Operation and Maintenance

Manual for Diesel Engine

YC 4F Series

Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co., Ltd.

June, 2006
-1-

Name
Plate

Series NO.

-1-

YC4F Series Diesel Engine Production License Number

Corporation

Specification

License

Expiration

Granted

Date

Date

Name

Detail

Censorship

Province

Yuchai

Multi-cylinder

XK06-2

July. 1,

July. 2,

License

Department

Machinery

diesel engine

05-0018

2008

2003

granted

of

Co. Ltd.

58.00kW

903

GuangXi

903

GuangXi

Machinery

Engineering

Product

Machinery

Censorship

Yuchai

Multi-cylinder

XK06-2

July. 1,

July. 2,

License

Department

Machinery

diesel engine

05-0018

2008

2003

granted

of

Co. Ltd.

132.00kW,

-2-

File

Machinery

>58.82kW,

Product

Vehicle

Censorship

Content
Characteristics, advantages of YC4F series diesel engine ................................................... - 5 Respected customers of Yuchai...........................................................
Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F100-20(F3100) diesel engine
Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F90-21(F3400) diesel engine
Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F90-20(F3700) diesel engine
Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F65(F7000) diesel engine
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3000)
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3100)
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3400)
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3500)
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3700)
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F7000)
Performance map of YC4F (F3000) diesel engine
Performance map of YC4F (F3100) diesel engine
Performance map of YC4F (F3400) diesel engine
Performance map of YC4F (F3500) diesel engine
1. Engine and accessories specifications ....................................................................- 20 1.1 Engine specifications (Table 1) .................................................................................... - 20 1.2 Main accessories specifications (Table 2) .........................................................................22
1.3 Main technical parameters ........................................................................................... - 20 1.4 Main component parts tolerance clearance (Table 3)........................................................26
1.5 Tightening torques of main bolts, studs and nuts in diesel engines (Table 4) ...................28
2 Fundamental structure and maintenance ..................................................................... 30
2.1 Cylinder block...................................................................................................................30
2.2 Cylinder head and cylinder head gasket............................................................................32
-3-

2.3 Crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism .............................................................................33

2.4 The valve train and intake and exhaust system .................................................................36
2.5 Fuel system .......................................................................................................................38
2.6 Lubrication system............................................................................................................44
2.7 Cooling system..................................................................................................................47
2.8 Turbocharger .....................................................................................................................47
2.9 Intercooler .........................................................................................................................49
2.10 Air compressor ................................................................................................................50
2.11 Steering pump .................................................................................................................50
2.12 Starter, electrical system, and indicators .........................................................................52
2.13 Exhaust gas recirculation system
3 Operation and maintenance of the diesel engine ......................................................... 57
3.1 Operating the diesel engine...............................................................................................57
3.2. Maintenance of the diesel engine .....................................................................................58
3.3. Troubleshooting ...............................................................................................................61
Appendix: Anti-freeze solution and its application guide .................................................. 66

-4-

Features of YC4F series diesel engine

The YC4F Series engine is a wholly new model which designed with the
world developed designing conception and means, and combine with
Yuchais experienced technologies in the turbocharger and depth
mechanical development. Its overall design is carried out by a team of
worldwide-known automobile experts from Germany at the request of
Yuchai, and it has been tested and improved with the cooperation by
YUCHAI and the YAMAHA MARINE COMPANY in the performances
of marine-used engine and its reliability-improvement.
Wide output power coverage: powering from 40kW55Ps90kW
122Ps.

Excellent maneuverability: good in climbing and accelerating.

Effective economy: high fuel/lube-effectiveness.
Exceptional comfort: lower vibration and noise.
Completely meeting and even surpassing Euro-II exhaust emission
standards.
Extensive application range: YC4F is simultaneously put into service for
vehicle, boat and construction machinery. It was delicately built for the
clients comforts, better-than-expected, no matter for traffic between
city and countryside, farming-purpose transport, or medium/top-grade
light trucks/buses, passenger vehicles, boat and ship, and others.
High reliability: The reliability is co-developed in step respectively by
Yuchai Technical Center, the state-level center, and the YAMAHA
MARINE COMPANY(Japan), through 3-round improvements(with 20
units of samples per round) to ensure the safety and reliability of the
engines.
Compact construction and Small specific weight: the power and the
torque per litre of YC4F series engine hold the top position in China in
comparison with the other engines of the same displacement.

-5-

To Customers
In order to ensure the engines normal capability and safety, and also for your great benefits, please
pay your attention to the following statements and take them in your heart before you start the engine:
1. Considering the essential importance of the oil-pressure transmitter, the water-temperature sensor
and, especially, the oil-pressure (over-low) alarm, do replacement if any wrong happens so to
assure the normal operation of the other parts. Abnormal work of any of them should cause the
crankshaft burning-out or the cylinder head cracking due to oil or water lack.
2Do remember to restart the engine and keep it running to normal state after cleaning or replacing the
oil filter element during maintenance. Then checks and make sure there is no any leakage in the
filter. Leakage should be eliminated promptly to prevent the crankshaft from burning-out due to
the oil lack.
3Be sure to start the engine and keep it running in idle speed for 10 minutes before getting to work,
especially for those turbocharged engines or those having been kept in store for a long time. Dont
try to get the engine to work in a rush time without warming-up, which would damage the engines
instruments and key parts and as a result to shorter the engines lifespan.
4Abruptly stop the turbocharged engine should be avoided as far as possible while the engine is
running in a high-speed and heavy load, otherwise we should drop the engine and lower its load
gradually and keep it running in idle speed for 510 minutes before stop.
5Adjust the fuel supply advance angle strictly in the ways stated in the manual. Check the
intake system for the leakage before adjustments and maintenance when the engine power drops
down.
6Stop the engine promptly whenever any signs of abnormal happen to the engine or the vehicle.
Never run the engine in its malfunctioning state.
7Getting the new engine to the authorized YUCHAI service-shop for the break-in maintenance after
running for 1500~2500km, otherwise the warranty maintenance would not be guaranteed.
8Use a Class CF or higher grade lubricant for the engine depending on the ambient temperature to
ensure the engines capability, reliability and durability. Yuchai recommends the CF 15W40
lubricant for the summer time while the CF 10W30 lubricant for the winter time.
9Use the fuel as per statements specified in the GB252-87<light diesel> and change the fuel vary
from the ambient temperature. Generally use No. O# for the summer time and No. O# for the
winter time, but use the No.-20# when the ambient temperature drops to -20 and No.-35# when
the ambient temperature drops to -30.
10Use the coolant as stated in the manuals attachment so as to improve the engines anti-freeze and
anti-rust functions, and to prevent the engine from fatal troubles as cylinder scoring, engine boiling
and the cavitation of the cylinder liner. Therefore to prolong the engines working life.
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited

-6-

Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F100-20F3100

-7-

Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F90-21 (F3400)

-8-

Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F90-20 (F3700)

-9-

Overall and mounting dimensions of YC4F65(F7000)

- 10 -

Rb
(Bosch)

Rb

1.5
1
0.5

Tr
(0C)
500
480
460
440

Tr

420

Me
(N.m)
270

Me

260
250
240
230

Pe
(kw)
75
70

220

Pe

65
60
55
50
45
40
35

ge
g/kw.h)
230
225
220

ge

215
210
205
200
1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

r/min

Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3100) diesel engine

- 11 -

Rb

3000

3200

620
590
560
530
500

Tr

Tem 470
()
440
410
380
24
228

Me

219
210
201
192
183
174
165
71
64

Pe

57
50
(kW) 43
36
29
22

SFC
(g/kW.h)
265

15

260
255
250
245
240
235

ge

230
225
220

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3400) diesel engine
- 12 -

Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3500) diesel engine

- 13 -

Full load characteristic of YC4F (F3700) diesel engine

- 14 -

Rb
(Bosch)

Rb

2
1.5
1
0.5

Tr
(0 C)
680
640
600

Tr

560
520
480

Me
(N.m)
165

Me

160
155
150
145
140

Pe
(kw)
50

45
40
35
70
30
25

Pe

ge
(g/kw.h
255
250
245
240
235
230
225

ge

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200
2400
r/min

2600

Full load characteristic of YC4F (F7000) diesel engine

- 15 -

2800

3000

3200

Performance map of YC4F (F3000)

- 16 -

Performance map of YC4F (F3100)

1400
1300

1200

1100

1000

70kW

900

60kW
800

215g/kWh
50kW

700

217g/kW.h
225g/kWh

596

40kW
235g/kWh
500

240g/kWh

30kW

400

300

20kW
200
1200

- 17 -

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

Performance map of YC4F (F3400)

- 18 -

F3500

Performance map of YC4F (F3500)

220

kW
Power Kw

200

Torque

N.m

225

220

180
160

230

140

235
250

120
100
80

60
50

240

40

260
270

30

280

60

290

40

300

310
320

20
340

360
370

10

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200

r/min
Speed
- 19 -

1. Engine and accessories specifications

1.1 Engine specifications (Table 1)
Type code
Parameter

YC4F55G
(F7200)

YC4F85-21
(F3500)

YC4F100-20
(F3100)

YC4F90-21
(F3700)

YC4F115-21
(F3600)

YC4F90-21
F3400

Vertical, in-line, six-cylinder, liquid cooled, and four stroke

Type
Intake type

YC4F115-20
(F3000)

Naturally aspirated Turbocharged+DOC

Turbocharged

Turbocharged & inter-cooled

Combustion chamber

+EGR

Direct injection

Cylinder number

Cylinder boremm

92

Cylinder strokemm

100

DisplacementL

266

Compression ratio

17.51
1342

Ignition order
Rotation direction

Counter-clockwisecrankshaft, power output end

Rated powerkW

40

62.5

85

75

66

85

65

Rated speedr/min

2650

3200

3200

3200

3200

3600

3400

Max. torqueNm

165

245

300

245

245

300

220

- 20 -

Speed at Max.torque
r/min

2000

2200

2200

2200

2200

2400

2200

Min. SFC at full load

(g/kWh)

225

215

215

215

215

215

215

Max. Speed without

loadr/min

3050

3650

3650

3650

3650

4100

3900

Idle speedr/min

700750

Oil
to
fuel
consumption ratio

0.2%

Oil type

15W40 CF or 5W30CF

Oil capatityL

10

Exhaust temperature
(after turbo)
Exhaust smoke(FSN)

7.5
580

3.5

2.0
EURO

Emission
Cooling
Lubricating
Starting
Gross weightkg

- 21 -

Closed forcing water cooling system

Pressure and splash
Electrical
260

1.2 Main accessories specifications (Table 2)

Table 2

No.

