120 volts.

neutral bus bar has

setscrew terminals
for linking all neutral
circuit wires to the
neutral service wire.

Subpanel feeder
breaker is a
double-pole breaker.
It is wired in the
same way as a
120/240-volt circuit.

Double-pole breaker
wired for a 120/240
circuit transfers
current from the two
hot bus bars to red and
black hot wires in a
three-wire cable.

208 Codes for Homeowners

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If a circuit breaker panel does not have enough

open slots for new full-size circuit breakers, you may
be able to install 1/2-height (slimline) circuit breakers.
Otherwise, you will need to install a subpanel.
Before installing any new wiring, evaluate your
electrical service to make sure it provides enough
current to support both the existing wiring and any new
circuits. If your service does not provide enough current,
you will need to upgrade to a higher amp rating panel
with enough extra breaker slots for the new circuits you
want to install.
Circuit breaker subpanel can be
installed when the main circuit
breaker panel does not have enough
space to hold circuit breakers for new
circuits you want to install.

Neutral bus bar

has setscrew
termi nals for
linking neutral
circuit wires
to the neutral
feed wire.

Two hot
feeder
wires
supply
120volts
each to the
two hot
bus bars.

Safety Warning
Never touch any parts inside a circuit breaker panel
until you have checked for power. Circuit breaker
panels differ in appearance, depending on the
manufacturer. Never begin work in a circuit breaker
panel until you understand its layout and can identify
the parts.

Singlepole circuit
breaker transfers
120 volts from one
hot bus bar to the
black hot wire in a
twowire cable.

Grounding bus bar has

setscrew terminals
for connecting circuit
grounding wires.
In a circuit breaker
subpanel, the grounding
bus bar is not bonded to
the neutral bus bar.

120volt
branch circuit

Neutral
feeder wire
connects the
neutral bus
bar in the
subpanel to
the neutral
bus bar in
the main
service
panel.

120volt isolated
ground circuit

240volt
branch circuit

Feeder cable
brings current from
the main circuit
breaker panel. A
30amp, 240volt
subpanel requires
a 10/3 feeder cable
controlled by a
30amp doublepole
circuit breaker.

Two hot bus bars pass

through the center of the
service panel, supplying
power to the individual
circuit breakers. Each
carries 120 volts.

Doublepole breaker wired for 240 volts

transfers current from both hot bus
bars to white and black hot wires in a
twowire cable. This 240volt circuit
has no neutral wire connection; the
white wire is tagged with black tape to
identify it as a hot wire.

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Switch Installation
SWITCH CURRenT LOAd LIMITATIOnS
1. Do not use a switch in a circuit if the current load
on the circuit exceeds the current rating of the
switch. Example: a 15-amp snap switch may be
overloaded if it switches ten 200-watt, 120-volt
flood lights. Beware of overloads if the switch
controls multiple high wattage flood lights or other
high current draw equipment.
2. Use switches that are rated at least 80 percent of
a motors full load current rating.
3. Install switches that have at least the same
current rating as the circuit breaker or fuse
protecting the branch circuit when the switch
controls plug-and-cord connected equipment
either by switching the receptacle or by switching
a permanently connected cord. Example: a switch
controls half of a receptacle in a bedroom. If the
branch circuit is 20 amps, the switch should be
rated at 20 amps or more.
4. Run the grounded (neutral) wire of a general purpose
branch circuit to the switch box when the switch
controls lighting loads. Refer to the IRC for exceptions
that may occur in some unusualconditions.

Cover exposed electrical connections in timer boxes using

the manufacturer-supplied cover.

SWITCH ORIenTATIOn
1. Install single-throw switches so that ON is in the
up position when the device is installed vertically.
You may install single-throw switches horizontally.
2. Use switches that clearly indicate whether the
switch is in the ON or OFF position. This does
not apply to three-way and four-way switches.
This requirement is frequently waived when
rocker type switches are used.

A typical 15amp single pole switch

seen front and back.

push-in fittings

Grounding screw
Wire
compatibilty
ratings

Grounding
lug screw

Wire
strip
gauge

Screw terminals

amperage &
voltage ratings
Wire release
opening
for push-in
fittings

Underwriters
laboratories
(Ul) approved
Mounting screw
FRonT

Mounting strap

BaCK

210 Codes for Homeowners

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TIMeR SWITCHeS
1. Use timer switches with energized parts that are
enclosed in the switchs case or enclose the timer
switch in a cabinet or box.
2. Install a barrier to guard against contact with
energized parts.
SWITCH HeIGHT
1. Locate switches not more than 79 inches above
the finished floor or finished grade. Measure to
the center of the handle when in the up position.
2. Locate switches in readily accessible places.
GROUndInG Of SWITCHeS,
BOxeS & fACePLATeS
1. Ground metal boxes containing switches, and
the switches themselves (including dimmers and
similar devices), and metal faceplates covering
switches. Ground the switch by mounting the
switch to a grounded metal box using metal screws
or by connecting an equipment grounding wire to
the switch. Connect switches to the equipment
grounding wire when using non-metallic boxes.
2. You may replace an existing ungrounded switch
with another ungrounded switch if the wiring

Switch only Hot Wires

Switch only the hot (ungrounded) wire unless the
switch simultaneously disconnects all wires in
the circuit. Maintain required wire color-coding

method has no equipment grounding wire. Protect

these ungrounded switches that are located not
more than 8 feet vertically or 5 feet horizontally
from the ground or from grounded metal objects
by: (a) installing a non-combustible and nonconductive faceplate using nonmetallic screws, or
(b) using a switch with a non-metallic strap or yoke,
or (c) installing GFCI protection on the circuit.
SWITCHeS In WeT LOCATIOnS
1. Enclose switches and circuit breakers installed in
wet locations in a weatherproof cabinet orenclosure.
2. Do not locate switches in shower or tub spaces unless
the switch is part of a listed tub or showerassembly.
SWITCH MOUnTInG In BOxeS
1. Mount switches in boxes that are recessed from the
wall by seating the switchs extension ears at the top
and bottom of the switch against the wallsurface.
2. Mount switches in boxes that are flush with the
wall by seating the switchs mounting yoke or strap
against the box.
3. Do not allow the switch body to move when the
switch is operated. This can, over time, cause wires
to loosen, potentially causing arcing and afire.
SWITCH fACePLATe InSTALLATIOn
1. Install switch faceplates so that the plate
completely covers the switch and so that the
faceplate is flush against the wall. No gaps should
exist between the switch handle and the faceplate,
and between the faceplate and the wall.

throughout three-way and four-way circuits.

Grounding
wires

neutral wires

Connect the grounding wire to the switch grounding

terminal when mounting the switch in a plastic box.

Threeway switches and fourway switches are required

for circuits with fixtures controlled by multiple switches. A
four-way switch is seen here. Note that ON and OFF are not
indicated on the toggle because these settings can change
based on which switch was used last.

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Light Fixture Installation

LightS required in habitabLe roomS
1. Install at least one switch-controlled light in every
habitable room and bathroom. This light may be a
switched (half-hot) receptacle in habitable rooms
other than kitchens and bathrooms. In kitchens and
bathrooms, the outlet must be a switched wall or
ceiling lighting outlet. You may use lights controlled
by occupancy sensors if the sensors have a manual
override that allows switch control of the light.
LightS required
in other interiorSpaCeS
1. Install at least 1 wall switch-controlled wall or
ceiling light in every hallway, stairway, attached
garage, and detached garage if the detached
garage is provided with electricity.
2. Install at least 1 wall switch to control stairway
lights if the stairs have at least () 6 risers. Install
a switch at: (a) each floor, and at (b) each landing
that provides access to an interior or exterior
entryopening.
LightS required at exterior doorS
1. Install at least 1 switch-controlled wall or ceiling
light on the exterior side of every exterior door
with grade level access. Exterior lights are not
required at garage vehicle doors.
LightS required in attiCS,
CraWLSpaCeS & baSementS
1. Install at least one light outlet in attics,
crawlspaces, utility rooms, and basements if the
area is used for storage or if it contains equipment
that requires service. Locate the light outlet near
any equipment that requires service.
2. Locate a switch for the light at the usual point
of entry into the area. You may use a pull-chain

controlled light if the light is located at the usual

point of entry into the area. This means that if the
light is not at the entrance to the area, the light
must be switched at the entrance.
Light Fixture Support
1. You may use a securely attached box to support
light fixtures weighing less than 50 pounds. Note
that ceiling fans are not considered light fixtures.
2. Do not use the screw shell of a light fixture to
support anything that weighs more than six pounds
or is more than 16 inches in anydimension.
reCeSSed LightS
1. Use recessed lights that are labeled as being
thermally protected. Thermal protection shuts off
power to the light at high temperatures. Thermal
protection is not required if the recessed light is
made, labeled, and installed so that it functions as
if it were thermally protected.
2. Use insulation contact (IC) rated recessed lights
when the recessed parts are installed in an insulated
attic. IC rated recessed lights may not require
clearance to insulation or to combustiblematerials
3. Provide at least 3 inches clearance between
insulation and recessed lights that are not labeled as
being insulation contact (IC) rated. Do not install
insulation above non-IC rated recessedlights.
LightS in Wet & damp LoCationS
1. Install lights in wet and damp locations so that
water cannot enter or accumulate in the wiring or
energized parts.
2. Use only lights labeled SUITABLE FOR WET
LOCATIONS when installing lights that may be
subject to direct contact with water. Refer to the
definition of wet location (see page 169).
Choose the proper type of recessed
light fixture for your project. There are two
types of fixtures: those rated for installation
within insulation (left), and those which must
be kept at least 3" from insulation (right).
Selfcontained thermal switches shut off
power if the unit gets too hot for its rating.
A recessed light fixture must be installed at
least 12" from combustible materials.

