Ge eae eycoe eee eau 1 Present perfect simple or past simple’ has/have + past participle ve finished. has have not + past participle She hasw' finished, has/have...* past participle? Have you finished? ‘Some verbs are irregular: brealk — broken; go — gone » See Appendix 2. For past simple forms, see Unit 2, Grammar, part 1. We use the present perfect simple: + with since or for, about a period of time which is still continuing: I've lived next door since June. (= and 1 still live next door now) ve lived there for four yeurs. live there) and | still + with questions asking how long: How long have you lived here you still live here) ‘A Sometimes we can use also use the present perfect continuous. See Grammar, part 2. © for unfinished actions and events, often with still or yer: I still haven't finished it I haven'e finished it yet. ‘A, Still and yet are always used with a negative in the present perfect. (Still goes before the verb and yet goes after it) + for events repeated over a period of time until the present (they may continue): You've played the saxophone every night. (< until now, and you will probably continue to play every night) © for events which happened in the past at a time which is unknown and /or irrelevant: Tve started my essay. (= we don’t know. when) Ive lost my new camera. important when or where) t's not We use the past simple: + with for, about a period of time which is finished: 1 lived there for four years. (= but Idon’t live there now) + with questions asking when: When did you move here? (= the move is in the past) + for completed actions and events in the past, often with ago I finished it half an hour ago. + for events repeated over a period of time in the past (they are now finished): You played the saxophone every night ut you don't any more)We use the present perfect simple: + for events that happened in the recent past (often with just): Flight 206 has landed. (= in the last few minutes) She's just gone 1o the cinema, (= and she's there now) when the time stated is not finished Dve spent this morning writing an essay. its still morning) The builders have started working on the kitchen this week. (it’s still this week) when we talk about a period of time up to the present: Pve been to Los Angeles but not to New York. (= in my life so far ~ I may go to New York in the future) The team has won several matches. (= and may win more) when we talk about how many times something has happened: ‘This is the first time anyone has complained. with adverbs like already, before, ever and never: Nobody's ever complained before, now) I've never tried Japanese food. (= but 1 might one day) Tve already rung the restaurant. ve met her before somewhere A Never, ever and already go between the auxiliary and the main verb. Before goes after the verb. until atter a superlative (>see Unit 7): Irs the best cup of coffee Pve had here. ‘We use the past simple: + for events that happened at a particular time in the past: Flight 206 landed at one o'clock. or within a period of time in the past: She was at the cinema between midday and two o'clock. (= but she’s not there now) when the time stated is finished: I spent this morning writing an essay. it’s now afternoon so ‘this morning’ is n the past) I started my essay last week, is definitely in the past) Tost my new camera in London. place fixes it at a time in the past) last week’ he when we talk about past events which are not connected to the present: Twent to Los Angeles but not to New York, (= om a particular trip which is in the past) The Chinese invented prinsing.Gerais el eesseiia ey 2 Present perfect simple or continuous? has/have been + past participle has /have not been * past part ple ‘The pres ve been working hard. ‘She hasn't been working hard, has/ have .. + been + past participle? Have you been working hard? ent perfect and the present perfect continuous are both used to describe events or activities which started in the past and have continued up to the present, or activities which stopped recently. Some verbs can be used in either the present perfect simple or continuous Tittle difference in meaning. These are verbs which describe activities which normally happen over a period of time, e.g. live, study, learn, wait, work: Martin has lived /has heen living in Australia for five years, We use the present perfect continuous: © to talk about how long something has been happening: Tve been driving since five o'clock this morning. ‘The children have been playing happily all morning. We've been worrying about her all week How long have you been watching TV? to focus on the activity or event itself (whether it is complete or not is unimportant): He's been reading she newspapers while he was waiting for her. (= we're interested in how he passed the time ~ not if he read every page) I've been mending the car. I'm dirty) = that’s why We use the present perfect simple: + to talk about how often or how many times something has happened: I've driven there several times before. ‘The children have played four games of tennis this morning. Tve worried about her every day since she set off I've watched three programmes. to focus on the results of an activity or event which is complete: I've read the newspapers. (= ve finished reading them) I've mended the car. (= I've just finished so we can go out in it now) A We never use the present tense to talk about how long we have been doing something: Pve been learning the piano for a long time. (not Hiearning te piane fora tongrime), State verbs are not usually used in the present perfect continuous (> see Unit 1): I've nown her since she was four years old. (not Fee-heen-knewing hex...)| ~) vir) C /Grammar exercises Match these sentence halves. 1 He's talked to her on the phone... a for years. 2 This summer the pool was only open ...___b_on my way home from work yesterday. 3 The whole team felt exhausted .. ¢ since nine o'clock this morning. 4 The rent of my flat has gone up when the match finished. 5 She's had nothing to eat ~ € ever since she was very young. 6 I got very wet... £ by 20 per cent this year. 7 spent a month in Brazil ... g a few minutes ago, 8 She's always enjoyed painting ... h from April till September. 9 Thaven’t had such a good time iin 1992, 10 The post arrived j every night this week. BD) Fil in the gaps with the present perfect or the past simple of the verbs in brackets. 1 This is only the second time Lv¢..cvet..flewn. (ever fly) in an aeroplane. 2 The child a. (sleep) from seven till seven without waking once. 3 Gabriella ...... (grow) five centimetres since last month. BD -» (Send) Ed three emails last week but he (not reply) to any of them yet. 5 swunsunsnnnnnn (YOU Tearn) to play chess when you were a child? 61. 