F7200

Name
Model

Governor
type
2

3
4

F3100

F3700

IW/ BQ

4PM

4PL

Kangda

BQ2000

BH4QK

BH4QK

Inline barrel and plunger with single slot

F3400

F3600

VE
Distribute

Wuxi

8.5

8.5

Kangda

8.0

9.5

Wuxi

Kangda

9.5

11

9.5

11

Wuxi

BHF4PL090

BHF4PL090

Kangda

TQFG

TQZ1

8.5

Fuel injector Type

assembly
Model code

Fuel
filter Type
assembly
Yuchai model code

Paper element and rotation

Oil filter

Paper element and rotation

Type

F3500

Wuxi

Type
Plunger
Fuel injection diameter
pump assmbly (mm)
Plunger
stroke
(mm)

F3000

50.23

50.25

D30-1105010

22

No.

F7200

F3400

F3600

682

752

682

Full
opening
temperature

802

852

802

Type

Inner and outer rotor type

Flow rate

55L/min

Type

Centrifugal type

Rated speedr/min

3600

Flow rateL/min

180

Liftm

10

Name

Thermostat

Yuchai model code

186-1012000

Type

Wax-element

Opening

temperature

F3500

F3100

F3700

Oil pump

Water pump

Type

Axial suction

Axial
suction

Model code

360 380

360
380

Fan

Type
9

F3000

D.C.

Starter motor
VoltageV

12

24

12

24

23

No.
9

10

11

12

Starter motor

Air
compress
-or

PowerkW

14

F3000

F3500

Type

F3100

F3700

F3400

3.7

F3600

2.8

3.7
air-cooled
single
cylinder with

air-cooled single cylinder with piston

piston
Working pressure

0.8MPa

Rated displacement

125L/2100r/min

Chargeable
generator

VoltageV

14

28

14

28

PowerkW

1.26

Generator belt

Type and model code

SPA890

SPA650

SPK1375

SPA650

Type
13

F7200

Name

Turbo-charger

Steering pump

Max. turbocharged
pressure (kPa)

SJ50FY/ JP50A
135(kPa)

Type

Vane pump

Vane pump

Max. working pressure

10MPa

10MPa

Controllable flow rate

(L/min)

100.7

100.7

24

1.3 Main technical parameters

1.

Valve timing (in crankshaft angle)

(valve clearance at cold state: intake valve 0.35mm, exhaust valve 0.40mm)
intake advance angle:

14CA

intake lag angle:

46CA

exhaust advance angle:

46CA

exhaust lag angle:

14CA

2.

Static fuel supply advance angle:

8~10CA

3.

Fuel injector opening pressure (MPa):

2425

4.

Compression clearance (mm):

0.91.1

5.

Idle speed (rpm):

700750

6.

Oil pressure

7.

At high speed (MPa):

0.6

At idle speed (MPa):

0.15

Normal operation temperature range

Exhaust temperature after turbine ():

580

Oil temperature in oil pan ():

120

Water outlet temperature ():

95

25

1.4 Main component parts tolerance clearance (Table 3)

Table 3 (unit: mm)
No. Description

Prescribed dimensions (mm)

Type of fit

Assembly tolerance

37 0+0.025 / 37 ++00..11
094

interference

0.0690.110

Intake valve seat hole / intake

42 0+0.025 / 42 ++00..130
114

interference

0.089~0.130

130+0.018 / 13++00..046
028

interference

0.018~0.046

4 Valve guide hole / exhaust valve

80+0.015 / 8 00..025
040

radial clearance

0.025~0.055

5 Valve guide hole / intake valve

80+0.015 / 8 00..025
040

radial clearance

0.025~0.055

1
2
3

Exhaust

valve

seat

hole

exhaust valve seat

valve seat
Cylinder head valve guide hole /
valve guide

6 Valve recession height

7

0.9~1.2

Rocker arm hole / rocker arm

24 0+0.021 / 24 ++00..054
041

interference

0.020~0.054

20 0+0.021 / 20 00.021

radial clearance

0.020~0.074

92 0+0.022 / 91.88 0.1

radial clearance

0.110~0.152

20 0+0.033 / 20 00..02
041

radial clearance

0.020~0.074

530+0.03 / 53++00..06
041

interference

0.011~0.060

Camshaft bearing bush hole /

480+0.025 / 48 00..025
041

radial clearance

0.025~0.074

480+0.039 / 48 00..050
075

radial clearance

0.050~0.114

180+.006.12 / 1800.08

interference

0.06~0.20

axial clearance

0.050~0.082

axial clearance

0.040~0.072

axial clearance

0.035~0.062

busing

8 Rocker shaft busing/rocker shaft

9

Liner / lower part of the piston

skirt

10 Valve lifter hole / valve lifter

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Camshaft

bearing

bore

camshaft bearing bush

camshaft journal
Timing idle gear bush hole / idle
gear shaft
Timing idle gear shaft length /
timing idle gear shaft width
First ring groove height / first gas
ring height
Second ring groove height /
second gas ring height
Oil ring groove height /oil ring
height

26

18

20

gauge with a 92 inner diameter

Connecting rod bush hole / piston

pin

21 Piston pin boss / piston pin

22
23
24
25

top gas ring:

second gas ring:
oil ring:

End gap when ring inserted in

Connecting rod big end hole with

bush / crankshaft journal
Main bearing hole

(with shell)/

main journal
Crankshaft thrust face / thrust
shell / thrust collar
Camshaft thrust protrude width /
camshaft thrust plate width

28

0.25~0.40
0.25~0.40

34 0+.001.02 / 34 00.006

radial clearance

0.010~0.026

34 0+.001.01 / 34 00.006

radial clearance

0~0.016

.059
56 0+.0020
/ 56 00.019

radial clearance

0.020~0.068

.066
70 0+.0031
/ 70 00.019

radial
interference

0.031~0.085

32 0+0.05 / 300.004 / 26 00..12

20

axial clearance

0.02~0.33

0
4 ++00..118
070 / 4 0.03

axial clearance

0.070~0.148

gear backlash

0.07~0.25

clearance

0.35~0.40

clearance

0.40~0.45

26 Mesh backlash of gear

27

0.25~0.40

Clearance between intake valve

and rocker arm at cold state
Clearance between exhaust valve
and rocker arm at cold state

Max. clearance:
29

Oil pump driving gear hole/ small

end crankshaft journal

.050
40 0+.0025
/ 40 0+.0059
.048

transition

0.034
Max interface:
0.002

30

31

Camshaft gear hole/ small end

camshaft journal
Liner recess depth / liner flange
height

350+0.025 / 350+.0076
.060

interference

0.035~0.076

8 +0.04 / 8 ++00..082
060

protrude

0.020~0.082

27

1.5 Tightening torques of main bolts, studs and nuts in diesel

engines (Table 4)
Tightening torque of other plugs and bolts are in Table 5 and Table 6.
Table 4 Tightening torques of main bolts, studs and nuts in YC4F series diesel engines
No.

Description

Thread standard

Tightening torque (N.m)

Crankshaft pulley bolt

M16

140~160

Flywheel bolt

M12

120~140

Camshaft thrust plate bolt

M8 (10.9 Grade)

25~35

Oil pan bolt

M8

20~30

Gear housing front plate bolt

M8

20~30

Gear housing cover bolt

M8

20~30

Flywheel cover bolt

M12

Rocker arm shaft seat tightening bolt

M8 (10.9 Grade)

20~30

Water pump bolt

M8 (10.9 Grade)

20~30

10 Starter bolt

M12 (10.9 Grade)

100~120

11 Injector pressing plate nut

M10 (10.9 Grade)

28~40

M22

35~45

M8 (10.9 Grade)

7~9

14 Fuel return passing seat bolt

M10

28~40

15 Generator adjustment supporting bracket bolt

M10

35~55

16 Generator adjustment plate fastening bolt

M8

20~30

17 Generator fixed supporting bracket bolt

M10

28~45

M10(10.9 Grade)

35~55

M8

18~24

M8

18~24

M10

35~55

21 Turbocharger oil return pipe bolt

M8

20~30

22 Fuel injector gear cover bolt

M8

20~30

23 Fuel injector flange fastening nut

M8

20~30

12 High-pressure connection pipe turnbuckle

13 Fuel return pipe screw

18 Exhaust pipe bolt

19 Intake pipe bolt
20 Hanger tightening bolt

24 Fuel injection timing device nut

100~120
140~160

90~110

25 Air compressor oil return pipe screw

M8

18~30

26 Air compressor gear nut

M20

230~300

27 Oil cooler fastening bolt

M8

20~30

M8 (10.9 Grade)

35~55

28 Oil pump fixed bolt

29 Turbocharger flange nut

M8 (heat-resistant

steel)

25~35

28

Table 5 General guide for other bolt tightening

Screw thread

Tightening torque (Nm)

M6

1020

M8

2030

M10

3040

M12

6070

M14

80100

NOTE: Screw plugs installed on water passages and oil galleries should be spread with
sealant glue and their tightening torques are show in Table 6.
Table 6 General guide for screw plug tightening
Screw thread

NPT 1/8

NPT 1/4

NPT 3/8

NPT 1/2

Tightening torque (Nm)

814

2434

4768

6895

NPT 3/4

NPT 1

88102

29

2 Fundamental structure and maintenance

2.1 Cylinder block
The cylinder block structure is of the case type. The upper part is cylinder block and the
lower part is crankcase. The crankshaft journal holes at crankcase and cylinder block are
precisely machined together and are assembled in pairs.