212 Codes for Homeowners

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llo 328
CG_Codes
06-15-2009

eowners
age:212

3 ft.

8 ft.

Keep all parts of lights and ceiling fans at least 3 ft.

horizontally and 8 ft. vertically from bathtubs and showers.

Look for heavy-duty ceiling boxes that are specifically

rated for ceiling fans and heavy light fixtures.

3. Use lights labeled either SUITABLE FOR WET

LOCATIONS or SUITABLE FOR DAMP
LOCATIONS when installing lights in damp
locations. Refer to the definition of damp location
(see page 169). Light fixtures, including ceiling
fans, intended for indoors may not be installed in
either wet or damp locations.

and track lights so that no part of the light or

fan falls within an exclusion zone measuring
three feet horizontally from the base of the
tub or shower stall threshold and eight feet
vertically from the top of the tub rim or
showerstall threshold. Parts include fan blades,
bulb enclosures, hanging chains, and other
parts connected to or hanging from the light
orfan.
2. Use light fixtures that are listed for damp
locations if the fixture is: (a) located
within thetub or shower area, and (b)
within 8feet from the top of the tub rim or
showerthreshold.
3. Use light fixtures that are listed for wet locations
if the fixture is: (a) located within the tub or
shower area, and (b) within 8 feet from the top of
the tub rim or shower threshold, and (c) subject to
shower spray.

CeiLing FanS
1. Support ceiling fans weighing not more than
70pounds using boxes listed and labeled to
support the fan.
2. Support ceiling fans weighting more than
70pounds independently from the box.
CeiLing FanS & LightS
near tubS & ShoWerS
1. Install ceiling fans, cord-connected lights,
lights suspended by cords, chains, or cables,

Light fixtures installed in damp areas should be rated for

moisture exposure.

a sturdy metal brace with an integral box that is installed

between ceiling joists can be used to support ceiling fans and
heavy light fixtures.

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 Closet Lights
APPLICABLe COde defInITIOnS
fORCLOSeTS:
Clothes closet: A space intended for storage of
clothing. A clothes closet usually contains a horizontal
rod for hanging clothing. This definition implies
that this section does not apply to storage areas
such as linen closets and pantries. As with all codes,
application of this section depends on interpretation
by the local building official.

3. Provide at least 6 inches between recessed

incandescent and LED light fixtures and the
closest point of the closet storage area.
4. Provide at least 6 inches between fluorescent
light fixtures and the closest point of the closet
storagearea.
5. You may install surface-mounted fluorescent and
LED light fixtures within the closet storage area if
the fixture is identified for use within the area.

Closet storage area: Clearances to light fixtures

required by this IRC Section are between light fixtures
and the closet storage area. The closet storage area is
a space consisting of a hanging rod storage area and
a shelf storage area. The required clearance applies
to both areas. The clearances to light fixtures apply
whether or not shelves or hanging rods are currently
installed in the closet. This means that if a shelf or
rod could be installed on a clothes closet wall, you
must assume that one will be installed and that the
clearances to light fixtures apply.

USInG fLexIBLe CORdS WITH eqUIPMenT

1. Use flexible cords only to connect an appliance
to a receptacle and only if the appliance
manufacturers instructions allow connection by a
flexible cord.
2. Do not run or conceal flexible cords in walls,
ceilings, floors, or raceways.
3. Do not splice or tap flexible cords.
4. Provide power to flexible cords through an
attachment plug. Do not hard-wire flexible cords
directly to a power source.
5. Do not use flexible cords as a substitute for
permanent wiring.

Hanging rod storage area: This area begins at the

closet floor and ends six feet above the closet floor or
at the highest hanging rod, whichever is higher. The
hanging rod storage area includes all of the space
within 24 inches horizontally from the back and sides
of the closet walls.
Shelf storage area: This begins six feet above the
closet floor or at the highest hanging rod, whichever
is higher, and ends at the closet ceiling. The shelf
storage area includes all of the space within 12inches
horizontally from the back and sides of the closet walls
or within the width of the shelf, whichever is wider.
LIGHT fIxTURe CLeARAnCeS
In CLOTHInG CLOSeTS
1. Do not install any incandescent or LED light
fixture in a clothes closet if any part of the lamp is
exposed. This includes both surface mounted and
recessed light fixtures. This includes incandescent
light fixtures that have lamps such as compact
fluorescent installed because the fluorescent lamp
could be replaced with an incandescent lamp.
This includes hanging light fixtures.
Illo 329
2. Provide at least 12 inches between
surface
CG_Codes
mounted incandescent and LED light fixtures and
06-15-2009
the closest point of the closet storage area.

6 in. clearance for

fluorescent light

Shelf storage
12 in.

12 in. clearance for

incandescent light

Rod storage
24 in.

Closet hanging rod and shelf storage areas.

214 Codes for Homeowners

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Electric Equipment Grounding

1.

Ground metal parts in an electrical system including

equipment grounding wires, and (c) metal conduit

equipment cases, cabinets, boxes, conduit, tubing,

and tubing when the fittings at terminations are

light fixtures, and water pumps. Equipment cases

include furnaces, air conditioning condensers, water
2.

listed for grounding.

3.

Do not use a separate earth ground as the only

heaters, dishwashers, and similar equipment.

means of grounding equipment. Example: do not

You may ground metal parts in an electrical system

install a separate driven ground rod to ground an air

by using any currently accepted wiring method

that provides a mechanically and electrically

conditioning condenser.
4.

In older homes, the electrical wires do not have

continuous path to the service grounding

a separate grounding wire. Some people install a

connection. These methods include: (a) grounding

wire between the grounding screw of a grounded

wires contained in NM cable, and (b) separate

receptacle and the neutral terminal. This is not safe.

Modern nM (nonmetallic) cable, found in most wiring

systems installed after 1965, contains a bare wire that
provides grounding for receptacle and switch boxes.

Armored cable has a metal sheath that serves as the

grounding pathway.

Polarized receptacles have a long slot and a short

slot. Used with a polarized plug, the polarized receptacle
keeps electrical current directed for safety.

Threeslot receptacles are required by code for all new

installations. They are usually connected to a standard
two-wire cable with ground.

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Satellite Dishes, Television & Radio antennas

his material applies to receiving antennas such

as satellite dishes, and traditional radio and
television antennas. It does not apply to cable TV
system wiring, and it does not apply to networkpowered broadband communication system wiring.
This material also applies to radio transmission
antennas and towers such as those used by amateur
radio operators.
AnTennA PROHIBITed
InSTALLATIOnLOCATIOnS
1. Do not attach or secure (guy) antennas to electric
service entrance masts, or to poles that support
electric power wires, or to plumbing vent pipes, or
to furnace vent pipes.
2. Do not attach or secure (guy) large antennas to
chimneys including framed and brick veneer
chimneys. These chimneys are not designed
to bear the loads imposed by large antennas.
Consult a qualified contractor or chimney sweep
before attaching or securing large antennas
tochimneys.
3. Provide clearance between antennas and
masts and electric power wires so that if the
antenna falls, it is unlikely to fall on the electric
powerwires.
AnTennA WIRe & CABLe CLeARAnCe
TOeLeCTRIC POWeR LIneS
1. Do not install outdoor, above-ground antenna
wires and cables so that they cross over electric
power wires. Avoid, if possible, installing outdoor,
above-ground antenna wires that cross under
electric power wires. Electric power wires include
wires on overhead power poles, overhead service
drop wires, and any electric power wires running
between buildings.
2. Provide at least two feet clearance between
outdoor, above-ground antenna wires and cables
and electric power lines that can swing freely.
3. Provide at least four inches between outdoor
antenna wires and cables and most residential
electric power wires when both are secured so
that they cannot move.
4. Provide at least 12 inches clearance between
underground antenna wires and underground
cables and electric power wires.

