Introduction to GAMBIT

TUTORIAL 1

BASIC GEOMETRY 3-D

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PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

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Create Real Brick

The text entry box for Height can be left blank; GAMBIT will set this value to be
the same value as the Width by default.
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Change Layout to Isometry view

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Create Real Cylinder

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Unite the Two Volumes (Brick and Cylinder)

unite result
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Manipulate the Display

Divide the graphics window into four quadrants by clicking the SELECT PRESET
CONFIGURATION
command button in the Global Control toolpad.

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Mesh the Volume

mesh
result
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Examine Mesh
Examine Mesh
Command Botton
Good quality mesh

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Examine Mesh

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TUTORIAL 2

Flow Over Flat Plate

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Forced Convection over a Flat Plate

Problem Specification

We have a flat plate at a constant temperature of 413K. The plate is infinitely wide. The
velocity profile of the fluid is uniform at the point x = 0. The free stream temperature of the
fluid is 353K. The assumption of incompressible flow becomes invalid increasingly less
valid for larger temperature differences between the plate and freestream. Because of
this, we will treat this as a compressible flow.

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We will analyze a fluid flow with the following non-dimensional conditions:

In order to achieve these flow conditions, we will use these free stream flow
conditions:

According to the ideal gas law, this temperature and pressure result in the following
freestream density:

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Solve this problem in FLUENT. Validate the solution by plotting the y+ values at the
plate. Also plot the velocity profile at x = 1m. Then plot Reynolds Number vs. Nusselt
Number. Compare the accuracy of your results from FLUENT with empirical
correlations.
Preliminary Analysis

We expect the turbulent boundary layer to grow along the plate. As the boundary layer
grows in thickness, the rate of heat transfer (q'') and thus the heat transfer coefficient
(h) will decrease.

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Step 1: Create Geometry in GAMBIT

Start GAMBIT & Select Solver
Specify that the mesh to be created is for use with FLUENT 6:
Main Menu > Solver > FLUENT 5/6
Strategy for creating flow field geometry
We will put the origin of the coordinate system at the lower left corner of the
rectangle that defines our flow field. The coordinates of the corners are shown in the
figure below:
We will first create four vertices at the four corners and join
adjacent vertices to get the edges of the rectangle. We will
then form a face that covers the area of the rectangle.

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Create Vertices
We will treat this problem as a 2-dimensional problem by assuming that the plate is
infinitely wide.

Create the vertex at the lower-left corner of the rectangle:

Next to x:, enter value 0. Next to y:, enter value 0. Next to z:, enter value 0
This creates the vertex (0,0,0) which is displayed in
the graphics window.

Repeat this process to create three more vertices:

Vertex 2: (1,0,0)
Vertex 3: (1,1,0)
Vertex 4: (0,1,0)

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Create Edges
An edge is created by selecting two vertices and creating a line between them.

Create Face
To form a face out of the area enclosed by the four lines, we need to select the four
edges that enclose this area.

Save
Main Menu > File > Save As...
Enter the file name, plate.dbs

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Step 2: Mesh Geometry in GAMBIT

Mesh Edges
Select edge: Edge.2 and Edge.4
Under Type, select Successive Ratio, if it is not already selected. Set Ratio to 1.08.
Under Spacing, select Interval Count. Set Interval Count to 100 and then click
Apply.
Select Edge.1 and Edge.3 in the Mesh Edges Window. The direction of the arrows
on these edges is irrelevant because the divisions will be the same length. Leave
the Successive Ratio set to 1 and set the Interval Count to 30. Click Apply.

Mesh Face

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Mesh face geometry

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TUTORIAL 3

Modeling Mixing Elbow

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Problem Description
The problem to be considered is shown schematically in Figure below. A cold
fluid at 26o C enters through the large pipe and mixes with a warmer fluid at
40o C in the elbow. The pipe dimensions are in inches, and the fluid properties
and boundary conditions are given in SI units. The Reynolds number at the main
inlet is 2.03e5 , so that a turbulent model will be necessary.

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Step 1: Start Gambit

Starting gambit and give ID Mixing Elbow 2D

Step 2: Create the Initial Vertices

1. Create vertices to define the outline
of the large pipe of the mixing elbow.

Display

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Ctrl-right-click the nine grid points

Unselect the Visibility check box
in the Display Grid form and click Apply

Display

Display
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Step 3: Create Arcs for the Bend of the Mixing Elbow

This command sequence opens the Create Real Circular Arc form.

Display
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Step 4: Create Straight Edges

This command sequence opens the Create Straight Edge form.

Display
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Step 5: Create the Small Pipe for the Mixing Elbow

This command sequence opens the Split Edge form.

1. Input a value of -39.93 degrees next to t under Local.

2. Input a value of -50.07 degrees next to t under Local.
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Create points at the small inlet.

This command sequence opens the Move/Copy Vertices form.

1 Enter the translation vector (0, -12, 0)

2 Enter the translation vector (4, 0, 0)

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Create straight edges for the small pipe.

This command sequence opens the Create Straight Edge form.

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Step 6: Create Faces from Edges

1. Create a face for the large pipe.

This command sequence opens the Create Face From Wireframe form.

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2. Create a face for the small pipe by selecting the four edges

This command sequence opens the Create Face From Wireframe form.

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Step 7: Specify the Node Distribution

1. Specify the node density on the inlet and outlet of the large pipe.

This command sequence opens the Mesh Edges form.

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Step 8: Create Structured Meshes on Faces

1. Create a structured mesh for the large pipe.

This command sequence opens the Mesh Faces form.

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2. Mesh the small pipe of the mixing elbow.

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TUTORIAL 4

Modeling Combustion Chamber

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Problem Description

Geometry Set-up Combustion Chamber

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Set Interval Size for Meshing

Change the default interval size used
for meshing
The value you enter should be the
estimated average size of a mesh
element in the model. This value will
appear as the default Interval size on
all meshing forms.
Enter a value of 2 in the Value text
entry box.

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Create Two Cylinder

1. Create a cylinder of Height = 12 and Radius 1 = 4 along the Positive Z axis.

2. Create a cylinder of Height = 20 and Radius 1 = 10 along the Positive Z axis.
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Move Cylinder I

Enter a Global translation vector of (0, 0, 8) to move the cylinder 8 units in the z
direction.
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Substract the Cylinder

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Remove Three Quarters of the Cylindrical

Volume
1. Create Brick

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Remove Three Quarters of the Cylindrical

Volume
2. Intersect two Volume

Intersect the brick and the

cylindrical volume
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Create the Chamber of the Burner

1. Create Real Brick

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Create the Chamber of the Burner

2. Unite Real Volumes

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Blend the Edges of the Chamber

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Geometry Decomposition
1. Create a vertex inside the volume

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Geometry Decomposition
2. Create two straight edges using the new vertex

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Geometry Decomposition
3. Create a face using the two new edges

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Geometry Decomposition
4. Create a volume

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5. Sweep the same face in a different direction

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6. Split the large burner volume using the

two smaller volumes

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Generate an Unstructured Hexahedral Mesh

1. Generate a mesh for one of the
small volumes

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Generate an Unstructured Hexahedral Mesh

2. Generate a mesh for the other small
volume

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Generate an Unstructured Hexahedral Mesh

3. Mesh the small face

Enter 0.5 for the Interval size under Spacing and click the Apply button at the
bottom of the form.

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Generate an Unstructured Hexahedral Mesh

4. Mesh the curved face

Retain the default Interval size

of 2 under Spacing and click the
Apply button at the bottom of the
form.

