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Data Converters II

This document discusses digital-to-analog converters (DACs). It explains the Nyquist criteria which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal. It also discusses amplitude resolution in DACs and types of DACs including R-2R ladder, switched capacitor, serial, and pipelined DACs. Pipelined DACs improve on serial DACs using a new clocking scheme but can have non-ideal effects from factors like capacitor mismatch that affect accuracy.

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78 views15 pages

Data Converters II

This document discusses digital-to-analog converters (DACs). It explains the Nyquist criteria which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal. It also discusses amplitude resolution in DACs and types of DACs including R-2R ladder, switched capacitor, serial, and pipelined DACs. Pipelined DACs improve on serial DACs using a new clocking scheme but can have non-ideal effects from factors like capacitor mismatch that affect accuracy.

Uploaded by

divyarai12345
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Converters-II

Analog Electronics (EEE/INSTR C341)


Date: 23/04/2016
Dr. Anita Agrawal,
BITS, Pilani-K.K.Birla Goa Campus

D/A CONVERTERS

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Sampling frequency: Nyquist criteria/Sampling


theorem which states that:
In order to represent/convert the analog signal
correctly, the sampling frequency fsample must be
atleast twice the highest frequency component
fa(max) of the analog signal.

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Nyquist criteria contd

alias
The highest analog frequency can be no greater than
one-half the sampling frequency

The frequency fa(max) is known as the Nyquist


frequency
fsample f a (max)
24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Nyquist criteria contd

If an input frequency component is greater than the


Nyquist frequency, then a unique form of distortion
called alias is produced which is equal to the
difference in the input frequency and the sampling
rate.

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Amplitude resolution

It represents the finest discernible change in the signal and is


often represented in terms of no. of bits.

Important to note that once the size of the digital word is


chosen and the peak amplitude is fixed, the input signal must
stay within the specific bounds or gross distortion will occur.
For ex.

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Applied to DSP: performs operations on incoming data.


D/A conversion
Reconstruction filter: Low pass reconstruction filter to
smoothen the DAC output by eliminating high frequency
contents that result from the fast transitions of the stairstep

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Other D/A converters


Inverted R-2R ladder D/A converter
Switched-Capacitor D/A converter
Serial D/A converter
Pipelined D/A converter

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

Inverted R-2R

Anita Agrawal

Serial D/A converter

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

10

Drawbacks
Requires considerable external circuitry to decide
upon which switch is to be open and which to close
during the conversion process.
Errors due to:
Parasitic capacitances
Capacitive parasitic capacitances
Switch parasitic capacitances

Clock-feed through

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

11

Conversion speed is slower


Advantages:
Can be realised in a small chip area

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

12

Pipelined DAC
Modified serial charge distribution converter.
(n+1) equal valued capacitors, 4n+2 switches for n-bit
conversion

Cascades n+1 serial charge redistribution converters

Uses a new clocking scheme.

Has an improved conversion scheme than the serial


24-04-2016 13:13

Anita Agrawal

13

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

14

Drawbacks
Non-ideal effects in the converter affects the
conversion accuracy.
Capacitor mismatch
Incomplete charge transfer due to non-zero Rswitch C time
constants
Clock feedthrough due to overlap capacitances, channel
charges and charge pumping in the switches.

24-04-2016 13:11

Anita Agrawal

15

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