Television aerials and satellite dishes must be located

well away from power lines. They should be properly grounded
and protected against lightning strikes.

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5. Provide at least a two-inch clearance between

indoor antenna wires and cables and indoor
electric power wires.
GROUndInG AnTennAS, MASTS,
WIReS & CABLeS
1. Install a ground/bonding wire between metal
antenna masts, towers, and support poles and an
approved grounding point. Metal antenna masts
include the short metal mast commonly found on
satellite dishes.
2. Install a grounding/bonding wire between the
coaxial cable shield and an approved grounding/
bonding point. You must ground/bond both the
coaxial cable shield and any metal antenna mast.
3. Use at least #10 AWG copper wire or #17 copper
clad steel wire as the grounding/bonding wire for
receiving equipment only. You may use a #8 AWG
aluminum or copper-clad aluminum grounding/
bonding wire for receiving equipment only if it is
not in contact with masonry, and is not installed
in a corrosive environment, and is installed at
least 18 inches above the ground at all points
including at the connection to the grounding/
bonding point.
4. Use at least #10 AWG copper, bronze, or copperclad steel as the grounding/bonding wires for
transmitting/receiving stations. Use a larger wire
if the lead-in wires are larger than #10 AWG.
Insulation is not required on any grounding/
bonding wire. You may use solid or stranded
grounding/bonding wires for transmitting or
receiving stations.
5. Run the grounding/bonding wire in as straight a
line as possible to an approved grounding point.
6. Connect the grounding/bonding wire(s) to one
of the following approved grounding/bonding
points: (a) the intersystem bonding connection
terminal, or (b) the buildings grounding electrode,
grounding electrode wire, or other metal part of
the building grounding electrode system, or (c)
a metal water service pipe not more than 5 feet
from where the water service pipe enters the
building, or (d) the service equipment cabinet or
non-flexible metal service equipment raceway,
or (e) the other system grounding/bonding
connection described in the IRC.
7. Do not connect the antenna mast or coaxial
cable to its own ground rod unless the ground
rod is bonded to the building grounding electrode
system using at least #6 AWG copper wire.

8. Secure and support the grounding/bonding

wire by fastening it to the building or other
substantial structure. Insulating supports are
notrequired.
9. Protect the grounding/bonding wire if
it is exposed to physical damage. Use a
wiring method that is approved for use in
physicaldamage environments such as
metallicconduit.
10. Bond (connect) both ends of any metallic
conduit and tubing used to protect the
grounding/bonding wire to the bonding/
grounding wire.
GROUndInG WIRe COnneCTIOn
TO THe GROUndInG POInT
1. Use a listed clamp, listed pressure connector, or
other listed means to connect the grounding wire
to the grounding point.
2. Install the listed connector so that it is both
physically and electrically connected to the
grounding point. This means removing paint,
lacquer, rust, and other non-conductive material
before attaching the listed connector to the
grounding point.
3. Connect not more than one grounding wire to a
listed connector unless the connector is listed to
accept more than one wire.
4. Use a listed connector that is compatible
withboth the grounding point and the
grounding wire material. Example: an iron or
steel clamp isnot compatible with a copper
water pipe. Both materials will corrode
overtime.

Source for This Material

The material in this section is based on the National
Electrical Code (NEC) , 2014 Edition. Most local
building officials use the NEC as a supplement to
or in place of the IRC when dealing with residential
electrical issues. The IRC does not address
antennas, so the NEC is usually the appropriate
source for rules regarding installation of antennas
and the wires that connect them to the receiving
equipment. Verify with the local building official
which version, if any, of the NEC is adopted in
yourarea.

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Broadband Cable Wiring

his material applies to network-powered broadband

communication system wiring. These systems
usually deliver television, telephone, Internet, and
similar services. They operate at up to 150 volts
and 100 watts. This material does not apply to
standard cable TV system wiring, and it does not
apply to satellite TV antenna wiring. Some new
communication systems use fiber-optic cables. This
article does not apply to fiber-optic cables.
OveRHeAd BROAdBAnd
CABLeCLeARAnCe
1. Install outdoor, aboveground broadband
communication cables above electric power wires
whenever possible.
2. Avoid installing outdoor, above-ground broadband
communication cables near electric power
wires that can swing freely. Electric power
wires include wires on overhead power poles,
overhead service drop wires, and any electric
power wires running between buildings. Provide
at least 12inches clearance between outdoor,
above-ground broadband communication cables
and electric power lines that can swing freely.
Increase clearance to at least 40 inches at the
power pole.
3. Provide at least four inches between outdoor
broadband communication cables and most
residential electric power wires when both are
secured so that they cannot move.
4. Measure the vertical clearance between overhead
broadband cables and the ground, walkway,
driveway, or street beginning at the lowest hanging
point of the cables and ending at the surface
under the lowest point.

5. Provide at least 9 feet vertical clearance between

broadband cables and finished grade, sidewalks,
or platforms accessed by pedestriansonly.
6. Provide at least 11 feet vertical clearance
between overhead broadband cables and
residential property and driveways.
7. Provide at least 15 feet vertical clearance
between overhead broadband cables and public
streets, alleys, roads, or parking areas subject to
truck traffic.
8. Provide the same clearance between overhead
broadband cables and swimming pools, spas, and
hot tubs as for electrical wires.
9. Provide at least eight feet vertical clearance
between broadband cables and most lowsloperoofs.
10. Provide at least 18 inches vertical clearance
between broadband cables and roof overhangs
if not more than four feet of cable passes over
the roof and if the cable terminates at a throughthe-roof raceway or support. This is similar to
clearances allowed for service drop wires.
11. Provide at least three feet vertical clearance
between broadband cables and roofs with a slope
of at least four inches in 12 inches.
BROAdBAnd CABLe BURIAL dePTH
1. Bury broadband cables at least 18 inches deep
when the cables are not covered by concrete or
enclosed in conduit or other raceways. You may
reduce the depth to at least 12 inches when the
cables are under concrete residential driveways,
patios, and similar concrete slabs. Refer to the
NEC for burial depths when the cables are
enclosed in conduit or raceways.

low & Medium power Broadband System Definition

Low power broadband systems operate at not more than 100 volts, and medium power systems operate at not more than
150 volts. Verify voltage rating and system classification with the broadband service provider. The operating voltage of the
system affects how the cables are installed.

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GROUndInG BROAdBAnd CABLeS

1. Install a copper (or other corrosionresistant material) grounding/bonding wire
at least #14AWG between the broadband
cable shieldandan approved grounding/
bondingpoint.
2. Connect the grounding/bonding wire to the
broadband cable shield at a point as close as
possible to where the outside cable terminates
outside the building. If the outside cable enters
the building, make this connection at a point as
close as possible to where the outside cable enters
the building.
3. Run the grounding/bonding wire in as straight
a line and as short a distance as possible from
the broadband cable shield grounding/bonding
connection point to an approved grounding/
bonding point.
4. Limit the length of the grounding/bonding wire
to not more than 20 feet. If the broadband
cable shield ground/bonding point is more than
20 feet from an approved grounding point, you
may install at least an 8 feet long ground rod
near where the cable enters the building and
bond the ground rod to the electrical service
grounding system using at least #6 AWG
copperwire.
5. Connect the grounding/bonding wire(s) to
one of the following approved grounding/
bonding points in other than manufactured
homes: (a)the intersystem bonding connection
terminal, or (b) the buildings grounding
electrode, grounding electrode wire, or other
metal part of the building grounding electrode
system, or (c) a metal water service pipe not
more than 5feet from where the water service
pipe enters the building, or (d) the service
equipment cabinet or non-flexible metal service
equipment raceway, or (e) the other system
grounding/bonding connection described in
theIRC.
6. Connect the grounding/bonding wire(s)
to one of the approved grounding/bonding
pointsdescribed above at manufactured
homes if the home has service equipment or a
groundedpower disconnecting means located
not more than 9 feet from the nearest wall of
thehome.