5. Mesh the face at the entrance

to the burner

Enter 1 for the Interval size under

Spacing and click the Apply
button at the bottom of the form
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Generate an Unstructured Hexahedral Mesh

6. Create a mesh for the rest of the volume

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Examine the Quality of the Mesh

Slice of the mesh in the x direction

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TUTORIAL 5

Modeling Cyclone
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Problem Description
Cyclone and dust outlet geometries for separation
tests and separation efficiencies (gas flow 800
m/h, standard pressure, 20 C, particle load 5.31
g/kg, feed material: limestone powder, medium
particle size 5 m, solid density 2770 kg/m)

Modifikasi

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Strategy For Creating

Geometry Cyclon

Digunakan top down method

Geometry cyclon di belah
memudahkan langkah meshing

tengah

untuk

Pembuatan geometry dimulai dari volume bawah

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 Create Real Cylinder

Geometry Body Cyclon

Methoda top down lebih mudah digunakan karena bentuk benda yang
simetris yaitu geometry dibuat dari volume-volume tersendiri
Step Command button
Geometry Command

Volume Command

Create real cylinder

1. Masukan harga 294
pada Height

Global control

2. Masukkan harga 146

pada radius 1

Fit to window

3. Ubah axis location ke

negatif Y

Isometry orient model

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 Move Real Cylinder

Move comand button

Real cylinder yang baru dibuat

di pindahkan ke arah koordinat
y negatif sebesar -990

Sebelum

Sesudah

Global control

Fit to window

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 Move Real Frustum

Create real frustum

comand button
1. Masukan harga 490 pada
Height
2. Masukkan harga 90 pada
radius 1

3. Masukkan harga 200

pada radius 3
4. Ubah axis location ke
negatif Y

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 Move Real Frustum

Real frustum yang baru dibuat

di pindahkan ke arah koordinat
y negatif sebesar -500

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 Split Real Volume

Perintah split dilakukan supaya kedua face yang

menempel dapat menjadi satu bagian sehingga tidak
ada face yang overlap

Split comand button

Split silinder (volume 1) dengan

Split with Frustum (volume 2)

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 Sweep face to create Volume

Sweep command button

Face yg dipilih

1. Face yang akan di sweep terletak pada

frustum sebelah atas
2. Meggunakan methode path vector
3. Arah koordinat Y positif dengan magnitude
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 Sweep face to create Volume

Face yg dipilih

1. Face yang akan di sweep terletak pada

frustum sebelah atas
2. Meggunakan methode path vector
3. Arah koordinat Y positif dengan magnitude
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 Create Real Cylinder

1. Masukan harga 250

pada Height
2. Masukkan harga 75
pada radius 1
3. Ubah axis location ke
negatif Y

Cylinder ini digunakan sebagai outlet atas dari cyclon

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 Move Real Cylinder

Real cylinder yang

baru
dibuat
di
pindahkan ke arah
koordinat y positif
sebesar 75

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 Split Real Volume

Perintah split dilakukan supaya kedua volume yang
berbeda bisa menjadi satu bagian utuh.
Silinder kecil

Silinder besar

Split silinder kecil/dalam (volume 5)

dengan Split with silinder besar/luar
(volume 4)
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Geometry Inlet Cyclon

Create Real Volume Brick
Brick ini merupakan masukan atau ilet dari cyclon yang
telah dibuat

1. Masukan harga 100 pada width

2. Masukan harga 175 pada depth
3. Masukan harga 250 pada height
4. Direction koordinat centered
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 Create vertex on edge

Titik ini merupakan titik bantu untuk langkah selanjutnya.Titik
yang dibuat nantinya digunakan sebagai corner dari inlet
cyclon.

Edge yg
dipilih

Masukan U value 0.25

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 Align volume (brick)

Perintah ini hampir sama dengan perintah move, dimana yg
diketahui adalah start vertex dan end vertex sedangkan
pada perintah move yg dimasukkan adalah koordinatnya.

Start vertex
End vertex

Masukan U value 0.25

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 Split volume with face

Perintah ini untuk menyatukan geometry inlet cyclon dengan
body cyclonnya

Volume brick

Face silinder

Volume final

1. Masukan brick inlet

sebagai volume
2. Pilih selubung silinder
sebagai face

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 Delete volume
Perintah ini untuk menghilangkan sisa dari volume brick
yang tidak digunakan

Final volume
Volume yg di delete

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 Display Geometry cyclon

Wireframe

Shade

YZ koordinat

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Meshing Cyclon
Meshing model cycon

Model cyclon
sebelum di meshing

Model cyclon
sesudah di meshing

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 Strategy meshing cyclon

Create rectangular face

1. Masukkan harga width 500

Tahap ini membuat face sebagai bantuan untuk

melakukan split volume body cyclon with face
Face yang baru
dibuat

2. Masukkan harga height 1500

3. Direction xy centered

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 Move face

Rectangular face yang baru

dibuat di pindahkan ke arah
koordinat y negatif sebesar -600

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 Split volume with face

1. Masukan silinder bawah

sebagai volume
2. Pilih rectangular face
sebagai face
3. Retain diaktifkan

Volume yg di split

Face tool split

Volume yg sudah
di split
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 Split volume with face

Perintah split ini di

kerjakan juga untuk
geometry
lainnya
sehingga
semua
volume di body cyclon
terbelah menjadi dua

Sebelum

Sesudah

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 Delete rectangular face

Rectangular
face
yang
membantu pada perintah split
tadi kemudian dihilangkan/di
delete

Rectangular face
yg di delete

Sebelum

Sesudah

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 Split volume
Lakukan perintah split volume untuk menyatukan
inlet cyclon dengan body cyclon

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Meshing Body Cyclon

Meshing egde
Meshing pada upper
geomatry (volume) yang
kompleks lebih mudah
dilakukan
dengan
melakukan meshing pada
lower geometry (edge)
terlebih dahulu

Egde yg dipilih

1. Pilih edge seperti pada

gambar
2. Pada spacing, ambil
option interval count
(jumlah)
kemudian
masukkan harga 10.
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 Meshing egde

Egde yg dipilih

1. Pilih edge seperti pada

gambar
2. Pada spacing, ambil
option interval count
(jumlah)
kemudian
masukkan harga 6.
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 Meshing egde

Egde yg dipilih

1. Pilih edge seperti pada

gambar
2. Pada spacing, ambil
option interval count
(jumlah)
kemudian
masukkan harga 20.

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 Meshing egde

2 Egde yg dipilih

1. Pilih 2 buah edge

seperti pada gambar
2. Pada spacing, ambil
option interval count
(jumlah)
kemudian
masukkan harga 10.
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 Meshing face

2 face yg dipilih

1. Pilih 2 buah face seperti

pada gambar
2. Pada element
options quad.

ambil

3. Pada type ambil option

pave
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 Meshing volume

volume yg dipilih

1. Pilih 1 buah volume

seperti pada gambar
2. Pada element
options hex.

ambil

3. Pada type ambil option

cooper

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 Meshing volume
Tahapan meshing volume tersebut di lakukan pula untuk body geometry volume yang
lainnya sehingga didapatkan meshing pada body cyclon seperti gambar dibawah ini.

Shade display

Hidden display

Wireframe display 178

 Meshing edge

Meshing Inlet Cyclon

Egde yg dipilih

1. Pilih edge seperti pada

gambar
2. Pada spacing, ambil
option interval count
(jumlah)
kemudian
masukkan harga 10.
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 Meshing face

face yg dipilih

1. Pilih face pada inlet

cyclon seperti pada
gambar
2. Pada element
options quad.

ambil

3. Pada type ambil option

map
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 Meshing volume

volume yg dipilih

1. Pilih 1 buah volume

seperti pada gambar
2. Pada element
options hex.

ambil

3. Pada type ambil option

cooper

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Final Display After Meshing

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TUTORIAL 6

Pipe Flow
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Problem Specification

Example Boundary layer mesh

Consider fluid flowing through a circular pipe of contant cross-section. The pipe diameter D=0.2 m
and length L=8 m. The inlet velocity Vin=1 m/ s. Consider the velocity to be constant over the inlet
cross-section. The fluid exhausts into the ambient atmosphere which is at a pressure of 1 atm.
Take density =1 kg/ m3 and coefficient of viscosity = 2 x 10-3 kg/(ms). The Reynolds number Re
based on the pipe diameter is

where Vavg is the average velocity at the inlet, which is 1m/s in this case.
Solve this problem using FLUENT. Plot the centerline velocity, wall skin-friction coefficient, and
velocity profile at the outlet. Validate your results.
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Step 1: Create Geometry in GAMBIT

We use topdown method

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Create Face

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Split volume with face

Check summarize volume

Now, we have two volume

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Step 2: Mesh Geometry in GAMBIT

Change display to isometry view

Zoom out

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Now we mesh line at arc circle in the inlet and outlet pipe

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Mesh boundary layer at the arc circle

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Now we mesh line vertical in the inlet and outlet pipe

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Now we mesh line horizontal in the pipe with 100 devisions

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Mesh face in the inlet pipe

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Mesh volume pipe

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TUTORIAL 7

Three Pipe
Intersection

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PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

problem spesification

Decomposition of the
three-pipe intersection
geometry
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Create the pipes

Volume

Axis Location

Clylinder I

+Z

Clylinder II

+X

Clylinder III

+Y

Three cylinders for the three-pipe

intersection
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Create a Sphere

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Unite Pipes and Sphere

final result
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Decompose the Geometry (Hexadral Mesh)

1. Create a brick

Three-pipes geometry and brick

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2. Split Volume

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3. Create a straight edge

Straight edge created

inside the volume
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4. Created faces

