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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of chains of amino acids that perform many vital functions in organisms. They differ based on their amino acid sequence as defined by genes. A protein contains at least one long chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. After synthesis, protein residues are often modified, altering their properties and function. Proteins can associate to form complexes and only exist for a set period before being degraded and recycled by cells.

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136 views2 pages

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of chains of amino acids that perform many vital functions in organisms. They differ based on their amino acid sequence as defined by genes. A protein contains at least one long chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. After synthesis, protein residues are often modified, altering their properties and function. Proteins can associate to form complexes and only exist for a set period before being degraded and recycled by cells.

Uploaded by

Asif Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Protein

Proteins (/protinz/ or /proti.nz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains
ofamino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic
reactions,DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from
one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which
usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.
A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short
polypeptides, containing less than 2030 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or
sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid
residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in
the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic
code can include selenocysteine andin certain archaeapyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a
protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties,
folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached,
which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they
often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are
then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in
terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 12 days in
mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or
due to being unstable.

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