The cylinder liner is of wet type in order to have easy maintenance.

The cylinder block cast in HT250 is the basic skeleton of the engine. There are 18
threaded holes in the top end of the cylinder block used to fasten the cylinder head by
cylinder head bolts. The threaded holes in the bottom end of the cylinder block are used
for mounting the crankcase through main bearing cover bolts. Engine mounting cushion
are installed at the front end of the crankcase.
Viewing from the front of the cylinder block, the intake manifold, generator, fuel filter, fuel
injection pump, oil cooler and oil filter are mounted on the right of the cylinder block, and
the generator, steering pump, exhaust manifold, turbocharger, and starter are mounted on
the left on the cylinder block.
At the front of the cylinder block is the timing gear housing containing the timing gear, oil
pump driving gear, fuel injection pump advancer gear etc. The pointer on the timing gear
cover directs to the angle marks on the damper in order to check fuel supply timing and
valve timing.
Flywheel housing and clutch assemble are mounted at the rear of the cylinder block.
The oil pan to store lubricating oil is mounted at the bottom of the cylinder block.
The crankcase should not be installed with opposite direction. Please spread sealing glue
on the sealing surface of the block. Glue application is shown in the figure below:

30

Glue application

Then, install the crankcase without any touching of the hole-wall of the crankcase by the
bolts, and fasten the bolts manually. The tightening torque for main bearing bolts should
be applied as specified as follow, and dont fasten the bolts in one time:
Fasten the 10 M12 inner bolts (6 bolts for main bearing cover and 4 long bolts for cylinder
head) which used to fix the crankshaft along two banks first, and start the tighten work
evenly and crossly from the middle two bolts to the two ends in turn within 3 steps:
First, tighten to 3050N.m;
Then, tighten to 80100N.m;
Third, tighten to 120140N.m.
Rotate the crankshaft after every tightening to check the mobility.
Finally, 10 M10 outer bolts along the two banks should be tightened (6 short secondary
bolts for main bearing cover, 4 long secondary bolts for main bearing cover), then they will
still be tightened evenly and crossly from the center to the two ends in turn within 2 steps:
First, tighten to 3040N.m;
Then, tighten to 7080N.m;
When use Atlas wrench for overall tightening, please follow the procedures. The order of
bolt tightening is shown in the figure below:

31

2.2 Cylinder head and cylinder head gasket

2.2.1 Cylinder head
The cylinder head has 2 valves for one cylinder. It is of an integral structure cast in
alloy-iron. It has good rigidity and strength. The intake port has excellent gas exchange
performance that gets high power and low emission.
The bottom surface of the cylinder head is one of the most important sealing surfaces in
diesel engine. Pay attention not to damage the surface when installing or dismantling.
The cylinder head bolts bear large preload. To ensure the cylinder head distort less and
has good sealability, cylinder head bolts should be tightened to a specified torque in a
prescribed order. The tightening order is shown in the figure below in 3 steps.
For naturally aspirated engine equipped with graphite cylinder head gasket, tightening
torques is as follows:
Firstly, tighten bolts to 4050N.m
Secondly, tighten bolts to 8090N.m
Thirdly, tighten bolts to 120140N.m
Last, make sure the tightening torque of each bolt conform to the specified value.
For turbocharged and inter-cooled engine equipped with metal cylinder head gasket,
tightening torques are as follows:
Firstly, tighten bolts to 4050N.m
32

Secondly, tighten bolts to 100110N.m

Thirdly, tighten bolts to 140160N.m
Last, make sure the tightening torque of each bolt conform to the specified value.
The order of bolt tightening is shown in the figure below:

2.2.2 Cylinder head gasket

After break-in period for the new engine, the cylinder head bolt should be fastened again
with prescribed torque to prevent water leakage, oil leakage and gasket damage.
Notes: When repair work is being done to re-installed cylinder head gasket, the side
marked with sigh top should be installed upwardly, and assure water holes on the gasket
are in the right position with those on the cylinder block (three water holes per cylinder), oil
adding holes of rocker arm axle of the exhaust pipe on the front end surface are in the
right position of those holes on the cylinder block. Otherwise, inappropriate installment of
cylinder head gasket shall defect overhaul performance of the engine, as following
drawing shows:

The oil adding hole on the rocker arm axle

33

2.3 Crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism

The piston and piston pin are of clearance fit and need not to be assembled at hot state.
The horizontally split connecting-rod assembly is positioned by the stem of the
connecting-rod bolt. The connecting rod and cap should be assembled in pairs according
to mark. When the piston-connecting rod assembly is installed into the cylinder liner, the
offset orientation of the combustion chamber on the piston top should be accordance with
the side of the fuel injection pump.

Scheme of piston-crankshaft-connecting rod assembly

Before install connecting-rod bolt, spread some clean oil on the thread, the bolt stem and
the bolt supporting surface. Screw connecting-rod bolt to its end manually and then fasten
it with wrench to the specified tightening torque, this procedure is done in 3 steps as
follows::
Firstly, tighten bolts to 2030N.m
Secondly, tighten bolts to 5060N.m
Thirdly, tighten bolts to 7080N.m
There are two compression rings and an oil ring on per piston shown in Figure 3. The top
ring is a single-face keystone ring and of good anti-sticking and snap ring functions.
During installation, the Top marked surface should be upward. The second ring is a
rectangle ring with good sealing in oil and gas. But the second ring is not easy to be
installed correctlyit should be installed with the mark TOP upwards. The third ring is a
coil spring expanded oil scraper ring. During the piston-connecting rod assembly
installation, the orientation of the piston ring gap must be accordance with the prescript to
make sure the sealing reliability.

34

Piston pin
centerline

The upper and lower thrust plates are at the end of the main bear of crankshaft. The crank
pin has an oil passage to make sure lubrication of connecting rod shell.

The tilted oil passage opening has a hole with M8 thread and is plugged. If the crankshaft
needs to be replaced during engine overhaul, the oil passage of crankshaft should be
cleaned first and then tighten the screw to the countersunk state. In the end, damage the
thread upside the screw head with tool to make sure the screw cannot move out.

After crankshaft is installed into the cylinder block, tighten every bolt of the main bearing
with specified tightening torque. Then, the crankshaft should rotate freely. The axial
displacement of the crankshaft should be in the range of 0.02~0.33mm.

35

Screw

2.4 The valve train and intake and exhaust system

The fit between camshaft and camshaft gear is of interference type. The camshaft gear is
positioned by the camshaft bolts and the thrust washer with the tightening torque of
80~100N.m. The camshaft axial clearance is controlled by a haft-moon type thrust washer
within the range of 0.06~0.20mm. The thrust is fixed on the block by two bolts at the flange
end.

The taper face angle is 89 for the valve and its seat. The valve recess height is 0.9 ~
1.2mm before shipping out of factory. The intake valve clearance is 0.35~0.40mm, and the
exhaust valve clearance is 0.40~0.50mm in engine cold state. The engine will have its
best power and economy performance with the valve clearance range mentioned above.
As too big or too small valve clearance will damage engine performance, customers
should check the clearance periodically. The check should be performed carefully with
special feeler gauge and cannot be relied on experiences.

36

Intake valve rocker arm

Intake valve
clearance

Intake valve

Intake valve
Recess height

Exhaust valve rocker arm

Exhaust valve
clearance
Exhaust valve

Exhaust valve
Recess height

The method of adjusting valve clearances is as follows (Note: the engine should be
adjusted under fully cooled state):
1.

Dismantle the cylinder head cover.

2.

Rotate the crankshaft (clockwise seen from the belt pulley to the flywheel) to the
position that the No.1 piston is on the compression TDC.

3.

Use wrench and screwdriver to loose the fastening nuts and adjustment bolts of
intake and exhaust valves of the No.1 cylinder, intake valve of the No.2 cylinder and
exhaust valve the No.3 cylinder. (Note: No.1 cylinder is the nearest to the front of the
engine)

4.

Then check the clearance between rocker arm and the end of valve stem with a feeler
gauge.

5.

Tighten the adjusting screw with screwdriver so that rocker arm and the end of valve
stem touch the feeler gauge moderately.

6.

Tighten the fastening nut and take out the feeler gauge.

7.