Three edges used

to create a face
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DISPLAY
ATTRIBUTES

Display Attributes
Comman Button

Three faces created inside the pipe

intersection

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5. Split volume using faces

Decomposed geometry
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Turn Off Automatic Smooting of the Mesh

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Apply Boundary Layer at Wall

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REPEAT

Boundary layer on three

edges of the spere octant

Boundary Layers on the

three edges where the
pipes intersect

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Mesh The Sphere Octant

Mesh Result
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Change The Vertex Type on The Wall to Side

Mesh Result
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Mesh The Pipe Volume Cooper Meshing Scheme

Mesh Result
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Set Meshing Scheme (Wall face Submap)

Mesh Result
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Mesh The Pipe Volume Cooper Meshing Scheme

Mesh Result
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Mesh Geometry by Hand-Picking The Source Faces

Source faces used to mesh

one of the pipe volume
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Face meshes for the three-pipes intersection

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Examine the Quality

of the Mesh
Examine
Command Button

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Display Type

Select Preset
Configuration
Command Button

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Set Boundary Types

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Boundary types for faces of the three-pipes intersection

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TUTORIAL
Boundary condition

Flow Over Flat Plate

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Step 3: Specify Boundary Types in GAMBIT

Note : open the dbs.file

The left edge is the inflow of the flow field, the right edge the outflow, the
top edge the open top of the flow field, and the bottom edge the plate.

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Create Boundary Types

This will bring up the Specify Boundary Types window on the Operation Panel. We
will first specify that the left edge is the inflow. Under Entity:, pick Edges so that
GAMBIT knows we want to pick an edge

Now select the left edge by Shift-clicking on it. The selected edge should appear in
the yellow box next to the Edges box as well as the Label/Type list under the Edges
box.
Next to Name:, enter inflow.
For Type:, select VELOCITY_INLET. You may have to move the Specify Boundary
Types box up in order to see the bottom of the list and select VELOCITY_INLET.

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Click Apply. You should see the new entry appear under Name/Type box near the top
of the window.
Repeat this process for the other three edges according
to the following table:

You should have the following edges in the Name/Type

list when finished:

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Save and Export

Main Menu > File > Save
Main Menu > File > Export > Mesh...
Type in plate.msh for the File Name:. Select Export 2d Mesh because this is a 2
dimensional mesh. Click Accept.

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TUTORIAL
Boundary condition

Modeling Mixing Elbow

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Step 9: Set Boundary Types

1. Remove the mesh from the display before you set the boundary types.
Click the SPECIFY DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES command button
at the bottom of the Global Control toolpad.

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2. Set boundary types for the mixing elbow.

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Step 10: Export the Mesh and Save the Session

1. Export a mesh file for the mixing elbow.
File > Export > Mesh ...

2. Save the GAMBIT session and exit GAMBIT.

File > Exit

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TUTORIAL
Boundary condition

Modeling Combustion Chamber

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Set Boundary Types

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Export the Mesh and Save the Session

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TUTORIAL
Boundary condition

Modeling Cyclone
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Final Display After Meshing

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Boundary Condition Cyclon

Pada tahap ini, meshing yang telah dilakukan disembunyikan terlebih
dahulu supaya lebih mudah membuat boundary condition cyclonnya

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 Boundary condition inlet

Face inlet
1. Masukkan ID name :inlet-1
2. Pilih option type : velocity
inlet.
3. Pilih face seperti yang
tertera pada gambar
disamping

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 Boundary condition outlet

Face outlet-atas

1. Masukkan ID name :outletatas

2. Pilih option type :
pressure_outlet
3. Pilih 2 buah face seperti
yang tertera pada gambar
disamping

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 Boundary condition outlet

1. Masukkan ID name :outletbawah

2. Pilih option type :
pressure_outlet
3. Pilih 2 buah face seperti
yang tertera pada gambar
disamping

Untuk mempermudah pemilihan face,

display diubah ke wireframe display
Wireframe display

Face outlet-bawah
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 Boundary condition wall

Face dinding-dalam
1. Masukkan ID name :d
inding-dalam
2. Pilih option type : wall
3. Pilih 2 buah face seperti
yang tertera pada gambar
disamping

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Final Boundary Condition

Fluent display grid

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 File save as

File import mesh

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Introduction to CFD Analysis

FLUENT

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TUTORIAL 1

Laminar Pipe Flow

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Laminar Pipe Flow

Problem Specification

Consider fluid flowing through a circular pipe of contant cross-section. The pipe diameter D=0.2 m
and length L=8 m. The inlet velocity Vin=1 m/s. Consider the velocity to be constant over the inlet
cross-section. The fluid exhausts into the ambient atmosphere which is at a pressure of 1 atm.
Take density =1 kg/ m3 and coefficient of viscosity = 2 x 10-3 kg/(ms). The Reynolds number Re
based on the pipe diameter is

where Vavg is the average velocity at the inlet, which is 1m/s in this case.
Solve this problem using FLUENT. Plot the centerline velocity, wall skin-friction coefficient, and
velocity profile at the outlet. Validate your results.
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Step 1: Create Geometry in GAMBIT

Select Solver
Main Menu > Solver > FLUENT 5/6
We can assume that the flow is axisymmetric. The problem domain is:

where r and x are the radial and axial coordinates, respectively.

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Strategy for creating geometry

Create Vertices

Repeat this process to create three more

vertices:
Vertex 1: (0,0,0)
Vertex 2: (0,0.1,0)
Vertex 3: (8,0.1,0)
Vertex 4: (8,0,0)

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This fits the four vertices of the rectangle we

have created to the size of the Graphics
Window.
Create Edges

We'll now connect appropriate pairs of

vertices to form edges. To select any
entity in GAMBIT, hold down the Shift
key and click on the entity.

335

Display line 1

Repeat create edge steps for line 2,3 and 4

Line 1,2,3 and 4

336

Create Face
To form a face out of the area
enclosed by the four lines, we need to
select the four ledges that enclose this
area.

337

Step 2: Mesh Geometry in GAMBIT

We'll now create a mesh on the rectangular face with 100 divisions in the
axial direction and 5 divisions in the radial direction. We'll first mesh the
four edges and then the face. The desired grid spacing is specified through
the edge mesh.
Mesh Edges

1. First mesh 5 divisions in the radial (2 vertical egde)

direction
Click Apply. Nodes appear on the edges
showing that they are divided into 5.
2. Repeat the same process for the horizontal edges,
but with an interval count of 100.
Now that the edges are meshed, we are ready to
create a 2-D mesh for the face.
338

Mesh Face

Shift left-click on the face or use the up arrow

next to Faces to select the face. Click Apply.

Zoom

339

Step 3: Specify Boundary Types in GAMBIT

Create Boundary Types

We will first specify that the left edge is the inlet. Under Entity:, pick
Edges so that GAMBIT knows we want to pick an edge.

340

Next to Name:, enter inlet.

For Type:, select VELOCITY_INLET.
Click Apply. You should see the new entry
appear under Name/Type box near the top
of the window.
Repeat this process for the other three
edges according to the following table:

341

Save and Export

Main Menu > File > Save

Main Menu > File > Export > Mesh...

Type in pipe.msh for the File Name:. Select Export

2d Mesh since this is a 2 dimensional mesh.

342

Step 4: Set Up Problem in FLUENT

Launch Fluent 6.2
Start > Programs > Fluent Inc > FLUENT 6.2
Select 2ddp from the list of options and click Run.
Import Grid
Main Menu > File > Read > Case...

laminar pipe 5 x 100.msh

343

Check and Display Grid

First, we check the grid to make sure that there are no errors.
Main Menu > Grid > Check

Check the grid size:

Main Menu > Grid > Info > Size
The following statistics should appear:

344

Display the grid:

1. Make sure all 5 items under Surfaces is selected. Then click
Display.

2. The wall, outlet, and centerline

boundaries have been selected in
the following view:
345

Define Solver Properties

Main Menu > Define > Models > Solver

Main Menu > Define > Models > Viscous

Laminar flow is the default. So we don't need to change anything in this
menu. Click Cancel.

346

Main Menu > Define > Models > Energy

We need to solve the energy equation only if we are interested in
determining the temperature distribution. We will not deal with
temperature in this example. So leave the Energy Equation unselected
and click Cancel to exit the menu.
Define Material Properties
Change Density to 1.0
and Viscosity to 2e-3.
Click Change/Create.

347

Define Operating Conditions

Main Menu > Define > Operating Conditions...
For all flows, FLUENT uses gauge pressure internally. Any time an
absolute pressure is needed, it is generated by adding the operating
pressure to the gauge pressure. We'll use the default value of 1 atm
(101,325 Pa) as the Operating Pressure.