7 (buy) this bicycle five years ago and T — (use) it every day since then 7 How long eoeoneennnnnnnne (YOU have) that bad cough? 8 The train ' ou (just arrive), so hurry and you might catch it. ovvevwnen (never see) such a beautiful rainbow before. ~ (dream) about a beautiful desert island last night. 11 On Sunday we ....... a (meet) outside the cinema as usual. D2 When eee eennennnen (yet get) that jacket? Teen (not notice) it before. 20ese ey 1 Fitlin the gaps with a suitable verb in the present perfect or the past simple. Dear Lewis, TGR. nanan (1) here in Spain for two weeks now and Tim having a ceally good time. MEN Tenens @ at the ak POCt To eonnmennnmnnnnnnn (3) very lonely, But I cwweninnnnn lceady) (4) some frends and Tim staying with a ceally rice family. They ~ (5) me 40 the. seaside lat weekend and we smn (6) i the sea. Tay nn sia (AY) Hines celina Bio (B)) asa Spanish bot T mmsnnnnnmnmnnn (ef (9) to ary language chsses yet - inex start next week. E's new midnigtt and need to go to bed AS Tees (10) 2 very busy Mayet ates om (11) SS shopping this morning and T : tet) | | tennis ‘this aFtemaon. lorrte: back soon. Al the best, Renae [Read this conversation between two people in a sports club. Underline the most suitable form of the verbs. ‘Anna: Excuse me. We've waited /We've heen waiting (1) to play tennis since 10.30. It must be our turn now. How long have you played /have you been playing (2)? Tim: Since about 9.30. We've played!/ We've been playing (3) two matches so far this morning and we haven’ finished / we haven't been finishing (4) the third yet. You'll have to wait or do something else. Have you tried / Have you been srying (5) the swimming pool? Anna: We don’t want to swim, we want to play tennis, You've played / You've heen playing (6) for more than two hours and it’s our turn. We're tired of waiting and we haven't got anything to do, We've read/ We've been reading (7) the magazines we brought with us. Tira: I said you'll have to wait. I always play on a Saturday morning. Anyway, we've already started /we've already been starting (8) the third match. Anna: Oh well, it looks like we've got no choice, but we've booked /we've been booking (9) the court for next Saturday so you'll be unlucky then, 21 aReading You are going to read a newspaper article about a news presenter called Katie Derham. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. She decided she was not talented enough for one particular career. Other people do not realise what her job is really like. She is likely to do well despite some mistakes. She does not accept how famous she really is. ‘The range of skilis she has acquired are an advantage in her present job. She recognises which skills she needs to develop. ‘There is no truth in some of the reports we read. She does not consider herself to be ambitious, rommooarKatie’s TEC success Present perfect and past simple 3 And stories of fights amongst the news girls are denied: There are so many channels, news programmes and air time that there is plenty of space for everyone. There have always been these kinds of rumours. You get to know a lot of presenters but I've found the others are a support to me ~ at least they understand the kind of pressures which come with the job! 4 When Katie Derham went to Cambridge University to study economics, she fell in love with the place. was so much enjoying my luck at being in such a beautiful place that while I was there I didn’t think further than that and that’s still the way I am. T enjoy what’s'on offer at the moment. People dor't believe me, asa lot of media people 1 work with have had to push very hard to get where they are, but Tve been lucky. When T left Cambridge I didn't betieve life could be better’ a But it has got better and continues to do so. Katie Desham is 28 and she is the new face of television ‘news bulletins on ITN. The regular news presenter finished last year. Katie took over from her and has read the news five nights a week since then. She has survived reports of a couple of stips when she misread some news items and the media interest in her points to a bright future. Katie has just moved into a flat near Regent's Park in London. She is a keen musician and is looking forward to getting her piano into the flat so she can start playing again. There was even a brief moment when she considered trying to make a career out of her piano playing, but she says realism intervened: ‘T think you should know what your limitations are. 1 was adequate but never brilliant? 5 During college Katie considered many ‘serious’ professions such as management consultancy and accountancy but journalism was always at the back of her mind although she knew no journalists and had very little knoviledge of the profession. Eventually she got a job as a secretary at a radio station. She went fon to produce and present a range of radio programmes and started to get noticed. She currently combines being ITWs arts and media correspondent with newsreading and brings a solid journalistic background to the job. [2] S| But Katie does not really take the media interest seriously. Becoming so visible has taken some getting used to, but she does not feel it imposes on her tife, despite being recognised on the street. It has not gone to her head and her response is typically modest: ‘Think people more often think they were at school with me or they've sean me before in the supermarket serving cheese or somethin For the mament, Katie loves her job despite not getting home until nearly midnight some days. ‘I ty to persuade my friends to have parties which start at midnight! However often I tell them, they don't take ‘n the reality of what’ involved in a media job. They Just see me on the screen for a few minutes. But I dont mind missing out - I waulé be delighted if I was still doing this in a couple of years’ time’Gemeaceees This is an extract from the text. Without looking back at the text, fill in the gaps with the present perfect simple or the past simple of the verbs in the box. be fall finish get go have to not believe notthink read take When Katie Detham sioe-li2itnne (1) to Cambridge University to study economies, She enssnssnnnmaninnn (2) in love with the place. I was so much. enjoying my luck at being in such a beautiful place that while T was there I ssid (3) further than that and that’s still the way I am. I enjoy what's on offer at the moment. People don't believe me, as a lot of media people I work with vue (4) push very hard to get where they Fe, DUET non ~~ (8) lucky. When I left Cambridge Teste ~» (6) life could be better?) But it a a better and continues to do so. Katie Detham is 28 and she is the new face of television news bulletins on ITN. The regular news presenter (8) last year. Katie wwe .. (9) over from her coonen (10) the news five nights a week since then, and