Check the clearance again.

8.

Rotate the crankshaft for one revolution in its described direction. Adjust and check
the clearances for the other four valves (exhaust valve of No.2 cylinder, intake valve
of No. 3 cylinder, intake and exhaust valves of No. 4 cylinder).

9.

Re-install the cylinder head cover.

There are timing marks on the crankshaft timing gear, the timing idle gear, injection pump
gear and the camshaft timing gear. Make sure their relative positions are correct (for
example the tooth marked with 1, 2, 3, respectively must accord with that on the pulley).
The backlash should be between 0.07mm~0.25mm.
37

The clearance of driving gear of oil pump and the small end of crankshaft is of interface fit.
After installing those gears, spread some oil to the hole of the driving gear of oil pump and
push it to the operation position with special tools.

2.5 Fuel system

The fuel system in the YC6L series diesel engine consists of a fuel tank (chassis
component), a fuel supply pump, a fuel filter, a fuel injection pump, a governor, a fuel
injection timing device, a soot limiter, a fuel cut-off solenoid valve, high/low pressure fuel
pipes and so on.
The working process of the fuel system is as follows:
The fuel is drawn from the tank, delivered to the fuel supply pump outside the injection
pump, and then enters the fuel passage of the injection pump through the fuel filter with
high efficient water/fuel separator under pressure created by the fuel supply pump. The
highly pressurized fuel from the injection pump is delivered to each injector through a
high-pressure fuel line. Then the right amount of clean fuel must be injected into each
combustion chamber at the correct time with a controlled rate and pressure, adequately
atomizing the fuel and rapidly mixing with the air in the cylinder for good combustion. The
remaining fuel from the fuel injector and overflow valve of the fuel injection pump will
return to the fuel tank through the returning fuel line.
To make sure the driving safety, all fuel delivery pipes in the fuel system must be reliably
sealed. Check the sealing every day before starting engine. If there is leakage in the fuel
system, replace the fuel pipe and union bolt. Do not weld or repair the pipe with leakage!
The working process of the fuel system is as follows:

38

injector fuel
return pipe
high pressure
fuel pipe

turbocharger
compensator
fuel cut-off
valve

fuel outlet

fuel injector

Variable
speed
governor
fuel inlet

acceleration
cable

fuel filter

fuel cutoff handle

2.5.1 Injection pump assembly

The adjustment for the fuel injection pump needs special technology. When a problem
occurs, please do not adjust the pumps randomly. They should be sent to the
maintenance center authorized by YUCHAI for repairs.
The mechanical governor of 4F series diesel engine is the variable-speed type. The
governor can control not only the idle and maximum speed but also intervening speeds
independent of the engine load through changing the supplied fuel amount automatically.
The fuel injection per stroke at every engine load is controlled by the different location
where the rocker contacts the full load stop. When a problem occurs to the governor,
please do not dismantle and repair it by yourself. They should be sent to the maintenance
center authorized by YUCHAI or for repairs.
Turbocharger compensator is equipped with the injection pump in turbocharged engine.
The turbocharger compensator (in other name soot limiter) limits the fuel injection
amount per stroke when the engine runs at low speed and, therefore, the turbocharged air
pressure is low. This optimizes the matching between the fuel and air amount in the
combustion chamber to keep the soot level below the maximum limit and make the engine
have large enough power output. The turbocharger compensator is connected to intake
manifold through a soft tube. Leakage or loosening problems are not permitted in all
engine operations, otherwise, the output power of engine will definitely decrease.

2.5.2 Governor
The mechanical governor of 4F series diesel engine is the variable-speed type. It is simple
39

reliable.
The construction of the governor is shown in the figure below.
The operation fundamentals are:
When the camshaft rotates, the centrifugal force of the flyweight is converted into axial
force through governor bushing. The force is exerted on the governor spring through
speed control lever, start spring and governor arm assembly. When the axial force of the
flyweight is balanced to the governor spring force, the governor will stabilize.
If the speed rises up, the centrifugal force of the flyweight and then the axial force will also
increase, the balance between the axial force and the spring force is damaged, therefore
the governor spring pushes the speed control lever forward under the increased axial
force through the lever system and the control rack moves towards the
fuel-delivery-decreasing direction. On the contrary, when the speed decreases, the
delivered fuel amount will be increased by the racks fuel-delivery-increasing movement.
Through this method, the engine speed is controlled in all range. Special note: Lubrication
oil is stored in governor case for 4F series diesel engine. When adding oil from the hole on
the injection pump for the dipstick, check oil level to see whether the level is in the range
marked on oil dipstick. If the level is below the minimum limit, please add some oil.
The schematic of adjustment part is shown in the figure below. Screw in the adjustment
screw, the fuel supply will be decreased. Otherwise it will be increased. Screw in the
adjustment preload bushing, the adjustment spring preload increases and the engine
speed will decrease. On the contrary, it will increase.

40

control lever
breather parts
high-speed limiting
screw

governor shaft
connection plate

governor rear cover

adjustment parts

stop handle

speed control lever

governor spring

stop shaft
rack rod
intermediate shaft
governor arm parts

camshaft

governor bushing

flyweight

41

adjustment preload
bushing

adjustment spring

adjustment screw
Notes: Since 4PL injection pump of non-forced lubrication is applied to part of 4F series
engines, lube oil should be added with regularity, which is of the same type with those
used for engines. There is oil gauge on governor of the injection pump (shown in the
following drawing). Regular examination should be done to check if the oil level in the fuel
injection pump is within the scale range of the oil gauge. If the oil level is below the bottom
line the oil gauge, lube oil should be added then.

2.5.2 Fuel injector

The fuel injector is of P type. P525 type is used on turbocharged engine, and P523 type
injector used on naturally aspirated engine. The fuel injector opening pressure of both
P525 type and P523 type are 24~25MPa.
The fuel injector consists of the injector body, the nozzle couple and the pressure
adjusting spring and so on. The opening pressure of the injector is determined by the
preload of the pressure adjusting spring. The preload can be adjusted by changing the
pressure spring shim thickness on the spring seat.
The injector protrusion height is a very important factor for engine performance. The fuel
injector and its washer (copper washers thickness has been adjusted before shipping out
of factory) must be installed to its original corresponding cylinder during repair. The
replaced washer should have the same thickness; otherwise it will change the injector
protrusion height, and then affect the diesel performance. The injector protrusion height of
4F series diesel engines is: 1.80.1mm for P525 injector in turbocharged engine; 2.0
0.1mm for P523 injector in naturally aspirated engine.
In order to ensure normal operation of engine, diesel fuel must be filtered properly and can
42

only be used after 48-hour sediment. Diesel filter has to be replaced and fuel tank should
be cleaned periodically as specified so that the injector hole will not be blocked and fuel
will atomize properly.

cylinder head

injector

Injector washer

injector
protrusion height

2.5.3 De-aeration of the fuel supply system

During engine running, there should not be any air in the fuel line; otherwise, the engine
will be hard to start. De-aeration should be completed before cranking (especially for a
new machine or after long period of disuse). The method is as follows: unscrew the fuel
outlet bolt of the fuel filter in turn; pump the hand priming pump continuously until no air
bubbles come out; and fasten the bolt. Unscrew the fuel overflow bolt of the fuel injection
pump; pump the hand priming pump continuously until no air bubbles come out; and
fasten the bolt. Attention: after de-aeration, the hand priming pump should be set to its
original position (fastening).

2.5.4 Adjustment of static fuel supply advance angle

The static fuel supply advance angle has already been adjusted before shipping out of
factory. If customers have to adjust it during engine maintenance and repair, unscrew the
three fastening nuts on the flange of injection pump, rotate the pump a certain angle if
necessary. After adjustment, fasten the three nuts mentioned above. Unscrew the nut
which connects the high pressure fuel line for the No.1 cylinder and fuel injection pump,
43

crank the crankshaft slowly until the fuel level in the delivery valve holder begins to
fluctuate. At this time, the timing value indicated by the pointer and the dial on the belt
pulley damper is the fuel supply advance angle. If it is not within requirement, unscrew the
three M8 nuts on the flange of the injection pump, rotate the pump to a proper angle.
Fasten the nuts and check the angle again.

2.5.5 Diesel fuel filter

The fuel filter is of paper element rotation type. The whole filter element should be
replaced every 20000km (or accumulated 400 hours) in order to avoid the insufficient fuel
supply with too large resistance through the element. During the installation of the fuel
filter, fill with the filter with clean fuel to prevent the air from entering the fuel supply system,
thus making the engine start difficultly and run unstably. Then lubricate the seal ring with
little clean oil and install the filter.

2.6 Lubrication system

The task of the lubrication system is to deliver clean oil with suitable pressure and
temperature to the friction surfaces, which can make every component work well. The oil
used in diesel is referred to this manual of To Customers.
Lubrication system of YC4F series diesel engine is shown in the figure below.
The signal of oil pressure warning is taken from oil gallery near to the oil cooler. The
pressure should be no less than 0.15MPa at idle speed and no more than 0.6MPa at rated
speed. If the oil pressure goes beyond the range above, the pressure could be adjusted
through the oil pressure regulator valve assembly above the oil filter (in fact it is installed
on the oil cooler cover).
The oil level in the oil pan should be checked in regular to make sure it between upper and
lower marks on the oil dipstick. Oil should be complemented when insufficient to proper
amount. The oil should be replaced every 10000km (or accumulated 250 hours). The
period of oil replacement should be shortened if the engine starts frequently or runs
always at high speed and heavy load. The oil capacity of the oil pan is 10L, but it is 7.5L
for the Model of F3400 engine. The oil drain screw plug is positioned at the side of oil pan
to drain used oil. Be sure to check for the iron chippings on the magnet after oil-draining;
and make sure to eliminate it before oil refueling. If there is any abnormal iron block, take
to the local authorized YUCHAI service shop for the analysis and the correct solution
before refueling the oil.