348

Define Boundary Conditions

We'll now set the value of the velocity at the inlet and pressure at the outlet.
Main Menu > Define > Boundary Conditions...
Click on Set.... Enter 1 for Velocity
Magnitude. Click OK. This sets
the velocity of the fluid entering at
the left boundary.

The (absolute) pressure at the outlet is 1 atm. Since the operating pressure
is set to 1 atm, the outlet gauge pressure = outlet absolute pressure operating pressure = 0. Choose outlet under Zone. The Type of this
boundary is pressure-outlet. Click on Set.... The default value of the Gauge
Pressure is 0. Click Cancel to leave the default in place.
Lastly, click on wall under Zones and make sure Type is set as wall.
Click Close to close the Boundary Conditions menu.
349

Step 5: Solve!
We'll use a second-order discretization scheme.
Main Menu > Solve > Controls > Solution...
Change Momentum to Second Order Upwind.

350

Set Initial Guess

Initialize the flow field to the values at the inlet:
Main Menu > Solve > Initialize > Initialize...

In the Solution Initialization

menu that comes up, choose
inlet under Compute From. The
Axial Velocity for all cells will be
set to 1 m/s, the Radial Velocity
to 0 m/s and the Gauge
Pressure to 0 Pa. These values
have been taken from the inlet
boundary condition.
Click Init. This completes the initialization.
351

Set Convergence Criteria

FLUENT reports a residual for each governing equation being solved.
The residual is a measure of how well the current solution satisfies the
discrete form of each governing equation. We'll iterate the solution until
the residual for each equation falls below 1e-3.
Main Menu > Solve > Monitors > Residual...
Change the residual under Convergence
Criterion for continuity, x-velocity, and yvelocity, all to 1e-3.
Also, under Options, select Plot. This will
plot the residuals in the graphics window
as they are calculated.
This completes the problem
specification. Save your work:
Main Menu > File > Write > Case...
laminar pipe 5 x 100.cas
352

Iterate Until Convergence

Start the calculation by running 100 iterations:
Main Menu > Solve > Iterate...
In the Iterate Window that comes up,
change the Number of Iterations to 100.
The residuals fall below the specified
convergence criterion of 1e-3 in 24
iterations.

Save the solution to a data file:

Main Menu > File > Write > Data...

laminar pipe 5 x 100.dat

353

Step 6: Analyze Results

Centerline Velocity
Main Menu > Plot > XY Plot...
Make sure that Position on X Axis is set under Options, and X is set to 1
and Y to 0 under Plot Direction. This tells FLUENT to plot the xcoordinate value on the abscissa of the graph.
Under Y Axis Function, pick Velocity... and then in the box under that,
pick Axial Velocity.
Finally, select centerline
under Surfaces since we are
plotting the axial velocity
along the centerline.
Click Plot.

354

This brings up a plot of the axial velocity as a function of the distance

along the centerline of the pipe.

Change the axes extents: In the

Solution XY Plot menu, click on
Axes.... Under Options, deselect
Auto Range. The boxes under
Range should now be activated.
Select X under Axis. Enter 1 for
Minimum and 3 for Maximum under
Range.

In the graph that comes up, we

can see that the velocity reaches
a constant value beyond a certain
distance from the inlet. This is the
fully-developed flow region.
We'll turn on the grid lines to help
estimate where the flow becomes
fully developed. Check the boxes
next to Major Rules and Minor
Rules under Options. Click Apply.

355

Now, pick Y under Axis and once again

deselect Auto Range under Options,
then enter 1.8 for Minimum and 2.0 for
Maximum under Range. Also select
Major Rules and Minor Rules to turn on
the grid lines in the Y direction. We
have now finished specifying the range
for each axes, so click Apply and then
Close.
Go back to the Solution XY Plot menu and click Plot to replot the graph with
the new axes extents. We can see that the fully-developed region starts at
around x=3m and the centerline velocity in this region is 1.93 m/s.

356

Saving the Plot

Save the data from this plot:
In the Solution XY Plot Window, check the Write to File box under Options.
The Plot button should have changed to Write.... Click on Write.... Enter
Axial Velocity 5 x 100.xy as the XY File Name and click OK.
357

Name for previous data Axial Velocity 5 x 100

358

Coefficient of Skin Friction

Main Menu > Report > Reference Values...
Select inlet under Compute From to tell
FLUENT to calculate the reference values
from the values at inlet. Check that density is
1 kg/m3 and velocity is 1 m/s. (Alternately,
you could have just typed in the appropriate
values). Click OK.
Go back to the Solution XY Plot menu.
Uncheck Write to File under Options since
we want to plot to the window right now.
We can leave the other Options and Plot
Direction as is since we are still plotting
against the x distance along the pipe.

359

Under the Y Axis Function, pick Wall

Fluxes..., and then Skin Friction
Coefficient in the box under that.

Click Apply, Close, and then Plot

in the Solution XY Plot Window.

Under Surfaces, select wall and

unselect centerline by clicking on them.
Reset axes ranges: Go to Axes... and reselect Auto-Range for the Y axis. Set the
range of the X axis from 1 to 8 by
selecting X under Axis, entering 1 under
Minimum, and 8 under Maximum in the
Range box (remember to de-select AutoRange first if it is checked).

360

We can see that the fully developed region is reached at around x=3.0m and
the skin friction coefficient in this region is around 1.54. Compare the
numerical value of 1.54 with the theoretical, fully-developed value of 0.16.
Save the data from this plot: Pick Write to File under Options and click
Write.... Enter skin friction coefficient 5 x 100.xy for XY File and click OK.
361

Velocity Profile
To plot the position variable on the y axis of the graph, uncheck Position on X
Axis under Options and choose Position on Y Axis instead. To make the
position variable the radial distance from the centerline, under Plot Direction,
change X to 0 and Y to 1. To plot the axial velocity on the x axis of the graph,
for X Axis Function, pick Velocity... and Axial Velocity under that.
Since we want to plot this at the outlet boundary, pick outlet under Surfaces.
Change both the x and y axes to Auto-Range.
Uncheck Write to File under Options so that we can see the graph. Click Plot.

362

Does this look like a parabolic profile?

Save the data from this plot: Pick Write to File under Options and
click Write.... Enter profile velocity 5 x 100.xy for XY File and click
OK.
363

To see how the velocity profile changes in the developing region, let us
add the profiles at x=0.6m (x/D=3) and x=0.12m (x/D=6) to the above plot.
First, create a line at x=0.6m using the Line/Rake tool:
Main Menu > Surface > Line/Rake
We'll create a straight line from (x0,y0)=(0.6,0) to (x1,y1)=(0.6,0.1).
Select Line Tool under Options. Enter x0=0.6, y0=0, x1=0.6, y1=0.1.
Enter line1 under New Surface Name. Click Create.
To see the line just created, select
Main Menu > Display > Grid...

Similarly, create a vertical line called line2

at x=1.2; (x0,y0)=(1.2,0) to (x1,y1)=(1.2,0.1)
in this case. Display it in the graphics
window to check that it has been created
correctly.
364

Now we can plot the velocity profiles

at x=0.6m (x/D=3) and x=1.2m
(x/D=6) along with the outlet profile.
Under Surfaces, in addition to outlet,
select line1 and line2. Select Node
Values under Options. Click Plot.

Velocity Vectors
Main Menu > Display > Vectors... > Display
Change Scale to 0.4 in the Vectors menu and click Display.

365

Main Menu > Display > Views...

Under Mirror Planes, only the axis
surface is listed since that is the
only symmetry boundary in the
present case. Select axis and click
Apply.

366

Result display vektor velocity

367

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372

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386

387

388

389

TUTORIAL 2

Turbulent Pipe Flow

390

Turbulent Pipe Flow

Problem Specification

the inlet velocity is 1 m/s, the fluid exhausts into the ambient atmosphere
and density is 1 kg/m3. For = 2 x 10-5 kg/(ms), the Reynolds no. based
on the pipe diameter and average velocity at the inlet is

At this Reynolds number, the flow is usually completely turbulent.

391

Step 1: Create Geometry in GAMBIT

Select Solver
Main Menu > Solver > FLUENT 5/6
We can assume that the flow is axisymmetric. The problem domain is:

where r and x are the radial and axial coordinates, respectively.