7. Connect the grounding/bonding wire(s) to the

manufactured homes grounding electrode if
the home does not have service equipment or a
grounded power disconnecting means located
not more than 9 feet from the nearest wall of the
home. Use at least #6 AWG copper wire to make
this connection.
8. Connect the broadband cable shield to the metal
frame of the manufactured home if the grounding/
bonding connection is made as described in #7
above. Use at least #12 AWG copper wire to make
this connection.
9. Protect the grounding/bonding wire if it is exposed
to physical damage. Use a wiring method that is
approved for use in physical damage environments
such as metallic conduit.
BROAdBAnd CABLe
& eLeCTRIC POWeR WIRe SePARATIOn
1. Do not run low-power or medium-power
broadband cables in the same conduit,
tubing, raceway, junction and device box, or
enclosure with electric power wires unless an
exceptionapplies.
2. You may install low-power and medium-power
broadband cables and electric power wires
in the same cabinet or box when the electric
power wires are intended to supply power
to the broadband cable system such as for
anamplifier.
3. Separate indoor broadband cables and electric
power wires by at least 2 inches.
4. Separation described in 3 is not required if the
electric power wires or broadband cables are
enclosed in conduit, tubing, metal cable armor
or if the electric power wires and cables are
permanently separated from each other by a
continuous non-conductive material.
5. Separation described in 3 is not required if the
electric power wires are contained in a jacket such
as with types NM, UF, and AC cable. This means
that, in most cases, separation between broadband
cables and electric power wires is required only
when individual electric wires are installed in
conduit or tubing.
6. Provide, if possible, at least 6 feet separation
between coaxial cables and any part of a lightning
protection system.

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APPENDIX

Common Mistakes
An electrical inspector visiting your home might
identify a number of situations that are not up to code.
These situations may not be immediate problems. In
fact, it is possible that the wiring in your home has
remained trouble free for many years.
Nevertheless, any wiring or device that is not up
to code carries the potential for problems, often at
risk to your home and your family. In addition, you
may have trouble selling your home if it is not wired
according to accepted methods.
Most local electrical codes are based on the
National Electrical Code (NEC), a book updated
and published every three years by the National Fire
Protection Agency. This code book contains rules and
regulations for the proper installation of electrical

wiring and devices. Most public libraries carry

reference copies of the NEC.
All electrical inspectors are required to be well
versed in the NEC. Their job is to know the NEC
regulations and to make sure these rules are followed
in order to prevent fires and ensure safety. If you have
questions regarding your home wiring system, your
local inspector will be happy to answer them.
While a book cannot possibly identify all potential
wiring problems in your house, we have identified
some of the most common wiring defects here and
will show you how to correct them. When working on
home wiring repair or replacement projects, refer to
this section to help identify any conditions that may
be hazardous.

Electrical inspectors are on the lookout for common mistakes. The following pages detail problems to avoid so you will pass
inspection on the first try.

220 Codes for Homeowners

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Service Panel Inspection

Problem: Rust stains are found inside the main service panel.
This problem occurs because water seeps into the service
head outside the house and drips down into the service panel.

Solution: Have an electrician examine the service head and

the main service panel. If the panel or service wires have been
damaged, new components must be installed.

Problem: This problem is actually a very old and very

dangerous solution. A penny or a knockout behind a fuse
effectively bypasses the fuse, preventing an overloaded circuit
from blowing the fuse. This is very dangerous and can lead to
overheated wiring.

Solution: Remove the penny and replace the fuse. Have a

licensed electrician examine the panel and circuit wiring. If the
fuse has been bypassed for years, wiring may be dangerously
compromised, and the circuit may need to be replaced.

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Problem: Two wires connected to one singlepole breaker is

a sign of an overcrowded panel and also a dangerous code
violation unless the breaker is approved for such a connection.

Solution: If there is room in the panel, install a separate

breaker for the extra wire. If the panel is overcrowded, have an
electrician upgrade the panel or install a subpanel.

Recognizing Aluminum Wire

Solidconductor aluminum wire was used in place of

conductor aluminum wire in houses built after about 1980,

copper in many wiring systems installed beginning around

although some #8 AWG is being installed even today.

1964 and continuing until the late 1970s. Aluminum wire

Here is some general advice about dealing with

is identified by its silver color and by the AL stamp on the

solid conductor aluminum wiring. A qualified electrician

cable sheathing.

who is familiar with the issues should work on wiring

By the late 1960s, reports of house fires were

installed between 1964 and about 1974. The aluminum

traced to solid conductor aluminum wire. Investigators

wire produced during this period may not be entirely safe

discovered a couple of causes. One cause was

even when connected to CO/ALR devices. Aluminum

aluminum's tendency to oxidize (rust) especially when

wire installed after 1974 should be safe when connected

connected to copper at switches, receptacles, and other

to CO/ALR devices; however, connecting aluminum wire

wires. The other cause was that the aluminum wire

to copper wire should only be done using connectors

being used until about 1972 tended to shrink and swell

designed for this purpose.

at a different rate than other materials. These problems

increased heat at the connections and caused the fires.
By about 1974, the problems had been corrected

You should not confuse solid conductor aluminum

wire with similar wire and with wire that looks similar but
is not aluminum. Stranded aluminum wire continues to

and inventories of existing wire and devices had been

be used for large appliance circuits, feeders, and service

depleted. The aluminum wire alloy was changed to reduce

entrance wires. It is safe when properly installed with anti

the shrink and swell problem. Switches and receptacles

oxidant paste at terminals.

were changed to the CO/ALR type which reduced the

Coppercoated aluminum wire was produced in the

oxidation problem. By about 1980, though, solid conductor

1970s. It is treated like aluminum wire but does not share

aluminum wire had such a bad reputation that its use in

the same problems. Coppercoated aluminum wire is

the United States was minimal. It's unusual to find solid

uncommon. Tincoated copper wire was installed mainly

during the 1940s and 1950s. This wire looks like aluminum
wire but is copper. This wire's safety may be questionable
because of deterioration of its insulation, not because of
the wireitself.

222 Codes for Homeowners

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Inspecting the Bonding Jumper Wire

Problem: Grounding system jumper wire is missing or is

disconnected. In most homes the grounding jumper wire
attaches to water pipes on either side of the water meter.

Solution: Attach a jumper wire to the water pipes on either

side of the water meter using pipe clamps. Use wire that is the
same size and type as the grounding electrode wire.

Common Cable Problems

Problem: Cable running across joists or studs is attached to

the edge of framing members. Electrical codes forbid this type
of installation in exposed areas like unfinished basements or
walkup attics.

Solution: Protect cable by drilling holes in framing members

at least 2" from exposed edges and threading the cable
through the holes.

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Problem: Cable running along joists or studs hangs loosely.

Loose cables can be pulled accidentally, causing damage
to wires.

Solution: Anchor the cable to the side of the framing

members at least 114" from the edge using plastic staples. NM
(nonmetallic) cable should be stapled every 412 ft. and within
8" of each electrical box.

Cable shown cutaway

Problem: Cable threaded through studs or joists lies close

to the edge of the framing members. NM (nonmetallic) cable
(shown cutaway) can be damaged easily if nails or screws are
driven into the framing members during remodeling projects.

Solution: Install metal nail guards to protect cable from

damage. Nail guards are available at hardware stores and
home centers.

224 Codes for Homeowners

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Problem: Unclamped cable enters a metal electrical box.

Edges of the knockout can rub against the cable sheathing and
damage the wires. (Note: With plastic boxes, clamps are not
required if cables are anchored to framing members within 8"
of box.)

Solution: Anchor the cable to the electrical box with a cable

clamp. Several types of cable clamps are available at hardware
stores and home centers.

Problem: Cables are spliced outside an electrical box.

Exposed splices can spark and create a risk of shock or fire.

Solution: Bring installation up to code by enclosing the splice

inside a metal or plastic electrical box. Make sure the box is
large enough to accommodate the number of wires it contains.

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 Checking Wire Connections

Pigtail

Problem: Two or more wires are attached to a singlescrew

terminal. This type of connection is seen in older wiring but is
now prohibited by the National Electrical Code.

Solution: Disconnect the wires from the screw terminal,

then join them to a short length of wire (called a pigtail) using
a wire connector. Connect the other end of the pigtail to the
screw terminal.

Exposed wire

Problem: Bare wire extends past a screw terminal. Exposed

wire can cause a short circuit if it touches the metal box or
another circuit wire.

Solution: Clip the wire and reconnect it to the screw terminal.

In a proper connection, the bare wire wraps completely around
the screw terminal, and the plastic insulation just touches the
screw head.

Problem: Wires are connected with electrical tape. Electrical tape

was used frequently in older installations, but it can deteriorate
over time, leaving bare wires exposed inside the electrical box.

Solution: Replace electrical tape with wire connectors. You

may need to clip away a small portion of the wire so the bare
end will be covered completely by the connector.

226 Codes for Homeowners

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Problem: Nicks and scratches in bare wires interfere with the

flow of current. This can cause the wires to overheat.

Solution: Clip away damaged portion of wire, then restrip about

3
4" of insulation and reconnect the wire to the screw terminal.

Electrical Box Inspection

Armored
cable

Sharp edges

Protective sleeve

Problem: No protective sleeve on armored cable. Sharp edges

of the cable can damage the wire insulation, creating a shock
hazard and fire risk.