44

oil level upper limit

oil level lower limit

normal oil level

too much oil

too few oil

The oil filter is of paper element and rotation type. It should be replaced after every 10000
km (or accumulated 250 hours). During the installation of the oil filter, fill the new filter with
clean oil, then lubricate the seal ring with less clean oil and install the filter manually.

45

main oil gallery in cylinder block

oil cooler
injector for piston
cooling

connecting
piston
rod small
end bushing

valve
rocker arm
assembly

main
bearing

push rod
tappet

connecting
rod bearing

turbocharger

oil filter

air
compressor

vacuum
pump

gear
system

regulator valve
assembly

subsidiary
oil gallery

oil pump
advance
device

regulator
valve

regulator
valve

oil strainer

oil pan
Pressure oil route

splash oil route

Route scheme for lubrication system in YC4F series diesel engine

46

2.7 Cooling system

The YC4F cooling system is of the closed water cooling system with pressurized
circulation. The coolant should be anti-freeze and antirust. During the normal operation,
the outlet coolant temperature is generally controlled from 80 to 95. The oil
temperature is generally controlled from 90 to 110.
The water pump and fan are main parts in the cooling system. The rubber tube or steel
pipe with good rigidity should be selected for the water pumps water inlet and the pipeline
to the radiator in order to avoid deformation by suction. The fan is of axial flow with air
suction type.
During the engine operation, thermostat should not be removed freely, otherwise it will
detriment the engine's normal operation.
upper water
tank

thermostat

Cylinder head coolant jacket

heater
radiator

fan

Water
pump

Cylinder block

Oil cooler

water jacket

lower water
tank
Circulation scheme for cooling system in YC4F series diesel engine

2.8 Turbocharger
YC4F turbocharged inter-cooler series engines adopt technology of turbocharged and
air-to-air cooling, while the YC4F turbocharged series engines adopt technology on
exhaust gas of turbocharged, re-circulating and catalyst converter.
The principle of turbocharger and intercooler is illustrated in the figure below.

47

In the turbocharged engines, exhaust gas flows into the turbine housing. The turbine
impeller converts the heat energy contained in the exhaust gas into the kinetic energy in
the form of turbine spinning. Since the turbine is mounted on the same shaft as the
centrifugal compressor, the compressor is forced to spin at the same time. The
compressor sucks air and compresses it. Then the pressurized air goes into the intake
manifold through pipe. The expanded and cooled exhaust gas leaving the turbine housing
flows out of the exhaust system and into the environment.
The compressed air with increased density can make more fuel burn completely under the
good matching with the fuel injection system. This increases engine power output and
improves fuel economy.
Intercooler cools the compressed air, making the air more dense, which results in more air
going into the cylinders and increases the power further and decreases the temperature in
combustion chamber.
The outline and construction of the turbocharger is shown in the figure below. It includes a
control device in the form of the waste gate. When the exactly calibrated waste-gate
opens, some of the exhaust gas is bypassed directly into the exhaust manifold. This
causes the turbine to reduce its speed, thereby reducing the speed of the compressor.
This limits the boost pressure. The waste-gate can let the engine produce the highest
boost pressure with the maximum turbo-charge correspondence. The waste-gate makes
the turbocharger limit the excessive pressure (over turbo-charge) in the intake manifold
when the engine runs at high speed or high load. By means of the waste-gate, the peak
pressure in the cylinder can be limited to the mechanically permitted values.

48

The turbocharger belongs to a high precision assembly. It should not be dismantled

manually. If a problem occurs, please send it to an authorized service center. Pay
attention to the following points in turbocharged diesel operation:
z

Before the oil pressure builds up, keeps the engine running at idle speed.

Before the engine stops, make sure its temperature and speed decrease
gradually from the maximum value.

Lubricate the turbocharger in advance. After replacing oil and doing any
maintenance (e.g. discharging the oil), the turbocharger needs lubrication in
advance by cranking the crankshaft several revolutions before the engine starts.
After starting the engine, keeps the engine running at idle speed for a while to
build the oil pressure before running it at high speed.

Pay attention when starting the engine in low temperatures. When the ambient
air temperature is too low or the vehicle has not been run for a long time, building
normal pressure and flow rate of the lubricating oil will take longer time than
usual. In this case, the engine must run at idle speed for several minutes after
starting until it operates normally.

Engine sustained idling should be avoided.

2.9 Intercooler
All of YC4F series engines are equipped with intercoolers. The boosted air from the
compressor does not directly enter the intake manifold, but is introduced through hoses to
the air-to-air or water-air intercooler in front of the coolant radiator. The cooled
compressed air is denser than non-cooled air. Since the air is packed tighter, the engines
performance is increased.
The compressed air passes through the oblate tubes in the intercooler. Outside of the
tubes are fins to boost heat exchange.
The main trouble of intercooler is air leakage which causes insufficient boost pressure,
49

increased exhaust temperature and power output loss. As a remedy, a leaky intercooler
should be mended by soldering. A crack resulting in air leakage often appears at the
position between the oblate tubes and fins, and at the soldered seams between case and
collecting chamber. The best check method is to pressurize the intercooler to about
207kPa, spread it with the soap water and find out the exact position of air leakage.

2.10 Air compressor

The air compressors used in the YC4F series diesel engines are optional parts.
The air compressor is mounted directly on the gear chamber in front of fuel injection pump.
It is driven by the crankshaft belt pulley through belt.

Since air compressor gears and transmission spline housing of steering pump are
installed on the front end of air compressor shaft, when maintaining and re-installing, air
compressor gears should be installed to air compressor shaft firstly, then transmission
spline housing, and then those parts mentioned above into gear housing.

2.11 Steering pump

Steering pump is also an optional part in YC4F series diesel engine.

2.11.1 Points that need attention when dissembling

1.

When dissembling, do not knock or crash the pump. Please do it tenderly.

2.

When dismantling, installing and replacing the passage, please strictly keep them
clean. Watch out that the sealing gasket between the passage and the pumps inlet
and outlet should be smooth. If it has been deformed, replace it. Otherwise there will
be oil leakage in the oil passage.

3.

Special attention: Because the steering pump is of security part in vehicle and its
manufacturing and assembling have strict requirements, nobody other than
professionals can dismantle the interior parts of the steering pump.

2.11.2 Points that need attention when using steering pump

a) Oil should be filtered before filled into the oil container. (the oil must be filtered
with mesh size of 25m) (Watch out: New oil does not mean that it need not to be
filtered.)
b) Steering pump should not operate without oil, which will shorten the lifespan of
the pump.
c) The duration of the steering wheel at right or left extreme positions should not
50

exceed 30 second. Otherwise, the lifespan of the steering pump may be reduced.
d) After the 3000km mileage break-in period for a new steering pump and then after
every 5000km, replace the oil timely. Please clean or replace the filter element in
the oil container.
e) When using the steering pump, always check whether the oil level in the oil
container is enough or not. Check whether oil deteriorates, or whether
contaminants are excessive. If there is any abnormity, add or replace oil timely.

2.11.3 Common troubles and shooting

Phenomena

Probable causes

Remedies

Oil is not enough in the oil

Add oil to the level required.
container.
Hard and
slow
steering

Oil viscosity is too high.

Use the recommended oil (N32N46).

Oil suction is not smooth.

Clean the oil screen filter and pipeline.

Check, clean and replace the filter timely,
dependent on the operating condition.

Oil passage has dead zone.

Fix the oil pipe to prevent from forming the

dead zone.

Oil suction pipe leaks.

Replace the oil suction pipe or tighten the

pipe clamp.

Unstable oil
pressure
and noisy Poor sealing of the oil suction.
operation

Check the deformation of the copper sealing

washer, remove dirt and burr, or replace the
washer.

Framed sealing ring is damaged. Replace the framed sealing ring.

Poor sealing of the oil outlet.
Oil leakage.

Replace the sealing part.

Poor sealing of the flow valve nut. Replace the O-ring.

Sealing ring of the rear cover is
Repair by professionals.
damaged.

The
steering oil Flow valve is blocked.
pressure is
not enough
Interior parts are faulty.
or lost fully.

Polish the valve core surfaces with

metallographic paper, clean the valve bore
(refer to the construction of the flow valve)
Repair by professionals.

2.11.4 Construction of the flow valve:

When checking and repairing the flow valve, polish the valve core 4 surfaces, clean the
valve bore and make the valve core move freely in the bore. Pay attention to the O-ring,
which is not allowed to be cut during assembling. Otherwise, the oil leakage will occur.