392

Strategy for creating geometry

Create Vertices

Repeat this process to create three more

vertices:
Vertex 1: (0,0,0)
Vertex 2: (0,0.1,0)
Vertex 3: (8,0.1,0)
Vertex 4: (8,0,0)

393

This fits the four vertices of the rectangle we

have created to the size of the Graphics
Window.
Create Edges

We'll now connect appropriate pairs of

vertices to form edges. To select any
entity in GAMBIT, hold down the Shift
key and click on the entity.

394

Repeat create edge steps for line 4

395

Create Face
To form a face out of the area
enclosed by the four lines, we need to
select the four ledges that enclose this
area.

396

Step 2: Mesh Geometry in GAMBIT

Mesh Edges
We use 100 divisions for the horizontal edges.

First mesh 100 divisions in the horizontal (2 horizontal egde)

direction
Click Apply. Nodes appear on the edges
showing that they are divided into 100.

397

Mesh Edges
We use 30 divisions for the vertical edges.
To resolve the much higher gradient near the wall for a turbulent flow,
we will use smaller grid spacing near the wall by employing grid
stretching.

For Type in the Mesh Edges menu, select First Length from the drop
down box. Next to Length, type in 0.001.
We want 30 divisions on each of the vertical edges; so select Interval
Count from the drop down box under Spacing and enter 30 in the text
box to its left.

398

If you zoom in on the right edge, you

should see the following:

Note that the mesh spacing is smaller near

the wall as indicated by the blue circles on
the edge.

399

Recreate Face Mesh

The next step is to recreate the face mesh on top of these edge meshes.
This is the same procedure as in the previous tutorial:

Shift left-click on the face and click Apply. The meshed area should look
like this after zooming in:

400

Step 3: Specify Boundary Types in GAMBIT

These boundary types are still
retained even if the edges are
remeshed since the edges
themselves were not deleted. To
verify this:
Check that the following is in the
Name/Type list:
Save and Export
As in the previous tutorial, we will now
save and export the mesh.
Main Menu > File > Save
Main Menu > File > Export > Mesh...

Select Export 2d Mesh since this

is a two-dimensional mesh

Exit GAMBIT: Main Menu > File > Exit and save the session.
401

Step 4: Set Up Problem in FLUENT

Launch FLUENT
Start > Programs > Fluent Inc > FLUENT 6.2
Select 2ddp (2D, double-precision version) from the list of options and click Run.
Import File
Main Menu > File > Read > Case...

402

Grid
First, we check the grid to make sure that there are no errors.
Main Menu > Grid > Check
Any errors in the grid would be reported at this time. Check the output
and make sure that there are no errors reported. Then select:
Main Menu > Grid > Info > Size
The following summary about the grid should appear:

403

Main Menu > Display > Grid...

Make sure all 5 items under Surfaces are selected. Then click Display.
Recall that you can look at specific
components of the grid by choosing
the entities you wish to view under
Surfaces (click to select and click
again to deselect a specific
boundary). Click Display again when
you have selected your boundaries.
Use this feature and make sure that
the boundary labels correspond to
the correct geometric entities.
Close the Grid Display Window when you are done.

404

Define Solver Properties

Main Menu > Define > Models > Solver
Choose Axisymmetric under Space. As in the laminar pipe flow tutorial,
we'll use the defaults of segregated solver, implicit formulation, steady
flow and absolute velocity formulation. Click OK.
Main Menu > Define > Models > Viscous...
Choose k-epsilon (2eqn). Notice
that the window expands and
additional options are displayed on
choosing the k-epsilon turbulence
model. Under Near-Wall Treatment,
pick Enhanced Wall Treatment so
that we may get a more accurate
result.

405

Main Menu > Define > Models > Energy...

The energy equation can be turned off since this is an incompressible
flow and we are not interested in the temperature. Make sure no tick
mark appears next to Energy Equation.
Main Menu > Define > Materials...
Change Density to 1.0 and Viscosity to 2e-5. These are the values in the
Problem Specification. We'll take both as constant.
Click Change/Create.

Define Operating Conditions

Main Menu > Define > Operating Conditions...
Recall that for all flows, FLUENT uses the gauge pressure internally.
Any time an absolute pressure is needed, it is generated by adding the
operating pressure to the gauge pressure. We'll use the default value of
1 atm (101,325 Pa) as the Operating Pressure.

406

Define Boundary Conditions

We'll now set the value of the velocity at the inlet and pressure at the outlet.
Main Menu > Define > Boundary Conditions...
The four types of boundaries we defined are specified as zones on the left
side of the Boundary Conditions Window. Recall that we don't need to set
any parameters for the centerline and wall zones. Verify this by selecting
each of these two zones and clicking on Set....
Choose inlet and click on Set....
Enter 1 for Velocity Magnitude. This
indicates that the fluid is coming in
normal to the inlet at the rate of 1
meter per second. Select Intensity
and Hydraulic Diameter next to the
Turbulence Specification Method.
Then enter 1 for Turbulence
Intensity and 0.2 for Hydraulic
Diameter. Click OK to set the
velocity.

The (absolute) pressure at the

outlet is 1 atm.
407

Step 5: Solve!
Main Menu > Solve > Controls > Solution...
Change Discretization for Momentum,
Turbulence Kinetic Energy and
Turbulence Dissipation Rate (scroll
down to see it) equations to Second
Order Upwind.
Set Initial Guess
Main Menu > Solve > Initialize > Initialize...
In the Solution Initialization menu that
comes up, choose inlet under Compute
From. The Axial Velocity for all cells will
be set to 1 m/s, the Radial Velocity to 0
m/s and the Gauge Pressure to 0 Pa.
The Turbulence Kinetic Energy and
Dissipation Rate (scroll down to see it)
values are set from the prescribed
values for the Turbulence Intensity and Click Init. Close the Solution
Initialization window.
Hydraulic Diameter at the inlet.
408

Set Convergence Criteria

We'll iterate the solution until the residual for each equation falls below 1e-6.
Main Menu > Solve > Monitors > Residual...
Notice that Convergence Criterion has to
be set for the k and epsilon equations in
addition to the three equations in the last
tutorial. Set the Convergence Criterion
to be 1e-06 for all five equations being
solved.
Select Print and Plot under Options.
This will print as well plot the residuals
as they are calculated which you will
use to monitor convergence.
Main Menu > File > Write > Case...
Type in pipe100x30.cas for Case File.

409

Iterate Until Convergence

Solve for 100 iterations first.
Main Menu > Solve > Iterate...
In the Iterate menu that comes
up,change the Number of Iterations to
100. Click Iterate.
You'll find that not all residuals have
fallen below 1e-6 in 100 iterations. Solve
for 200 more iterations.
Save the solution to a data file:
Main Menu > File > Write > Data...
Enter pipe100x30.dat for Data File and click OK.

410

Step 6: Analyze Results

Centerline Velocity
Under Y Axis Function, pick Velocity... and then in the box under that, pick
Axial Velocity. Finally, select centerline under Surfaces since we are
plotting the axial velocity along the centerline.
Click on Curves... in the Solution XY Plot window. Select the solid line
option under Pattern as shown below. Change Weight to 2. Select the
blank option under Symbol. Click Apply and Close.
Turn on grid lines: In the Solution XY
Plot window, click on Axes.... Turn on
the grid by checking the boxes Major
Rules and Minor Rules under Options.
Click Apply. Select Y under Axis and
repeat. Click Apply and Close.

411

We can see that the fully developed

region starts around x=5m with the
centerline velocity becoming constant
at a value of 1.195 m/s. This is quite a
bit lower than the value of 2 m/s for the
laminar case. Can you explain the
difference based on the physical
characteristics of laminar and turbulent
flows?
Save the data for this plot as vel.xy.
Coefficient of Skin Friction
Go back to the Solution XY Plot Window. Under the Y Axis Function, pick
Wall Fluxes..., and then Skin Friction Coefficient in the box under that. Under
Surfaces, we are plotting the friction coefficient along the wall. Uncheck
centerline surface.

412

Uncheck Write to File. Click Plot.

We can see that the fully-developed
value is 0.0085. Compare this with
what you'd expect from the Moody
chart.
Save the data for this plot as cf.xy.

Velocity Profile
We'll plot the axial velocity at the outlet as a function of the distance
from the center of the pipe.
Change the plot settings so that the radial distance from the axis is
plotted as the ordinate: In the Solution XY Plot window, uncheck
Position on X Axis under Options and choose Position on Y Axis
instead. Under Plot Direction, change X to 0 and Y to 1. For the X Axis
Function i.e. the abscissa, pick Velocity... and Axial Velocity under that.
413

Since we want to plot this at the outlet boundary, pick only outlet under
Surfaces.
Uncheck Write to File. Click Plot.
The axial velocity is maximum at the
centerline and zero at the wall to satisfy
the no-slip boundary condition for
viscous flow. Compare qualitatively the
near-wall velocity gradient normal to the
wall with the laminar case. Which is
larger? From this, what can you say
about the relative stregths of near-wall
mixing in the laminar and turbulent
cases?
Save this plot as profile.xy.