Solution: Protect the wire insulation by installing a plastic

sleeve around the wires. Sleeves are available at hardware
stores. Wires that are damaged must be replaced.

Problem: Insulation on wires is cracked or damaged. If

damaged insulation exposes bare wire, a short circuit can
occur, posing a shock hazard and fire risk.

Solution: Wrap damaged insulation temporarily with plastic

electrical tape. Damaged circuit wires should be replaced by an
electrician.

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Problem: Open electrical boxes create a fire hazard if a short

circuit causes sparks (arcing) inside the box.

Solution: Cover the open box with a solid metal cover plate,
available at any hardware store. Electrical boxes must remain
accessible and cannot be sealed inside ceilings or walls.

Problem: Short wires are difficult to handle. The National

Electrical Code (NEC) requires that each wire in an electrical
box have at least 6" of workable length.

Solution: Lengthen circuit wires by connecting them to short

pigtail wires using wire connectors. Pigtails can be cut from
scrap wire but should be the same gauge and color as the
circuit wires and at least 6" long.

Problem: A recessed electrical box is hazardous, especially if

the wall or ceiling surface is made from a flammable material,
like wood paneling. The National Electrical Code prohibits this
type of installation.

Solution: Add an extension ring to bring the face of the

electrical box flush with the surface. Extension rings come in
several sizes and are available at hardware stores.

228 Codes for Homeowners

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Problem: Open electrical boxes create a fire hazard if a short

circuit causes sparks (dust and dirt in electrical box can cause
hazardous highresistance short circuits). When making routine
electrical repairs, always check the electrical boxes for dust
and dirt buildup.

Solution: Vacuum the electrical box clean using a narrow

nozzle attachment. Make sure power to the box is turned off at
main service panel before vacuuming.

Problem: Crowded electrical box (shown cutaway) makes

electrical repairs difficult. This type of installation is prohibited
because heat in the box may cause a fire.

Solution: Replace the electrical box with a deeper

electrical box.

Problem: Light fixture is installed without an electrical box.

This installation exposes the wiring connections and provides
no support for the light fixture.

Solution: Install an approved electrical box to enclose the

wire connections and support the light fixture.

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 Inspecting Receptacles & Switches

Problem: Octopus receptacle attachments used permanently

can overload a circuit and cause overheating of the receptacle.

Solution: Use a multireceptacle power strip with builtin

overload protection. This is for temporary use only. If the need
for extra receptacles is frequent, upgrade the wiring system.

Problem: Scorch marks near screw terminals indicate that

electrical arcing has occurred. Arcing usually is caused by
loose wire connections.

Solution: Replace the receptacle. Make sure wires are

connected securely to screw terminals.

Problem: Exterior receptacle box allows water to enter box

when receptacle slots are in use.

Solution: Replace the old receptacle box with an inuse box

that has a bubble cover to protect plugs from water while they
are in the slots.

230 Codes for Homeowners

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Problem: White neutral wires are connected to switch.

Although the switch appears to work correctly in this
installation, it is dangerous because the light fixture carries
voltage when the switch is off.

Solution: Connect the black hot wires to the switch, and join
the white wires together with a wire connector.

Problem: White neutral wires are connected to the brass

screw terminals on the receptacle, and black hot wires
are attached to silver screw terminals. This installation is
hazardous because live voltage flows into the long neutral slot
on the receptacle.

Solution: Reverse the wire connections so that the black hot

wires are attached to brass screw terminals and white neutral
wires are attached to silver screw terminals. Live voltage now
flows into the short slot on the receptacle.

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Conversion Chart
Metric Equivalent
Inches (in.)

64

32

25

16

Feet (ft.)

10 11 12 36 39.4
1

Yards (yd.)
Millimeters (mm) 0.40 0.79 1

3112

1112

1.59 3.18 6.35 9.53 10 12.7 15.9 19.1 22.2 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6127 152 178 203 229 254 279 305 914 1,000

Centimeters (cm)

0.95 1

1.27 1.59 1.91 2.22 2.54 5.08 7.62 10.1612.7 15.2 17.8 20.3 22.9 25.4 27.9 30.5 91.4 100

Meters (m)

.30 .91 1.00

Converting Measurements
To CoNvERT:

To:

MulTIPly by:

To CoNvERT:

To:

MulTIPly by:

Inches
Inches
Feet
Yards
Miles
Square inches
Square feet
Square yards
Cubic inches
Cubic feet
Cubic yards
Pints (U.S.)
Quarts (U.S.)
Gallons (U.S.)
Ounces
Pounds
Tons

Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Meters
Kilometers
Square centimeters
Square meters
Square meters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Grams
Kilograms
Metric tons

25.4
2.54
0.305
0.914
1.609
6.45
0.093
0.836
16.4
0.0283
0.765
0.473 (lmp. 0.568)
0.946 (lmp. 1.136)
3.785 (lmp. 4.546)
28.4
0.454
0.907

Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Meters
Kilometers
Square centimeters
Square meters
Square meters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Grams
Kilograms
Metric tons

Inches
Inches
Feet
Yards
Miles
Square inches
Square feet
Square yards
Cubic inches
Cubic feet
Cubic yards
Pints (U.S.)
Quarts (U.S.)
Gallons (U.S.)
Ounces
Pounds
Tons

0.039
0.394
3.28
1.09
0.621
0.155
10.8
1.2
0.061
35.3
1.31
2.114 (lmp. 1.76)
1.057 (lmp. 0.88)
0.264 (lmp. 0.22)
0.035
2.2
1.1

Converting Temperatures
Convert degrees Fahrenheit (F) to degrees Celsius (C) by following this simple
formula: Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature reading. Then mulitply that
number by 59. For example, 77F 32 = 45. 45 59 = 25C.
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius temperature
reading by 95, then add 32. For example, 25C 95 = 45. 45 + 32 = 77F.

Fahrenheit

55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Celsius

Freezing

25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

232 Codes for Homeowners

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eowners
age:232

Resources & Credits

Black & Decker Corporation
Power tools & accessories
800-544-6986
www.blackanddecker.com

Air Diffusion Council (ADC)

Flexible air ducts
p. 112
847-706-6750
www.flexibleduct.org
American Concrete Institute
Document ACI 332
p. 47
248-848-3800
www.concrete.org/bookstorenet
American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI)
Information and references
800-743-2744
www.ashi.org
American Wood Council
Prescriptive Residential Deck Construction Guide
p. 52
202-463-2766
www.awc.org

International Association of Plumbing

andMechanical Officials (IAPMO)
Publishes Uniform Plumbing Code and Uniform
Mechanical Code
909-472-4100
www.iapmo.org
International Code Council (ICC)
Develops residential and commercial building codes
Publishes International Residential Code
888-422-7233
www.iccsafe.org
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Publishes National Electrical Code (NEC)
800-344-3555
www.nfpa.org

Photography Credits
City of Swainsboro: pp. 9 (top)
Bruce Barker: pp. 50, 186
iStock: pp. 9 (bottom), 33 (left), 37, 68 (top), 111, 216
Moberg Fireplaces/www.mobergfireplaces.com: pp. 102
Shutterstock: pp. 19 (top left), 28, 32 (both), 33 (right),
60, 99 (both)

Resources & Credits 233

42039 - CFHO_220-240.indd 233

CFHO_220-240_c1.indd 233
42039 - CFHO_220-240_VP.indd
233

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Index
A
accessible (readily), defined, 168
accessible wires, defined, 168
accessory structures, 12
addresses, display of, 31
air admittance valves, 124, 153
air conditioners, central
cleaning condensate discharge
tubes, 113
components of, 108
condensate disposal, 112113
air conditioners, room, 188
air-entrained concrete, 48
air gap terms, 164
air intake
for fireplaces, 103
for HVAC appliances, 109
prohibited sources of, 115
airtight construction, 117
aluminum wire, 222
anchor bolts, 49
anchor straps, 49
angle stop valves, 134
antennas, 216217
appliances
clothes washers, 161
cooking, 41
dishwashers, 160
final inspections and, 13
flexible cord use and, 214
fuel-burning
combustion air needs, 116, 118
vent caps, 121
vent clearances, 120
vent joints, 121
vent slopes, 121
vent types for, 119
HVAC
duct size and, 112
in garages, 111
prohibited locations for, 109
kitchen branch circuits, 188
venting through chimney, 103
water heaters, 103, 111, 116,
155157
whirlpool tubs, 33, 162
See also air conditioners, central;
fixtures (plumbing)
arc-fault (AFCI) protection, 201
area requirements, 18
asphalt-based roll roofing, 96
asphalt shingles
closed-cut valley, 99
manufacturers instructions and, 96
roof deck and, 9697
roof slope and, 96
attics
access requirements, 93
insulation clearance, 93
light fixture requirements, 212
protection of wiring in, 195
storage definitions, 89