51

1. nut; 2.O ring; 3. spring; 4. valve core

2.12 Starter, electrical system, and indicators

The fundamental of the electrical system is shown in the figure below. The rated voltage of
the generator is 28V (or 14V), and power is1kW. The earth electrode of the generator is
negative. If the positive post of the engine is mistakenly connected to the earth, the
generator will be burnt. (Attention: Circuit varies with different regulators used by different
car makers. Car buyers should pay attention to respective manual brochure.)

start

Electrical system
1. starter; 2. generator; 3. regulator; 4. pre-heater
The starter used on F3000, F3100 and F7000 series diesel engines has an operating
voltage of 24V and a maximum output power of 3.7kW. As for F3200, those are 12V and
3.7kW. Do not keep the starter running for more than 10 seconds at a time or it will be
burnt. And if the engine fails to run after cranking, the cranking should not be repeated
within at least one minute. When the engine begins operating, the key should be switched
back to zero position. If not, the driving pinion will still engage the ring gear on the flywheel
and the diesel engine will drive the starter at a high rotating speed and it will cause the
starter to burn.
Special Notes: Do not use the starter to drive the engine while the gear is engaging,
especially for those passenger cars equipped with the engine of Model F3400 series
which installed a deceleration starter, otherwise, the operating performance and reliability
of the starter would be damaged badly.

52

2.13 Exhaust gas recirculation system

Exhaust gas recirculation (for short EGR) system lets exhaust gas enter again into the
combustion chamber with fresh air in order to decrease emission (especially for NOx)
effectively. The re-circulated exhaust gas will decrease the combustion speed to make the
boosted pressure rate slow and the NOx emission level will be low. In addition, the
increased EGR rate will decrease the total exhaust gas flow rate and the whole emission
will be improved.
EGR system should provide the optimized EGR rate at every engine operating condition
in order to let the combustion process ideal and the emission level lowest.

Fig. Scheme of EGR system principle

1. AC generator; 2.Diagnostic tool plug; 3. Indicator light; 4. Vacuum pump; 5.
Vacuum vessel; 6. Vacuum regulator; 7. EGR valve; 8. Accelerator pedal sensor;
9. Coolant temperature sensor; 10. Throttle and diaphragm; 11. Throttle control
valve

EGR system principle

1. Every optimized EGR rate for engine each operating condition is written into the ECU.
The relevant EGR valve proper position is controlled continuously and monitored by
ECU.
2. All the signals as follows must be provided to ECU in order to control EGR valve:
engine load, speed, coolant temperature, EGR valve position feedback signal. These
signals are collected by part 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. ECU will control EGR valve 7 by
adjusting the vacuum in Vacuum regulator 6 according to the calibrated MAP in ROM.
Thus the proper EGR rate can decrease the engine emission (especial NOx).
3. Generator 1 will charge to the battery and provide ECU power supply.
4. The diagnostic tool plug 2 is leaved to maintenance man during vehicle calibration.
The vacuum in vacuum vessel 5 is supplied by the vacuum pump 4 installed after the
53

generator. It is the vacuum source of vacuum regulator 6.

EGR system installation requirement

1. EGR valve: the inlet and outlet at EGR valve must not be mistaken during installation.
The position sensor plug should face the engine power output end. EGR valve
fastening torque is 455N.m. The valves on-off action can let or block the exhaust
gas entering into intake manifold by vacuum. The position sensor will feedback the
valves width to ECU in real time to implement EGR system closed-loop control.
2. Speed sensor: the speed sensor plug centerline should align with that of the signal
socket during installation. The clearance is 1 0.25mm. 24 slots are set at the
flywheel circumference. The screw fastening torque for speed sensor is 72 N.m. It is
used to provide the engine speed signal to ECU.
3. Accelerator pedal position sensor: the rotation direction for the Accelerator pedal
position sensor should be same as that for shaft of accelerator level on the fuel
injection pump during installation. The screw fastening torque is 72 N.m. The ratio of
the resistor value at idle state to that at maximum speed is 20%5%. (The pin is
RAB/RAC). This signal is used to provide the engine load state to ECU through the
accelerator pedal position.
4. Coolant sensor: the fastening torque is 205N.m during installation. ECU will detect
the signal to judge the coolant temperature while engine operating.
5. Vacuum regulator: It can endure temperature no more than 130. The thin tube
parallel at the head of the vacuum regulator should be connected to those from the
vacuum pump. The thick one is for EGR valve. It is installed on the vehicle generally
and far away the exhaust pipe. On the engine test rig, the vacuum regulator must be
installed and connected to distribute the vacuum from the vacuum pump by the duty
cycle set by ECU according to the engine speed and load in order to control the EGR
valves width.
6. Clutch pedal switch: During installation, the clutch pedal switch should be compressed
and the switch is off. While the clutch pedal switch is pushed, the switch is on. As the
clutch pedal switch itself has free stroke, it should be compressed as possible during
installation to avoid the empty connection between the clutch pedal and the switch. It
is used to judge the shift action by ECU and then control the EGR width.
7. ECU: Process and analyze the data from signals, output command to vacuum
regulator, receive the feedback signal from EGR position sensor and control the EGR
to be its proper position. The maximum environment temperature must be below 80.

EGR system troubleshooting

1. Check whether the vacuum regulator, speed sensor and coolant temperature sensor
are in short circuit or open circuit state or not with special instruments.
2. Check the EGR valve failure state. Before engine starts, blow to the EGR valve after
dismantling the vacuum tube. If it is not vented, the EGR valve is OK. After engine
start, keep it at idle speed 80050r/min, dismantle the vacuum tube on the EGR
valve, man can feel the vacuum. Push the clutch and dismantle the vacuum tube, man
can not feel the vacuum.
54

3. Vehicle check: turn the ignition switch on, check whether there is 12V between
terminal 8 and 18. Check whether the main relay is OK. Check whether the clutch
switch is on while no operation. Check whether the clutch is connected while
operation. Check whether all sensors and ECU are in turn-on state.

EGR valve

vacuum source

to EGR valve

clutch switch

Temperature requirement
1. Valve position sensor: 175
2. Spring : 200
3. Diaphragm: 180, short period: 220
4. Bushing: Upper: a) without sealing: 250; b) with sealing: 200
Lower: 350
5. Inner chamber: 4050
6. EGR inlet/outlet: 650

Emergency solution and cautions in case of breakdown of EGR system

1. Since EGR shall have part of exhaust gas return into combustion chamber to re-burn,
the working medium is gas of high temperature and high pressure, and this will cause
high temperature of parts. If there is breakdown of EGR parts, its better to pull over
the car immediately and stop the engine right away. Examining and repairing work
should be done only after normal cooling of the engine, and that work during engines
running is forbidden!
2. If there is gas leakage, water leakage, or out-of-control to circulation piping of engines
EGR, the engine will be defected dramatically. In that case, damaged parts shall be
replaced after cooling of the engine. If no substitution part is available, blocks the
EGRs air intake and air outlet temporary, that is, takes flanges to block the EGRs air
intake flange mouth of the exhaust pipe and the air intake flange mouth of the air

55

intake pipe, then drives the car to the authorized YUCHAI service station for repair
work or re-calibration.
3. EGR valves working power depends on the vacuum of the vacuum control valve. And
since the forming of the vacuum is done by the vacuum pump installed on the rear of
the rechargeable alternator, if any leakage due to bad sealing or breakage happens to
the vacuum pipe, the vacuum pump will draw in air from the outside into crankshaft
case constantly, this shall result in severe air and oil leakage of the breather. In that
case, please stop the engine and repair the leaky pipe.

Serious

56

3 Operation and maintenance of the diesel engine

3.1 Operating the diesel engine
Item

Check items
Check the oil in oil pan and oil pump
Check fuel level in fuel tank
Check water level in water tank

Start
Electrical system should operate properly
Check and eliminate the air in fuel line

Proper oil pressure

Notes
Starting procedure:
1. Make sure that the pedal is in
middle position and the
transmission is in neutral gear.
2. Turn on the ignition key
Starting period should not be over
10 seconds and the next start
should only be applied after at
least 1 min.
After cold start, there should be
5-min warm-up at idling or
high-speed idling before hitting the
road
Do not kick the pedal or floor it
during cold start, engine speed
should be revved up gradually.

Proper oil temperature

Running

Engine could operate normally only

when the water temperature rises
up to 60 .
Do not idling the engine over 10
min. during engine running.

Proper coolant temperature

Operation without abnormal noises and

vibration

acceleration-key-offcruising
without gear --- re-mesh the gear
can not be applied.
Do no run
malfunctions

the

engine

with

2500 km break-in needed for new

engine or after overhaul

Idle the engine for about 3~5 min. before key-off, especially for engine that has
just been in heavy-load and high-speed operations.
Stop

Drain the water when environment temperature is below 5 and after long
stay-put. This is not needed as for anti-freeze coolant.
Generally, drain water after 3-week stay-put.

57

3.2. Maintenance of the diesel engine

3.2.1 Break-in of the diesel engine
New engine needs a 2500km/30 hours mileage break-in, which can improve performance
of friction pair and is essential to ensure the operating reliability and lifespan of diesel
engine. Pay attention to the followings points during break-in period:
1 Before running vehicle, keeping the engine warm-up at low and medium speed for at
least 5 minutes.
2 When the vehicle is running, do not accelerate abruptly. Speed up slowly.
3 Do not keep diesel engine idling or running under full load with the break-in stop screw
more than 5 minutes.
4 Always change the speed. Do not keep the engine running at an unchanged speed for
a long time.
5 Transmit at proper time to prevent the engine from operating overload at low speed.
6 Always observe the oil and water temperature indicators and make sure that the
engine operates properly.
7 Since there is no secondary throttle designed for the high-pressure pump of the Model
YC4F series engine, dont run the engine with full-load or over-load during break-in
period. .
8 Avoid running engine with heavy load and at high speed.
9 After break-in period, the diesel engine can operate as normal.
10

Any change or alterations of the throttle stop screw are forbidden.