414

Velocity Vektor display

415

TUTORIAL 3

Modelling Mixing Elbow

416

Mixing elbow modeling

Problem Specification
The problem to be considered is shown schematically in Figure below. A cold
fluid at 26oC enters through the large pipe and mixes with a warmer fluid at 40oC
in the elbow. The pipe dimensions are in inches, and the fluid properties and
boundary conditions are given in SI units. The Reynolds number at the main inlet
is 2.03x105 , so that a turbulent model will be necessary.

Display contour pressure, velocity,

turbulent kinetik energy for this elbow

417

Set Up Problem in FLUENT

Launch Fluent 6.2

Start > Programs > Fluent Inc > FLUENT 6.2
Select 2d from the list of options and click Run.

418

Step 1: Grid
Read the grid file mixing elbow 2d.msh.
File
Read
Case...

419

Check the grid.

Grid

Check

420

Scale the grid.

Grid

Scale...

421

Display the grid

Display

Grid...

422

Step 2: Models
1.Keep the default solver settings. 2.Turn on the standard
Define

Models

Solver...

Define

Models

turbulence model.

Viscous...

423

3. Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.

Define

Models

Energy...

Step 3: Materials
1. Create a new material
called water.
Define

Materials...

424

Step 4: Boundary Conditions

Define
Boundary Conditions...
1. Set the conditions for the fluid.

425

2. Set the boundary conditions at the main inlet.

Select inlet-1 under Zone and click Set....

426

3. Repeat previous operation for inlet-2, using the values in the following table:

4. Set the boundary conditions for outlet, as shown in the panel below

427

5. For wall-4, keep the default settings for a Heat Flux of 0.

428

Step 5: Solution
1. Initialize the flow field using the boundary conditions set at inlet-1.
Solve

Initialize

Initialize...

Add a Y Velocity value of 0.2 m/sec throughout the domain

429

2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve

Monitors

Residual...

430

3. Define a surface monitor.

Solve

Monitors

Surface...

431

4. Save the case file

File

Write

Case...

5. Start the calculation by requesting 100 iterations.

Solve

Iterate...

432

433

6. Save the data file

File

Write

Data...

434

Step 6: Displaying the Preliminary Solution

1. Display filled contours of velocity magnitude
Display

Contours...

435

2. Display filled contours of temperature

436

3. Display velocity vectors

Display

Vectors...

437

 Use the middle mouse button to zoom the view

438

4. Create an XY plot of temperature across the exit

Plot

XY Plot...

439

5. Define a custom field function for the dynamic head formula (

Define

).

Custom Field Functions...

440

6. Display filled contours of the custom field function

Display

Contours...

7. Write the case and data files to save the settings for the custom field function.
File

Write

Case & Data...

441

442

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444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

TUTORIAL 4

Modeling Periodic Flow

and Heat Transfer

457

 Problem Description
This problem considers a 2D section of a tube bank. A schematic of the
problem is shown in Figure 1. The bank consists of uniformly spaced tubes with
a diameter of 1 cm, that are staggered in the direction of cross-fluid flow. Their
centers are separated by a distance of 2 cm in the
direction, and 1 cm in
the
direction. The bank has a depth of 1 m.
Because of the symmetry of the tube
bank geometry, only a portion of the
domain needs to be modeled. The
computational domain is shown in
outline in Figure 1. A mass flow rate
of 0.05 kg/s is applied to the inflow
boundary of the periodic module.
The temperature of the tube wall
(
) is 400 K and the bulk
temperature of the cross-flow water
(
) is 300 K. The properties of
water that are used in the model are
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 : schematic of the problem

458

Step 1: Grid
Start the 2D version of FLUENT.

Read the mesh file, tubebank.msh.

File
Read
Case...
Check the grid.
Grid

Check

Scale the grid.

Grid
Scale...
Under Units Conversion, select
cm (centimeters) from the dropdown list to complete the phrase
Grid Was Created In cm
Click Scale to scale the grid and
close the panel.

459

 Display the mesh

Display
Grid...

Create the periodic zone.

In the console window, enter the inputs shown in green in the following dialog
Hint:
Press
Enter
to get the command prompt ( ).

460

Step 2: Models
Keep the default solver settings.
Define
Models
Solver...

Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.

Define
Models
Energy...

461

 Set the periodic flow conditions.

Define
Periodic Conditions...
Under Type, select Specify Mass Flow.
For Mass Flow Rate, enter a value of 0.05 and click OK.

462

Step 3: Materials
Copy the properties of liquid water from the database.
Define
Materials...
Click on the Fluent Database... button
Select water-liquid (h2o l ) from the Fluent Fluid Materials list.
Click Copy and Close the panel.

463

Step 4: Boundary Conditions

Define
Boundary Conditions...
Set the conditions for fluid-16.

464

 Set the boundary conditions for wall-21.

Change Zone Name to wall-bottom.
Under Thermal Conditions, select Temperature.
Set the Temperature to 400 K.

465

 Set the boundary conditions for wall-3.

Change Zone Name to wall-top.
Under Thermal Conditions, select Temperature.
Set the Temperature to 400 K.

466

Step 5: Solution
Set the solution parameters.
Solve
Controls
Solution...
Set the Under-Relaxation Factor for Energy to 0.9.
Under Discretization, select Second Order Upwind for Momentum
and Energy.

467

 Enable the plotting of residuals.

Solve
Monitors
Residual...
Under Options, enable Plot and click OK.

468

 Initialize the solution.

Solve
Initialize
Initialize...
Under Initial Values, check that the value for Temperature is set to 300 K.
Click Init and Close the panel.

Save the case file, tubebank.cas.

File

Write

Case...
469

 Start the calculation by requesting 350 iterations.

Solve
Iterate...
Set the Number of Iterations to 350.
Click Iterate.

The energy residual curve begins to flatten out after about 350 iterations. For the
solution to converge, you need to reduce the under-relaxation factor for energy.
470

 Change the Under-Relaxation Factor for Energy to 0.6.

Solve
Controls
Solution...
Continue the calculation by requesting another 300 iterations.
Solve

Iterate...

Save the case and data files, tubebank.cas and tubebank.dat.

File
Write
Case & Data...
471

Step 6: Postprocessing
Display filled contours of static pressure
Display
Contours...
Under Options, select Filled.
In the Contours of drop-down list, select Pressure... and Static Pressure.
Click Display

472

 Change the view to mirror the display across the symmetry planes
Display
Views...
Under Mirror Planes, select all of the symmetry zones by clicking the
shaded icon at the right side.
Click Apply and Close the panel.

473

 Display filled contours of static temperature

Display
Contours...
In the Contours of drop-down list, select Temperature... and Static
Temperature and click Display

474

 Display the velocity vectors

Display
Vectors...
In the Color By drop-down list, select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude.
Set the Scale to 3 and click Display.
Zoom in on the upper right portion of the left tube using your middle
mouse button

475

 Plot the temperature profiles at three cross sections of the tube bank.
Create an isosurface on the periodic tube bank at
= 0.01 m (through
the first tube).
Surface
Iso-Surface...
1.
2.
3.
4.

In the Surface of Constant drop-down lists, select Grid... and X-Coordinate.

Enter x=0.01m under New Surface Name.
Enter 0.01 for Iso-Values and click Create.
Follow the same procedure to create surfaces at = 0.02 m (halfway between the
two tubes) and = 0.03 m (through the middle of the second tube).

476

 Create an XY plot of static temperature on the three isosurfaces.

Plot
XY Plot...
1. Change the Plot Direction for X to 0, and the Plot Direction for Y to 1.
2. Select Temperature... and Static Temperature in the Y-Axis Function dropdown lists.
3. Scroll down the Surfaces list and select x=0.01m, x=0.02m, and x=0.03m.
4. In the Solution XY Plot panel, click Plot

477

Static Temperature at

=0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 m

478

TUTORIAL 5

Turbulent Flow in a Compact Heat Exchanger

479

Problem Description
The schematic of the heat exchanger, with dimensions in mm, is shown in Figure
Below. The geometry contains symmetry boundary conditions at the top and
bottom planes.