See also roofing; roof systems

Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), 9.
See also building departments
B
baseboard heaters, 110
basements
concrete specifications, 48
escape openings and, 28
light fixture requirements, 212
receptacles, 199, 200
running boards, 195
spread footings for, 48
stories above grade and, 8
bathrooms
ceiling height, 19
common vents, 150151
design standards for, 19
GFCI receptacles, 200
individual vents, 150
island fixture vents, 152153
sink receptacles, 199
toilets, 158159
ventilation requirements, 35
wet vents, 151152
See also bathtubs; showers;
whirlpool tubs
bathtubs
ceiling fans and, 213
cutoff valves, 134
design standards for, 19
safety glazed glass and, 33
water flow at, 130
bedrooms
carbon monoxide (CO) alarms, 4041
escape openings and, 28
floor joist spans, 60
smoke alarms and, 4041
bend fittings, defined, 138
bidets, 130
boathouses, 201
bollards, 111
bonding
about, 182
corrugated stainless steel tubing,
186
defined, 168
at service panels, 183
water meters and, 223
bore, defined, 67, 74
braced walls, defined, 76
branch circuits
AFCI protection and, 201
air conditioner, room, 188
bathroom receptacle, 188
defined, 168
kitchen receptacle, 188
load limits, 187
multiwire, 189
receptacle quantity on, 189
branch drain, defined, 124
branch vent, defined, 124

brazing, defined, 124

broadband cable wiring, 218219
building departments
changes to IRC and, 7
indentifying, 8
permits and, 9
vs. zoning/planning departments, 8
building drains, defined, 124
building inspectors, 910
building officials
certificates of occupancy and, 13
required inspections, 13
smoke alarm requirements and, 41
See also building departments
buildings
governed by IRC, 8
typical permit requirements, 12
building sewers, defined, 124
building wrap, 83
C
cable clamps, 225
cables
armored, 215
armored sleeves for, 227
common inspection errors, 223225
described, 168
exposed splices, 225
grounding second building feeder,
184
length of extending from boxes, 175
loose, 224
NM
grounding and, 215
installation of, 192193
loose, 224
maximum ampacity, 191
protection of, 192, 195, 224
protection in attics, 195, 223
protection in basements, 195, 223
protection in framing, 224
securing to cabinet, 205, 225
support of, 194
UF
installation of, 192193
maximum ampacity, 191
protection of, 192, 195
cable TV system wiring, 218
carbon monoxide (CO) alarms, 4041
ceilings
bathrooms and, 19
ceiling fans, 213
deflection/load table, 45
electrical box support in, 204
fireblocking locations, 8081
fire separation, 21
height in habitable rooms, 18
cementboard, 104
central vacuum units, 111
certificates of occupancy, 13
chimney crickets, 100
chimneys

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as appliance vents, 103

chimney crickets, 100
decorative covers for, 105
installing factory built, 105
See also fireplaces
circuit breaker panel, 208. See also
service panel
circuit breakers
arc-fault (AFCI) protection, 201
indentifying use of, 172
overloaded, 222
slimline, 209
circuits, electrical
about, 171
AFCI protection and, 201
GFCI protection and, 200201
city codes, 6
cleanout openings, 144
closet bend fittings, defined, 138
closet flanges, defined, 138
closets, 214
clothes dryers
ducts for, 3839
in garages, 111
installation requirements, 38
makeup air, 39, 116
ventilation requirements, 35
clothes washers, 161
codes
additional specialized codes, 7
amendments to IRC, 7
city, 6
existing work and, 11
International Residential Code (IRC),
6
local codes, 6
manufacturers instructions and, 11
state codes, 6
zoning ordinances, 8
collar ties, 86
combustion air
duct materials/construction, 117
fuel-burning appliances and, 116
permanent outside opening, 118
from within room, 118
commercial buildings, 8
composite materials, 58
concrete, 48
concrete footings, 14
conduit
connecting, 191
installation requirements, 194
service panel bonding and, 183
See also cables
coupling fittings, defined, 138
crawlspaces
GFCI protection, 201
light fixture requirements, 212
ventilation and, 5051
crickets, 100
cripple walls, 75
crown venting, 147
D
damp locations, defined, 169
decks
beams and, 57

bracing, 59
deck building guidelines, 52
escape openings and, 28
fasteners, 52, 54
flashing, 52, 57
flooring, 58
footings, 54
handrails and guards, 59
joist hangers, 52
joists, 53, 5455
ledger attachment, 5354
lumber for, 52, 53
permits and, 12
posts, 57
stairways for, 5859
deflection
defined, 44
under live load, 45
device boxes. See electrical boxes
dishwashers
combining with disposal drainage,
160
island fixture vents, 152153
requirements, 160
tailpieces and, 137
water flow at, 130
doors
address display and, 31
egress, 30
exterior
landings, 31
light fixture requirements, 212
fire separation, 20
flashing installation, 83
flashing requirements, 82
safety glazing and, 3233
downdraft ventilation, 37
draftstopping, 66
drain, waste, and vent (DWV) piping
cleanouts, 144145
materials for, 135, 136
pictured, 135
pipe slope, 143
requirements for, 136
size reduction, 143
slip joints and, 137
support for, 133
See also fittings; pipes; plumbing
systems
drainage, 29
drainpipes, defined, 124
drip edge flashing, 97
driveways, 12
dryers. See also clothes dryers
drywall, 21, 162
ducts
bathrooms, 35
clothes dryers and, 3839
combustion air, 117
HVAC
bends in, 114115
connections/splices, 115
in garages, 21
installation requirements, 114
insulation/sealing, 115
support for, 114
HVAC appliances and size of, 112

kitchens, 3637
duplexes, 8
E
edge spacing, defined, 68
egress doors, 30. See also escape
openings
egress windows, 28, 75. See also
escape openings
elastomeric gaskets, 142
electrical boxes
accessibility of, 202
for ceiling fans, 213
common inspection errors, 229
content limitations, 203
crowded, 229
in damp locations, 204
debris in, 229
fill chart, 204
installation specifications, 207
installation tolerances, 203
light fixture box installation, 202
non-metallic box installation, 202
open, 228
protecting cable through, 227
recessed, 228
securing cable to, 205, 225
shape of, 202
support of, 204205
for switches, 211
types of, 206
volume unit calculation, 203
in wet locations, 204
wire volume unit chart, 203
workable wire length in, 228
electrical panels. See service panels
electrical systems
aboveground electrical service, 178
approved wiring methods and uses,
190
current capacity requirements, 172
disconnecting service, 177
grounding electrodes, 184185
grounding electrode wire
installation, 186
identifying type of service, 178179
service drop clearances, 180181
term definition, 168169
typical home, pictured, 170
underground service laterals, 179
underground water pipe electrodes,
185
unused openings, 172
See also branch circuits; circuit
breakers; receptacles; service
panels; switches
electrical tape, 226, 227
electrical work
final inspections and, 13
permits and, 12
rough-in inspections, 15
electric radiant heating systems. See
baseboard heaters
enclosures. See electrical boxes
endnailing, defined, 68
environmental loads, 44
escape openings

Index 235

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cripple walls and, 75

egress doors, 30
egress windows, 28
ladders for, 29
locations for, 28
locks/bars and, 28
size of, 29
window wells and, 29
exhaust
bathrooms, 35
clothes dryers, 3839
kitchens, 36
replacing range hood with
microwaves, 37
exhaust ducts
bathrooms, 35
kitchens, 3637
termination of, 37
exhaust fans
makeup air, 116
existing work, 11
extension rings, for electrical boxes,
228
F
facenailing, defined, 68
faceplates (switch), 211
fasteners, 52, 55, 101
fences, 12
FHA straps, 73
final inspections, 13
fireblocking, 65, 8081
fireplaces
carbon monoxide (CO) alarms and,
41
clearance to trim/mantels, 102
combustion air for, 103
energy efficiency of wood-burning,
103
factory-built, 104
gas, 104105
hearth extensions and, 102
makeup air, 116
rain caps, 103
spark arrestors, 103
fire safety
drywall and, 21
fire resistant materials, 21
fire separation doors, 20
fire separation walls/ceilings, 21
garages and, 20
firestopping. See fireblocking
fittings
defined, 124
DWV
connections and joints, 141143
descriptions, 138139
direction changes, 140, 141
water closet connections, 137
elastomeric, 142143
for toilets, 158159
types of, 131, 132
fixture drains, defined, 125
fixtures (plumbing)
common vents, 151
cutoff valves, 134
defined, 124