For the engine just after overhaul, there also must be a 2500km/30hours mileage break-in,
which can improve performance of friction pair. After the 2500km/30hours mileage
break-in, replace the oil and the filter element of the oil filter.

58

3.2.2 Maintenance
Item

Maintenance
period

Maintenance items
Check fuel level
Check coolant level

Daily
maintenance

every day

Check oil level in the oil sump (also check the fuel pump
for the oil level for those engines with unforced-lubricate
pump.
Check leakage of water, oil, fuel or gases
Every daily maintenance items
Check oil filter and strainer of oil supply pump inlet
Check the tension of the driving belt
Check tightening nuts of cylinder block

First order
maintenance

every 1500
~2500km
or
every 50
hours

Check the clearance of valves,

Check fuel pressure of injector
Replace oil for new engine or after overhaul
Check connections and leakages of the piping of the EGR
system, do replacements when the vacuum rubber pipes
get old or become leaky.
Check the contacts of the electric lines and wires and
make sure they are good contacted and water-proofed and
keep them from contacting the high temperature parts as
the exhaust pipe or the waste circulation pipe.
Every first order maintenance items
Check fuel supply advance angle
Replace oil filter every other second order maintenance

Second
order
maintenance

every 5000
~6000km
or
every 150
hours

Replace fuel filter every other three second order

maintenance
Check air cleaner
Check sealing of valves
Add grease to water pump
Check connections of wiring
Check tightening of main bolts and nuts
Removing scaling in cooling system if needed
Clean the filter screen of the breather
Replace oil

Third order
maintenance

every 30000
~40000km
or
every
800~1000
hours

Every second order maintenance items

Dismantle and clean the engine assembly. Remove carbon
deposit, sludge and varnish
Check wear conditions of friction pairs and moving parts
Check working condition of fuel pump
Check working condition of fuel injector
Check working condition of oil pump
59

Check the generator and the starter. Clean components,

bearings, and add new lubricating grease
Check cylinder gasket and other gaskets and washers
Make sure no other malfunctions
Replace oil
After third order maintenance, there should be 2500km break-in and the engine can not
run into high speed and heavy load operations in case of shortening lifespan of the
engine.

60

3.3. Troubleshooting
3.3.1 Diesel engine can not start
Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Too low starting speed

Check the starting system and assure the

starting speed is not lower than 110rpm.

(2) Air exists in the injection system

Check the looseness of the joints of the

feed line. Unscrew the de-aeration bolt on
the fuel filter assembly, then press fuel
with hand priming pump until the fuel
overflows without air bubbles.

(3) Fuel line clogged

Determine the location of the clog and

clear it.

(4) Fuel filter choked

Replace the screw-on filter element of fuel

filter assembly.

(5) Fuel supply pump does not supply

fuel or supplies fuel irregularly

Check for leakage in the fuel inlet pipe

and clogging of the fuel supply pump filter
and fix or replace.

(6) Insufficient fuel injection, without fuel

injection or low injection pressure

Check the injector atomization and inspect

whether the injector plunger and delivery
valve is worn-out or seized, and if the
plunger spring and delivery valve spring is
broken. Check and adjust injection
pressure to the prescribed range.

(7) Starting system problems;

Incorrect terminals connection or bad
contact;

Check the connection to be correct and

reliable.

Insufficient battery charge;

Charge the battery.

Bad contact between the brush and

communicator of the starter

Repair or replace the brush and clean the

surface of communicator with soft sand
paper and blow off.

(8) Insufficient compression pressure;

Piston ring worn-out;
Blow-by valve
(9) The fuel cut off solenoid valve joint is
loose, dirty or corroded

Replace the piston ring and press in the

cylinder sleeve if necessary.
Check valve clearance, valve spring,
valve guide, and valve seat. Grind the
valve seat if necessary.
Tighten and wash or replace.

61

(10) Too low winding voltage of fuel cut off

solenoid valve;

The minimum voltage should be 9V, if it is

insufficient, repair or replace the winding.

(11)Incorrect fuel injection advance angle

Check and adjust it.

3.3.2 Insufficient power output

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Intake blocked

Check the air cleaner, intake pipe, and clean

or replace air cleaner filter elements.

(2) Too high exhaust back pressure

Check valve timing, adjust it if necessary;

clean exhaust pipe.

(3) Insufficient boost pressure

turbocharged system

of

Check and eliminate the leakage in the pipe

and joints.

(4) Turbocharger is out of order:

Compressor and turbine passages
are polluted, clogged or damaged;

Clean or replace the compressor casing and

turbine housing.

Bearing failure;

Replace it.

Carbon deposit and sludge in the

back of turbine and compressor
impellers.

Clean it.

(5) Inter-cooler damage and leakage

Repair and replace it.

(6) Fuel line blocked or leaky

Check the seal of fuel line and fuel filter

choking, or replace screw-on filter element.
Check and replace it.

(7) Injection
worn-out

pump

piston

much

Check and replace it.

(8) Smoke limiter diaphragm break

Replace it.

(9) Vacuum hose damage and leakage

Replace it.

(10) Bad atomization of injector

Check injection pressure, remove carbon

deposit; adjust and repair it.

Incorrect valve timing

Check and adjust valve timing and valve

clearance.

Incorrect injection timing

Check and adjust it.

Governor high-speed is adjusted too low

Check and adjust it.

Cylinder gasket leakage

Tighten cylinder head bolts in order to

prescribed torque or replace cylinder
gasket.

62

Bad valve sealing

Grind or replace it.

Overheat engine or too high coolant

temperature

Check and repair radiator, thermostat, and

adjust fan belt tension.

Piston ring over worn-out or broken

Replace it.

Exhaust recirculation connecting pipe

leakage

Replace the leaky pipe or parts.

3.3.3 Abnormal noise during engine operation

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) High frequency metallic knock noise

in cylinder : too advanced injection
timing

Adjust static injection advance angle.

(2) Low frequency, dull knock in

cylinder : retarded injection timing

Adjust static injection advance angle.

(3) Connecting rod bearing bushing

and main bearing bushing worn-out
and clash in crankcase

Dismantle and check bushing and, if

necessary, replace it and keep prescribed
clearance.

(4) Crankshaft thrust bearing worn-out

and axial rattle of crankshaft at idle
operation

Replace parts and keep specified axial

clearance

(5) Damper damaged and invalid

Check connecting bolts and the damper

and, if necessary, replace them.

(6) Valve touches piston

Check and adjust valve timing

(7) Driving and driven gears worn-out

and too large clearance. Slap can
be heard near timing gear housing

Check gear backlashes and replace then if

necessary.

(8) Too large clearance between piston

and cylinder and clap in cylinder
when operating

Replace cylinder, use repair bushing if

necessary. Keep piston to cylinder
clearance.

(9) Turbocharger surging

Clear carbon deposit and contaminants in

compressor and exhaust passages.

(10) Turbocharger bearing is damaged

and impellers touch housing

Replace turbocharger assembly.

(11) Too large valve clearance and

heavy noise around cylinder head

Adjust valve clearance

3.3.4 Exhaust with black smoke

Possible causes

Remedies

63

(1) Intake clogged

Check and clean air cleaner and intake

passage.

(2) Poor fuel quality

Use prescribed fuel.

(3) Incorrect
timing

injection

or

valve

Adjust according to prescription.

(4) Bad atomization of injector

Check and repair or replace.

(5) Too much fuel supply of injector

Check and adjust according to prescription.

(6) Insufficient boost pressure of

turbocharged system

Check and repair leak in pipe line and joints.

(7) Faulty turbocharger

Check and replace assembly.

(8) Inter-cooler damage or leakage

Repair or replace it.

(9) Incorrect functioning point of

smoke-limiter

Readjust it.

3.3.5 Exhaust with white and blue smoke

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Poor quality fuel and too much

water in fuel

Replace fuel.

(2) Too low coolant temperature

Check the working temperature of the

thermostat, replace it if necessary.

(3) Incorrect valve

injection timing

Check and adjust.

timing

and

(4) Low compression pressure and

incomplete combustion

Check piston rings and cylinder gasket and, if

necessary, replace them.

(5) Incorrect installing orientation of

piston rings

Check and reinstall correctly.

(6) Running at low load for long

time

Operate at proper speed and load

(7) Seal ring

worn-out

turbocharger

Check and replace it.

(8) Thrust bearing of turbocharger

worn-out

Check and replace it.

(9) Oil return pipe of turbocharger

blocked

Clean or repair it.

of

64

3.3.6 Too low oil pressure

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Diluted or incorrectly selected brand

oil

Select proper oil.

(2) Inner and outer rotors of oil pump

worn-out or too large assembly
clearance

Replace rotors and adjust clearance.

(3) Oil filter choked

Replace screw-on filter element.

(4) Failure of oil filter pressure control

Repair it.

(5) Gear of oil pump damage

Replace it.

(6) Inlet oil tube of fuel pump crack

Repair or replace it.

(7) Fixing bolt of oil pump inlet oil tube

loose

Tighten to prescribed torque.

(8) Too
large
clearance

Check and replace it.

bearing

bushings

3.3.7 Too high oil pressure

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Too low ambient temperature and

too high oil viscosity

Select required grade engine oil. Operate at

low speed after starting, and then check it
when the oil temperature is normal.

(2) Over-flow valve clogged

Check and clean it.