Problem schematic
Assume that pressurized liquid ammonia at 240 K is to be heated in the
heat exchanger and that the fin walls are at a constant temperature of 350 K. The
mass flux of liquid ammonia through the heat exchanger is 303.14 kg/s-m2 and
the hydraulic diameter is 3.51 mm. The viscosity of liquid ammonia is 0.000152
kg/m-s, and the Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter is 7000, which
makes it a weakly turbulent region (i.e., low Reynolds number turbulent regime).
Periodic boundaries are used at the beginning and ending planes of the
domain. A periodic mass flow rate of 1.385 kg/s will be used.
480

The performance of this heat exchanger is expressed in terms of a drag

coefficient (cD) and a Stanton number (St). The drag coefficient (cD) is based
on the drag force (D), the fin surface area (A), the density of the fluid (), and
the mean velocity based on the minimum cross-sectional flow area (U):

Here, cD represents both the viscous and pressure drag components.

The Stanton number depends upon the average heat transfer coefficient and
the thermal capacitance of the flow:

481

Step 1: Grid
Start the 2D version of FLUENT.

Read the mesh file, htx.msh.

File
Read
Case...
Check the grid.
Grid
Check
Scale the grid from micron to meter.
Grid
Scale...
Under scale factors, enter 1e-6
in the x value and y value

Click Scale to scale the grid and

close the panel.

482

 Display the mesh

Display
Grid...

483

Step 2: Models
Keep the default solver settings.
Define
Models
Solver...

Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.

Define
Models
Energy...

484

 Define the k-epsilon (2 eqn) turbulence model.

Select RNG for k-epsilon Model and
Enhanced Wall Treatment for Near-Wall
Treatment.
Retain the default values for the other
parameters.

485

Step 3: Materials
Copy the properties of ammonia-liquid (nh3<l>) from the database.
Define
Materials...
Click on the Fluent Database... button
Select ammonia-liquid (nh3<l>) from the Fluent Fluid Materials list.
Click Copy and Close the panel.

486

Step 4: Operating Conditions

Define
Operating Conditions...
Retain the default operating conditions.

487

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

Define
Boundary Conditions...
Set the boundary conditions for the fluid zone.
Select ammonia-liquid for Material Name and retain the default values.

488

 Set the boundary conditions for the wall zones.

Set the Temperature for wall-bottom and wall-top zone to 350.

489

 Specify the periodic flow conditions.

Select Specify Mass Flow for Type and set the Mass Flow Rate, and
Upstream Bulk Temperature to 1.385 kg/sec, and 240 K respectively.

490

Step 6: Solution
Initialize the solution.
Solve
Initialize
Initialize...
Set X Velocity to 0.5 m/s, Turbulence Dissipation Rate to 1e5 m2/s3, and
Temperature to 240 K.
Click Init and Close the panel.

491

 Enable the plotting of residuals.

Solve
Monitors
Residual...
Under Options, enable Plot and click OK.

492

 Enable the monitoring of the surface Stanton number on the longest wall
(wall-top).
Solve
Monitors
Surface...

493

 Enable the monitoring of the drag coefficient on the longest wall (wall-top).
Solve
Monitors
force...
Specify a report of the Drag Coefficient for wall-drop in the X direction.

494

 Set appropriate reference values for use in reporting the drag coefficient and
surface Stanton number.
Report
Reference Values...

495

 Set the solution parameters.

Solve
Controls
Solution...
Set the under-relaxation factor for Energy to 0.95.
Set the Discretization for Momentum, Turbulence Kinetic Energy,
Turbulence Dissipation Rate, and Energy to Second Order Upwind.
Deselect Energy in the list of equations.

496

 Start the calculation by requesting 350 iterations.

Solve
Iterate...
Set the Number of Iterations to 350.
Click Iterate.

Scaled Residuals
497

Drag Convergence History for Flow and

Turbulence Equations

498

 Disable solution of the flow and turbulence equations and enable solution of the
energy equation.
Solve

Controls

Solution...

499

 Calculate the energy solution until convergence

Solve

Iterate...

Drag Convergence History for Energy Equation

500

Convergence History of Surface Stanton Number

on wall-top

Save the case and data files.

501

 Enable solution of all equations, solve until convergence, and save the final
case and data files.

502

Solve

Iterate...

Save the final case and data files.

503

Step 7: Postprocessing
Enable reflection of the display across the symmetry planes.
Select all planes under Mirror Planes, click Apply, and close the panel.
Display

Views...

504

 Display filled contours of static pressure

Display
Contours...
Under Options, select Filled.
Click Display

505

 Display filled contours of static temperature

Display
Contours...
In the Contours of drop-down list, select Temperature... and Static
Temperature and click Display

506

 Display filled contours of velocity magnitude

Display
Contours...
In the Contours of drop-down list, select velocity... and velocity
magnitude and click Display

507

 Display the velocity vectors

Display
Vectors...
In the Color By drop-down list, select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude.
Set the Scale to 3 and click Display.

508

Summary
For liquid ammonia at Re = 7000 over heat exchanger surface #11.32-0.737-SR,
the experimental data in terms of pressure drop performance is cD = 0.019 and
in terms of heat transfer performance is St = 3.87 103.

509

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514

515

516

517

518

519

520

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532

533

TUTORIAL 6

Mixture and Eulerian Multiphase Models

At Tee-Junction
534

Problem Description
This problem considers an air-water mixture flowing upwards in a duct and then splitting in
a tee-junction. The ducts are 25 mm in width, the inlet section of the duct is 125 mm long,
and the top and the side ducts are 250 mm long. The geometry and data for the problem
are shown in Figure below :

535

 Start the 2D version of FLUENT

Step 1: Grid
Read the grid file ( tee.msh)
File

Read

Case...

536

 Check the grid.

Grid

Check

Display the grid.

Display

Grid...

537

Display the grid using the default settings

The Grid in the Tee Junction

538

Step 2: Models
Keep the default settings for the 2D segregated steady-state solver.
Define

Models

Solver...

Enable the multiphase mixture model with slip velocities.

Define

Models

Multiphase...

1. Select Mixture as the Model.

The panel will expand to show the inputs for the mixture model.
539

2. Under Mixture Parameters, keep the Slip Velocity turned on.

Since there will be significant difference in velocities for the different phases,
you need to solve the slip velocity equation.
3. Under Body Force Formulation, select Implicit Body Force.

Turn on the standard - turbulence

model with standard wall functions.
Define

Models

Viscous...

540

 Set the gravitational acceleration.

Define

Operating Conditions...

Step 3: Materials
Copy liquid water from the materials database so that it can be used for the
primary phase.
Define

Materials...

1. Click the Fluent Database... button in the Materials panel.

541

2. In the list of Fluent Fluid Materials, select water-liquid (h2o l ).

3. Click Copy to copy the information for liquid water to your model.
4. Close the Fluent Database Materials panel and the Materials panel.
542

Step 4: Phases
Define the liquid water and air phases that flow in the tee junction.
Define

Phases...

1. Specify liquid water as the primary phase.

2. Specify air as the secondary phase.

543

 Check the slip velocity formulation to be used.

1. Click the Interaction... button in the Phases panel.

2. In the Phase Interaction panel, click the Slip tab.

3. Keep the default selection of manninen-et-al in the Slip
Velocity drop-down list.

544

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

Define

Boundary Conditions...

Set the conditions for the lower velocity inlet ( velocity-inlet-4).

545

 Set the conditions for the upper velocity inlet ( velocity-inlet-5).

546

 Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet ( pressure-outlet-3).

2
547

Step 6: Solution Using the Mixture Model

Set the solution parameters.
Solve

Controls

Solution...

1. Keep all default Under-Relaxation Factors.

2. Under Discretization, select PRESTO! in the Pressure drop-down list.
548

 Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve

Monitors

Residual...

Initialize the solution.

Solve

Initialize

Initialize...
1

2
549

 Save the case file ( tee.cas).

File

Write

Case...

Start the calculation by requesting 1000 iterations.

Solve

Iterate...

Save the case and data files ( tee.cas and tee.dat).

File

Write

Case & Data...

550

Step 7: Postprocessing for the Mixture Solution

Display the pressure field in the tee
Display

Contours...

551

 Display contours of velocity magnitude

Display

Contours...

552

 Display the volume fraction of air

Display

Contours...

553

Step 8: Setup and Solution for the Eulerian Model

Turn on the Eulerian model.
Define
Models
Multiphase...

Specify the drag law to be used for

computing the interphase momentum transfer
Define

Phases...

1. Click the Interaction...

button in the Phases
panel.
2. In the Phase Interaction
panel, keep the default
selection of schillernaumann in the Drag
Coefficient drop-down list.
554

 Select the multiphase turbulence model.

Define
Models
Viscous...
Under k-epsilon Multiphase Model,
keep the default selection of Mixture

Continue the solution by requesting 1200 additional iterations.