drain slope, 149

individual vents, 150
island fixture vents, 152153
tailpieces and, 137
water pressure at, 130
wet vents, 151152
See also irrigation systems; showers;
toilets; whirlpool tubs
flashing
decks and, 52, 57
kick-out flashing, 82, 101
plumbing vent termination and, 148
roof
chimney crickets (saddles), 100
closed-cut valley, 99
drip edge, 97
headwalls, 101
kick-out flashing, 101
step flashing, 100101
vent flashing boots, 148
walls
door installation, 83
general requirements, 82
locations for, 82
window installation, 83
flexible water connectors, 132
flight of stairs, defined, 22
flooring, 58
floors, 8081, 204
floor systems
beam types, 66
draftstopping, 66
framing of, 61
joists
attachment to beams, 63
blocking, 63
bridging, 64
lapping, 63
openings in, 64
span tables, 6061
under load-bearing walls, 6263
sheathing, 65
trusses, notches and holes in, 67
food disposers, 160161
footings
level forms, 47
preparing for inspections, 14
specifications for, 47
spread footings, 48
step footings, 48
foundations
anchors, 49
concrete specifications, 48
footing specifications, 47
soil and, 46
walls, 14
framing
cripple walls, 75
floor joist span tables, 6061
maximum hole/notch size, 191
preparing for inspections, 15
protecting pipes in, 134
top and bottom plate construction,
73
wall stud size and spacing, 7172
wood nailing definitions, 68
wood nailing requirements, 6970

See also floor systems; roof systems;

wall systems
freeze proof yard hydrants, 127, 134
furnaces
carbon monoxide (CO) alarms and,
41
combustion air needs, 116
gas, components of, 108
venting through chimney, 103
fuses
bypassed, 221
identifying use of, 172
See also circuit breakers
G
garages
carbon monoxide (CO) alarms and,
41
concrete specifications, 48
defined, 20
fire resistant materials, 21
fire separation from home, 20
GFCI receptacles, 200
HVAC appliances in, 111
HVAC ducts in, 21
light fixtures required in, 212
pet doors, 20
pull-down stairs, 21
receptacles, 199
garbage disposals, 160161
gas fireplaces, 104-105. See also
fireplaces
gas work, 12
girders, 62
grounded, defined, 168
grounded wires
concrete encased, 185
defined, 168
neutral and, continuity, 176
service panels and, 183
switches and, 211
ground fault, defined, 168169
ground-fault (GFCI) protection
location requirements, 200201
whirlpool tubs and, 162
grounding
about, 182
antennas, 217
broadband cable wiring, 219
ground fault diagram, 182
methods of for electrical equipment,
215
of second building feeder cable, 184
at service panels, 183
grounding electrodes
defined, 168
requirements, 184
rod and pipe, 185
underground water pipe, 185
grounding electrode wires
defined, 168
installation of, 186
requirements, 184
grounding wire, defined, 168
guards, stairway
for decks, 59
defined, 26

236 Codes for Homeowners

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eowners
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specifications for, 2627

guest accommodations, owner
occupied, 8
H
habitable rooms
area requirements for, 18
ceiling height, 18
defined, 18
light fixture requirements, 212
handrails
for decks, 59
final inspections and, 13
specifications for, 2627
headers, 62
headwalls, 100
hearth extensions, 102
high-heel-inlet fitting, described, 139
high wind areas, 44, 52, 80
home offices, 8
hose bibbs, 130, 134
hot tubs
GFCI protection, 201
safety glazed glass and, 33
house numbers, display of, 31
hubs, defined, 125
hurricane ties, 44, 88
HVAC systems
about, 108
air conditioner, central
cleaning condensate discharge
tubes, 113
components of, 108
condensate disposal, 112113
airtight construction and, 117
appliances
combustion air and, 116117
duct size and, 112
in garages, 111
vent caps, 121
vent clearances, 120
vent joints, 121
vent slopes, 121
vent types for, 119
baseboard heaters, 110
ducts
bends in, 114115
connections/splices, 115
in garages, 21
installation requirements, 114
insulation/sealing, 115
support of, 114
forced air heating systems, 109
gas furnace, 108109
outdoor air, 115
return air, 115
work on
final inspections and, 13
permits and, 12
preparing for inspections, 15
I
ice dam areas, 98
indirect waste receptors, defined, 125
inlet fittings, described, 138139
inspection errors
bonding jumper wire, 223

cables and, 223

electrical boxes, 227229
receptacles and, 230231
service panels and, 221222
switches, 230231
wiring connections, 226
inspections
concrete footings, 14
determining required, 13
electrical rough-in, 15
final, 13
foundation walls, 14
framing, 15
HVAC, 15
plumbing rough-in, 15
preparing for, 1415
See also inspection errors
insulation, 93
insulation shields, 93
intermediate spacing, defined, 68
International Building Code (IBC), 78
International Code Council (ICC), 6
International Energy Conservation
Code (IECC), 7
International Fuel Gas Code (IFG), 7
International Mechanical Code (IMC), 7
International Plumbing Code (IPC), 7
International Residential Code (IRC),
68
irrigation systems, 165
isolated footings, 14
J
joist hangers, 52, 55
joists
ceiling
attachment to rafters, 8687
attic storage definitions and, 89
deflection, 90
rafter attachment fasteners, 88
span tables, 9091
decks and, 53, 5456
floor
beam attachment, 63
blocking, 63
bridging, 64
lapping, 63
notches/holes in, 67
openings in, 64
spacing and, 56
span tables, 6061
under load-bearing walls, 6263
maximum hole/notch size, 191
junction boxes. See electrical boxes
K
kitchen islands
island fixture vents, 152153
receptacle installation, 198
kitchens
downdraft ventilation, 37
exhaust requirements, 3637
island fixture vents, 152153
receptacles
countertop installation, 197198
GFCI, 200
island and peninsula installation,

198
replacing range hood with
microwaves, 37
smoke alarms and, 4041
L
ladders, 29
laminated glass, 32. See also safety
glazing
landings
door, 31
stairway, 22, 2526
landscaping, 13
laundry trays, defined, 125
laundry tubs, 130, 137
light fixtures
ceiling fans, 213
for closets, 214
in damp locations, 212213
electrical box and, 202, 229
location requirements, 212
recessed, 212
supporting, 202, 212
in wet locations, 212213
load
defined, 44
roof definitions, 89
local codes, 6, 7
locations, damp, defined, 169
locations, wet, defined, 169
low-heel-inlet fittings, described, 138
M
main service panels
disconnecting service, 177
rust inside, 221
See also service panels
maintenance, 12
makeup air, 116
mantels, fireplace, 102
manufacturers instructions, 11
microwave ovens, 37
mildew, 34
mistakes. See inspections errors
moisture exhaust, 34
mold, 34
multiwire branch circuits, defined, 169
N
nail guards, 224
National Electrical Code (NEC)
about, 7
antennas and, 217
electrical boxes and, 202
inspections and, 220
nosing, defined, 22
notch, defined, 67, 74
O
O. C. (on center), defined, 68
occupancy changes, 1213
office buildings, 8
offsets (plumbing), defined, 125
OSB panels, 65
outdoor air, 115
outdoor receptacles, 199, 200
outlets, defined, 169

Index 237

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overcurrent protection devices,

defined, 169
P
pellet stoves, 103
permits
beginning work and, 12
building departments and, 9
contacting building departments
for, 12
expiration of, 13
multiple regulatory departments
and, 8
occupancy changes, 13
typical situations requiring, 12
pet doors, 20
PEX tubing
support for, 133
water heaters and, 157
pigtails, 176
pipes
ABS, joining, 142
DWV
connection and joints, 141143
direction change fittings, 140141
fitting definitions, 138139
fittings for, 136
materials for, 135, 136
pictured, 135
pipe slope, 143
requirements for, 136
size reduction, 143
support for, 133
grounding wire installation and, 186
joining different types of, 143
PVC plastic, joining, 142
sewer, 136
steel, joining, 142
water supply, 131
fittings for, 131, 132
joints and connectors, 132
protecting, 134
support for, 133
See also drain, waste, and vent
(DWV) piping
planning departments, 8
plumbing
final inspections and, 13
permits and, 12
rough-in inspections, 15
plumbing systems
air gap terms, 164
cleanouts, 144145
fitting types, 131
fixtures
cutoff valves, 134
slip joints and, 137
tailpieces and, 137
water flow at, 130
outlets, 134
pictured, 128
term definitions, 124127
traps
about, 146
requirements for, 154
valves
air admittance valves, 153