3.3.8 Too high oil temperature and oil consumption

Possible causes

Remedies

(1) Leakage in the exterior oil line

Check and repair it.

(2) Too high diesel engine load

Decrease load.

(3) Incorrect engine oil grade

Select oil according to prescription.

(4) Piston ring stuck or seriously worn

Check and repair. If necessary, replace it.

(5) Cylinder bore seriously worn out

Bore the cylinder and use oversized piston

rings or press in cylinder repair sleeve.

(6) Valve guide seriously worn out and

failed seal of valve stem

Check and replace.

65

Appendix: Anti-freeze solution and its application guide

Anti-freeze solution is commonly used in winter, and can prevent the coolant from freezing.
It is an ideal coolant due to overcoming many of the disadvantages of water, and can be
used in all four seasons. Anti-freeze solution should be used in YC6M series engines.
1.

What is anti-freeze solution

The development anti-freeze solution and its application already have a long history. At
first, inorganic salts were added to water to lower the freezing point and raise the boiling
point. Then, organic alcohols (such as ethanol, methanol, etc) were used. Today, glycol
and glycerol based anti-freeze solutions are in common use. The popularity of glycerol
based solutions is limited by its high price, and so glycol based anti-freeze solutions have
received wide application.
Anti-freeze solution is made up of raw alcohol, water and additives. The alcohol used is
glycol and the water is distilled. Additives include antirust agents, anti-toxicity agents, PH
regulating agents (buffering agents), antifoam agents, and other performing enhancing
chemicals.
Table 1 Physical and chemical property of glycol
Density(@20)

1.113 g/mL

Flash point

116

Freezing point

-13

Specific heat capacity(@20)

2349J/(gk)

Boiling point (@760mmHg)

197

Vapor pressure (@20)

8 Pa

Vapor pressure (@100)

2133 Pa

Thermal conductivity (@20)

2.889 * 0.004 [W/(cm*s*)]

Table 2 Glycol concentration, density and freezing point with anti-freeze solution
Freezing
point

Glycol
concentration %

Density
(@20)

Freezing
Point(@)

Glycol
concentration%

Density
(@20)

-10

28.4

1.0340

-40

54

1.0713

-15

32.8

1.0426

-45

57

1.0746

-20

38.5

1.0506

-50

59

1.0786

-25

45.3

1.0586

-45

80

1.0958

-30

47.8

1.0627

-30

85

1.1001

-35

50

1.0671

-13

100

1.1130

There are two types of anti-freeze solution. The first is the direct-use type; the other is the
concentrate type. Concentrate type cannot be used directly. It must be diluted to a
particular concentration complying with the specifications in Table 2 according to
temperature.

66

If a new type of long life anti-freeze solution shows up on the market, it is important to be
able to judge its utility. Glycol is still the basis for long life anti-freeze solutions. Glycol is an
indispensable component in inhibiting water freezing and boiling. Furthermore, it is the key
in keeping the heat transfer capability of the anti-freeze solution. The differences between
types of glycol-based solutions are as follows:

Characteristic

Conventional green coolant

Long life orange coolant

Color

Green or green-blue

Orange or red

Standard PH value

10.5

8.5

Anticorrosion agents

Adding metal anticorrosion Adding tolyltriazole to organic

agents (e.g. tolyltriazole) to salts, such as Monocarboxylate
and dicarboxylate(e.g. sebacic
borate, phosphate and
silicate.
acid and octoic acid)

Sensitivity to pollution

Hard water

Conventional green coolant

Average maintenance life

2 to 3 years

4 to 5 years

Thus, the differences between them lie in the added anticorrosion agents. Because long
life anti-freeze solution is made up of organic acid salts, it has more chemistry stability and
longer life.
2.

Five functions of good anti-freeze solution

1.

Anticorrosion Anti-freeze solution contains a group of good, long-lasting

corrosion inhibitors. It can achieve the equilibrium between reagents and metal,
and form a protective film on the surface of the metal. Moreover, it can shell off
the original corrosion in the cooling system and prevent further corrosion.
Experiments indicate that corrosion by anti-freeze solution is 50 to 100 times
lower than that by water.

2.

Anti-cavitation erosionCavitation erosion is caused by air bubbles colliding with

metal. Experiments indicate that corroding rate of hard water containing salts and
alkalis is several tens times than that of clean soft water. Anti-freeze solution
does not contain hard water, and anti-foaming agents added can prevent the
formation of foam.

3.

High boiling point Anti-freeze solution boils at 105 to 110, which makes it
more difficult to boil than water.

4.

Anti-sludge Good anti-freeze solution is composed of distilled water and

contains anti-sludge agents, so scaling is inhibited.

5.

Anti-freezeThe freezing point of anti-freeze solution can be adjusted, and is

determined by the ambient temperature in different operating locations. Usually it
freezes from -15 to - 68.

67

Good anti-freeze solution is transparent, clean and without irritating odor. Performance
criteria are as follows:

3.

1.

Good anti-freeze performance.

2.

Anticorrosion and antirust performance.

3.

No swelling and erosion caused to rubber parts.

4.

Prevent cooling system from scaling.

5.

Antifoam performance.

6.

Low viscosity at low temperatures.

7.

Stable chemical property.

How to select and use anti-freeze solution correctly

Anti-freeze solution is in common use at the present. Being short of knowledge of its
performance in service, requirements, and methods of application may cause a variety of
problems for a vehicle. Difficulty starting, leaky pipe joints, hose cracks, water not being
added, radiator corrosion, and cylinder sleeve cavitations erosion are some of the troubles
which may be experienced.
[1] Guide to anti-freeze solution selection
1) Select an anti-freeze solution with different freezing points with regards to ambient
temperature. The freezing point of an anti-freeze solution should be approximately
10 lower than the historically lowest temperature in the operating area.
2) Select it in terms of the amount of vehicles to be maintained. Departments which
have many and relatively centralized vehicles can select small packages of
anti-freeze solution concentrate, because it is stable, and small packages are
convenient to transport and store. In addition, the flexible preparation of
operational anti-freeze solutions in light of ambient circumstances and working
requirements is more economical and practical. Conversely, if the number of
vehicles is few or dispersed, the direct-use type can be selected.
3) Select a high-grade anti-freeze solution, and do not use a low-grade anti-freeze
solution. High-grade anti-freeze solution is generally a qualified brand approved by
a national authentication center. It is transparent, clean and without irritating odor.
Detailed producer information, product description and detailed directions for use
are displayed on the external package. Low-grade anti-freeze solutions not only do
not inhibit freezing and boiling, but also accelerate the corrosion of the cooling

68

system.
4) Select an anti-freeze solution compatible with rubber sealing components.
Anti-freeze solution should not bring undesired side effects, such as swelling,
erosion to rubber, etc.
[2] How to use anti-freeze solution correctly.
1) Be sure to wash the cooling system completely before adding anti-freeze solution,
otherwise its antirust effect may be weakened. The washing sequence is as
follows: (1) First, start and then stop the engine when the temperature of
anti-freeze solution rises to the opening temperature of the thermostat. Then,
drain the anti-freeze solution. (2) Make the engine operate at high speed for 5
minutes with a water solution of 10% caustic sodium as coolant, and then drain it
after soaking for an hour. (3) Make the engine operate for 10 minutes after adding
soft water, and then drain. Repeat (3) several times until the drained water is
uncontaminated.
2) Be sure to check for leakage in the cooling system before adding anti-freeze
solution. Add it only after stopping any leak. Glycol easily seeps through cracks
due to its low surface tension. Therefore, it is necessary to check the whole
cooling system, especially the pipe lines and connection joints to avoid leakage
before replacing the anti-freeze solution.
3) The expansion coefficient of anti-freeze solution is greater than that of water. If
there is no expansion tank, anti-freeze solution can only be added to 95% the
volume of the cooling system.
4) Be sure not to add anti-freeze solution concentrate directly or mix the solution
with hard water.
5) Periodic checking of the operation of anti-freeze solution is necessary. Anti-freeze
solution may decrease in quantity after being used for a period of time. Its density
should be checked first. If its density has not increased and any decrease is the
result of leakage, the same brand anti-freeze solution should be added. If density
decreases, the same brand solution concentrate should be added. If density
increases, or any decrease is caused by water evaporation, distilled-water or
de-ionized water should be added. After adding distilled water or concentrated
solution, check the density of anti-freeze solution after mixing thoroughly until it
reaches the density corresponding to desired freezing point. Do not use common
water (such as river water, lake water, pool water, well water, tap water, etc),
because these kinds of water contain impurities, which would decrease the
anticorrosion performance of the solution.
6) Do not mix different brands of anti-freeze solution to avoid disabling the action of

69

complex anti-corrosion agents.

7) The service term for long life anti-freeze solution is generally one to two years.
Replace it when it becomes due. If the PH value is higher than 5.5, it can continue
to be used; if the PH value is lower than 5.5, it should be replaced, otherwise it
would accelerate corrosion in cooling system. A validity extending agent can be
added to anti-freeze solution whose PH value is lower than 5, which can prolong
its use term up to one year.

4.

8) Glycol is poisonous and harmful to the human liver. Do not ingest it. Washing is
necessary if it contacts skin. Sodium nitrite is a carcinogenic substance. Do not
dump the exhausted solution to prevent pollution to the environment.
The required replacement of the anti-freeze solution
Requirement
Using in whole year

Mileage a year (km)

Replacement times

40000

Once every year

20000 30000

Once every two years

10000

Once every three years

70