Solve

Iterate...

555

 Save the case and data files ( tee2.cas and tee2.dat).

File

Write

Case & Data...

556

Step 9: Postprocessing for the Eulerian Model

Display the pressure field in the tee
Display

Contours...

557

 Display contours of velocity magnitude

Display

Contours...

558

 Display the volume fraction of air

Display

Contours...

559

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561

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563

564

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570

571

TUTORIAL 7

Sinusoidal Wall Temperature Variation

572

Problem Description
The problem to be considered is shown schematically in Figure below. Air at
300 K enters a 2-D channel which has an insulated upper wall and a heated
lower wall. The temperature on the lower wall varies sinusoidally with xposition according to:
The calculation will be performed assuming steady state, incompressible,
laminar flow inthe channel.

Schematic problem
573

Step 1: Grid
Start the 2D version of FLUENT

Copy the files channel.msh and wallprof.c to your working directory

Read the grid file channel.msh.
File

Read

Case...

574

 Check the grid.

Grid
Check

Display the grid.

Display

Grid...

Graphics Display of the Grid

575

Step 2: Models
Keep the default settings for the 2D segregated steady-state solver.
Define

Models

Solver...

Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.

Define

Models

Energy...

576

Step 3: Materials
We will use the default fluid properties of air for this problem. Therefore, we
need not makeany changes to the material properties..
Define

Materials...

577

Step 4: Interpret the UDF's

The contents of the UDF file if viewed will be as follows:

Compile the UDF wallprof.c using the Interpreted UDFs panel. Enter wallprof.c
under Source File Name..
Define
User-Defined
Functions
Interpreted...
Specify the C preprocessor to be used in the CPP Command Name field.
578

 Keep the default Stack Size setting of 10000, unless the number of local
variables in your function will cause the stack to overflow.
Select the Use Contributed CPP option if you want to use the C preprocessor
thatFluent Inc. has supplied, instead of using your own.
Click Compile.
When the compilation is over, click Close to close the panel..

579

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

Define

Boundary Conditions...

Set the boundary conditions for the wall-1 zone.

Select udf temperature profile for Temperature.
Retain the default values for the other parameters.

580

 Set the boundary conditions for the velocity-inlet-1 zone.

Select Components as the Velocity Specification Method and set the XVelocity to 1.

Retain the default settings for the other zones.

581

Step 6: Solution
Initialize the flow field using the boundary conditions set at velocity-inlet-1
Solve

Initialize

Initialize...

Enable the plotting of residuals during

calculation.
Change the Convergence Criterion for
continuity to 0.0001.
Solve

Monitors

Residual...

582

 Save the case file ( channel.cas).

File

Write

Case...

Start the calculation by requesting 100 iterations.

Solve

Iterate...

583

Step 7: Postprocessing
Display filled contours of static temperature.
Display

Contours...

Contours of Static Temperature

584

TUTORIAL 8

Modeling Unsteady Compressible Flow

585

Problem Description
The geometry to be considered in this tutorial is shown in Figure below.
Flow through a simple nozzle is simulated as a 2D planar model. The nozzle has
an inlet height of 0.2 m, and the nozzle contours have a sinusoidal shape that
produces a 10% reduction in flow area. Due to symmetry, only half of the nozzle
is modeled.

Problem Specification

586

Step 1: Grid
Start the 2D version of FLUENT

Read in the mesh file nozzle.msh.

File

Read

Case...

Check the grid.

Grid
Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress
in the console window. Pay particular attention to the reported minimum
volume. Make sure this is a positive number.

587

 Display the grid.

Display
Grid...
To make the view more realistic, you will need to mirror it across the centerline.

Mirror the view across the centerline.

Display

Views...

Select symmetry under Mirror

Planes.
Click Apply.

2D Nozzle Mesh Display

588

Step 2: Units
For convenience, define new units for pressure.
Define
Units...
Select pressure under Quantities, and atm under Units
Close the panel.

589

Step 3: Models
Select the coupled implicit solver.
Define
Models
Solver...
The coupled implicit solver is the solver
of choice for compressible, transonic flows without
significant regions of low-speed flow. In cases with
significant low-speed flow regions, the segregated
solver is preferred. Also, for transient cases with
traveling shocks, the coupled explicit solver with
explicit time stepping may be the most efficient.

Enable the energy equation.

Define
Models
Energy...

590

 Enable the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model.

Define
Models
Viscous...
The Spalart-Allmaras model is
a relatively simple one-equation model
that solves a modeled transport
equation for the kinematic eddy
(turbulent) viscosity. This embodies a
class of one-equation models in which it
is not necessary to calculate a length
scale related to the local shear layer
thickness. The Spalart-Allmaras model
was designed specifically for aerospace
applications involving wall-bounded
flows and has been shown to give good
results for boundary layers subjected to
adverse pressure gradients.

591

Step 4: Materials
Set the properties for air, the default fluid material.
Define

Materials...

Select the ideal-gas law to compute Density.

Retain the default values for all other properties.

592

Step 5: Operating Conditions

Set the operating pressure to 0 atm.
Define

Operating Conditions...

Here, the operating pressure is set to zero and boundary condition inputs for
pressure will be defined in terms of absolute pressures. Boundary condition
inputs should always be relative to the value used for operating pressure.

593

Step 6: Boundary Conditions

Define

Boundary Conditions...

Set the conditions for the nozzle inlet ( inlet).

Set the Gauge Total Pressure to 0.9 atm.
Set the Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure to 0.7369 atm.
In the Turbulence Specification Method drop-down list, select Turbulent
Viscosity Ratio.
Set the Turbulent Viscosity Ratio to 1.

594

 Set the conditions for the nozzle exit ( outlet).

Set the Gauge Pressure to 0.7369 atm.
In the Turbulence Specification Method drop-down list, select Turbulent
Viscosity Ratio.
Accept the default value of 10 for Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio.
If substantial backflow occurs at the outlet, you may need to adjust the
backflow values to levels close to the actual exit conditions.

595

Step 7: Solution: Steady Flow

Initialize the solution.
Solve
Initialize
Initialize...
Select inlet in the Compute From drop-down list.
Click Init, and Close the panel.

596

 Set the solution parameters

Solve
Controls
Solution...
Under Discretization, select Second Order Upwind for Modified Turbulent
Viscosity

Second-order discretization provides optimum accuracy.

597

 Perform gradient adaption to refine the mesh.

Adapt
Gradient
Under Method, select Gradient
Under Gradients Of, make sure that Pressure... and Static Pressure are selected
Under Normalization, select Scale.
Set the Coarsen Threshold to 0.3.
Set Refine Threshold to 0.7.
Turn on the Dynamic option under Dynamic and set the Interval to 100.
Click Apply to store the information

598

 Click on Controls... to modify the adaption controls.

9 Make sure that fluid is selected under Zones.
9 Set the Max # of Cells to 20000.
9 Click OK.

599

 Enable the plotting of residuals

Solve

Monitors

Residual...

600

 Enable the plotting of mass flow rate at the flow exit.

Solve

Monitors

Surface...

Increase the number of Surface Monitors to 1.

Turn on the Plot and Write options for monitor-1.
Click on Define... to specify the surface monitor parameters in the Define
Surface Monitor panel.

601

9 Select Mass Flow Rate in the Report Type drop-down list.

9 Select outlet in the Surfaces list.
9 In the File Name field, enter the name noz_ss.out.
9 Click on OK to define the monitor.

Click on OK in the Surface Monitors panel to enable the monitor

602

 Save the case file ( noz_ss.cas).

File

Write

Case...

Start the calculation by requesting 2000 iterations.

Solve

Iterate...

Mass Flow Rate History

Save the data file ( noz_ss.dat).
File

Write

Data...
603

 Check the mass flux balance.

Report
Fluxes...
Although the mass flow rate history indicates that the solution is converged,
you should also check the mass fluxes through the domain to ensure that
mass is being conserved.
Keep the default Mass Flow Rate option.
Select inlet and outlet in the Boundaries list.
Click Compute .

604

 Display the steady-flow velocity vectors .

Display
Vectors...
Change the Scale to 10.
In the Surfaces list, select all of the
surfaces.
Click Display.

Velocity Vectors (Steady Flow)

The steady flow prediction shows the
expected form, with peak velocity of about
335 m/s through the nozzle.
605

 Display the steady flow contours of static pressure .

Display
Contours...
Under Options, select Filled
Click Display.

Contours of Static Pressure (Steady Flow)

The steady flow prediction shows the
expected pressure distribution, with
low pressure near the nozzle throat.
606