below ground, 134

fixtures and, 134
hose bibbs, 134
vents
air admittance valves, 153
common vents, 151
connection to drainage pipes, 147
crown venting, 147
developed length, 150
distance from trap, 149
fixture drain slope, 149
height minimums, 147
individual vents, 150
island fixture vents, 152153
pipe size, 150
requirements for, 146
rough-ins for future fixtures, 147
slope, 146
support, 146
termination requirements, 148
vent configuration examples,
149150
wet vents, 151152
water pressure vs. flow, 130
See also drain, waste, and vent
(DWV) piping; fittings; water supply
plywood, 65
point load, 4445
porches
concrete specifications, 48
escape openings and, 28
pull-down stairs, 21
purlins, 85
push-in connectors, 174
R
raceways, 205. See also conduit
radio antennas. See antennas
rafters
attachment to ceiling joists, 8688
attic storage definitions and, 89
collar ties and, 86
connection to walls, 88
deflection, 90
deflection under live load, 45
notches/holes in, 67
purlins and, 85
span tables, 9091
types and requirements, 8485
receptacles
arcing, 230
basement, 199
bathroom
branch circuits for, 188
sink installation, 199
common inspection errors, 221,
230231
defined, 169
diagram of, 196
exterior, 199, 230
garages and accessory buildings,
199
GFCI protection locations, 200201
grounding and, 215
installation requirements, 196
kitchen
countertop installation, 197198

island and peninsula installation,

198
laundry
circuits for, 188
installation, 199
non-grounding type, 196197
overloaded, 230
polarized, 215
quantity on branch circuit, 189
tamper-resistant, 196
three-slot, 215
receptors (indirect waste), defined,
125
recessed light fixtures, 212
required inspections, 13
residential buildings, 8
retaining walls, 12
return air, 115
risers, 22, 24
roll roofing, 96
roofing
closed-cut valley, 99
fasteners for, 101
intersections with side walls, 100,
101
manufacturers instructions, 96
penetrations in, 100
roof deck and, 9697
roof slope and, 96, 9798
skylights, 100
underlayment requirements, 9798
See also flashing
roof systems
attic storage definitions, 89
dead load and, 89
described, 84
live load and, 89
purlins, 85
rafter/ceiling joist deflection, 90
rafter to ceiling joist attachment,
8688
rafter/truss attachment to walls, 88
rafter types and requirements,
8485
snow load and, 89
span tables for rafters/joists, 9091
truss installations requirements, 92
truss repair/alteration, 92
See also attics; roofing
running boards, 195
S
saddle fittings, defined, 126
saddles, 100
safety
types of design considerations, 17
wiring and, 171
safety components, 13
safety glazing, 13, 3233
sanitary tee fittings, described, 139
satellite dishes. See antennas
security systems, 41
seismic design areas, 44, 52, 80
service disconnecting switches, 177
service drop
clearances, 181
defined, 169

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eowners
age:238

service entrance wires, defined, 169

service panels
clearances around, 172173
common inspection errors, 221222
components of, 208
connecting wires to terminals, 175
grounding and bonding at, 183
identifying circuits in, 172
multiwire branch circuits, 189
overloaded, 222
prohibited locations, 172
rust inside, 221
securing cables to, 205
See also main service panel
sewer pipes, 136. See also drain,
waste, and vent (DWV) piping
sheathing, floor, 65
showers
ceiling fans and, 213
cutoff valves, 134
design standards for, 19
receptor construction, 163
safety glazed glass and, 33
size of, 163
water flow at, 130
water supply riser, 163
sidewalks, 12
siding, 53
single-family houses, 8
sinks
common vents, 151
GFCI receptacles and, 201
individual vents, 150
island fixture vents, 152153
receptacle installation for bathroom,
199
tailpieces and, 137
water flow at, 130
wet vents, 151152
skylights, 100
slimline circuit breakers, 209
slip joints, 126, 137
smoke alarms, 13, 4041
snow load, 89
soil, 46
soil (plumbing), defined, 126
soldering, defined, 126
solvent pipe cement, 142
spark arrestors, 103
spa tubs, 201
spread footings, 48
sprinkler systems. See irrigation
systems
stack (plumbing), defined, 126
stack vent, defined, 126
stairways
for decks, 5859
definitions of terms, 22, 26
exterior, 22, 23
final inspections and, 13
fireblocking and, 80
guard specifications, 2627
handrail specifications, 2627
headroom height, 25
interior, 22, 23
landing specifications, 2526
light fixture requirements, 212

pull-down, 21
riser specifications, 25
safety glazing and, 33
tread specifications, 2425
width of, 23
winder tread specifications, 25
standpipes, defined, 127
state codes, 6
steam rooms, 33
step footings, 48
stop-and-waste valves
defined, 127
for hose bibbs, 134
stories, above grade, 8
street fittings, described, 139
stringers, 59
subfloors, 65, 70
subpanels
components of, 209
grounding/bonding at, 183
See also service panels
sweep fittings, described, 139
swimming pools, 33
switches
common inspection errors, 231
faceplate installation, 211
grounding, 211
height of, 211
load limitations, 210
mounting in electrical boxes, 211
orientation of, 210
single pole, pictured, 210
three-way and four-way, 211
timer, 211
in wet locations, 211
T
tailpieces (plumbing), defined, 127
tee fittings, 139
television antennas. See antennas
tempered glass, 32. See also safety
glazing
toenailing, defined, 68
toilets
backflow protection of fill valves,
159
closet flanges, 159
components of, 158
installation requirements, 158
townhouses, 8
T&P valves, 156
traps (plumbing)
about, 146
defined, 127
requirements for, 154
trap weirs, 147
treads, 22, 2425
tubing, 194
tubs. See bathtubs
type X drywall, 21
U
ufers, 185
underlayment, roof, 9798
ungrounded conductors, defined, 169
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC), 7
utility rooms, 111

V
vehicle tire stops, 111
vent flashing boots, 148
ventilation
crawlspaces and, 5051
fuel-burning appliances, 119121
for gas fireplaces, 105
plumbing system
air admittance valves, 153
common vents, 151
connection to drainage pipes, 147
crown venting, 147
developed length, 150
distance from trap, 149
fixture drain slope, 149
height minimums, 147
individual vents, 150
island fixture vents, 152153
pictured, 128
pipe size, 150
requirements for, 146
rough-ins for future fixtures, 147
slope, 146
support, 146
termination requirements, 148
vent configuration examples,
149150
wet vents, 151152
replacing range hood with
microwaves, 37
ventilation fans
bathrooms, 35
kitchens, 3637
labels, 35
protecting, 35
vents (plumbing), defined, 127
vent stacks, defined, 127
volume unit calculation, 203
W
wall braces
defined, 77
fastening, 77
length requirements, 7778
methods of creating, 77
number of, 78
simple wall bracing, 7879
wood structural panels and, 7778,
80
walls
braced, defined, 76
concrete, 14
deflection/load table, 45
electrical box support in, 204
fireblocking locations, 80
fire separation, 21
floor joists under load-bearing,
6263
foundation, 14
interior, spread footings for, 48
maximum hole/notch size, 191
rafter connection to, 88
stud size and spacing, 72
wall systems
cripple walls, 75
stud hole and notches, 74, 191

Index 239

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stud size and spacing, 7172

top and bottom plate construction,
73
wood grades, 71
wood nailing definitions, 68
wood nailing requirements, 6970
See also wall braces
washers. See clothes washers
waste (plumbing), defined, 127
water-hammer arrestors, 161
water heaters
combustion air needs, 116
drip pans for, 157
in garages, 111
PEX connections, 157
prohibited locations, 155
relief (T&P) valves, 156
relief valve discharge pipe, 156
venting through chimney, 103
water meters, 223
water supply
backflow prevention, 164
lines, pictured, 128, 129
pipes
flexible water connectors, 132

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joints and connections, 132

protecting, 134
support for, 133
types of, 129, 131
pressure min/max, 130
water pressure vs. flow, 130
water vapor, 34
wet locations, 33, 169
whirlpool tubs
GFCI protection, 201
requirements for, 162
safety glazed glass and, 33
winder treads, 22, 25
windows
air leakage requirements, 117
egress, 29
escape openings, 2829
fall protection, 33
flashing requirements, 8283
opening distance restriction, 33
safety glazing and, 3233
window wells, 29
wire connectors, 174, 226
wires
aluminum/copper splices, 174

Text (SW)

bonding jumper, 223

color codes, 176
connecting to terminals, 175
connectors for, 174
damaged, 227
length of extending from boxes, 175
length of within boxes, 228
neutral and grounding wire
continuity, 176
protection in attics, 195
protection in basements, 195
recognizing aluminum, 222
size chart, 176
splicing, 174
support of, 194
wood structural panels, 7778, 80
wye fittings, described, 139
Y
yard hydrants (freeze proof), defined,
127
Z
zoning departments, 8, 12
zoning ordinances, 8

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