Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 1 2G Drivetest Parameter
www.nubeesystem.com

PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com

Field Test
Customer Complaints

NMS
Field Tests
Very resource and time consuming
Restricted to specific areas
Supply in most cases only downlink
information
Represent an objective view of
network quality
Good to geographically locate
problems
No real customer view due to too high
quality equipment
Helps to adjust propagation models
Suitable for competitor analysis
Pinpoints coverage holes

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PT. Nubee System

Current Channel
Definitions:
1.
Time: It is system time of
computer.
2.
Cell name: It displays the name
of the sector which is serving
according to the cell file that is
loaded in TEMS.
3.
CGI : It stands for the Cell Global
Identity which is unique for every
sector of the site. It consists of
MCC,MNC,LAC,CI.
MCC: Mobile Country Code 0
999 (e.g. 404), MNC: Mobile
Network Code 0 99 (e.g. 98)
LAC : Location Area Code 0 65535 (e.g. 5101) CI: Cell Identity
0 65535 (e.g. 11001)
Example : 510 10 for TELKOMSEL IND

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Current Channel

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Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having

GPRS or not. Values are Yes or No
Band : It tells in which Freq. Band mobile is
operating e.g. GSM 900/ 1800.
BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the
mobile station getting served.
TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is
going on.
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) : It is
combination of Network Color Code (NCC)
(0 7) & Base Station Color Code (BCC) (0
7). e.g. 62. It is decoded by mobile on
every Sync. Channel Message.
Mode: It is shows in which state is mobile
operating, Idle, Dedicated & Packet.
Time slot: On which time slot of current
TCH call is going on. Viz. time slot no. of
TRX.

Current Channel

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Channel Type: Type of channel

mobile is getting now. Like BCCH /
SDCCH/8 + SACCH/C8 or CBCH /
TCH/F +FACCH/F +SACCH/F.
Channel Mode : Shows mode of
coding like Speech Full Rate of Half
Rate.
Speech Codec: It shows FR for Full
Rate, HR for Half Rate & EFR for
Enhanced Full Rate.
Ciphering Algorithm : It shows
ciphering algorithm used by the
system to protect data for privacy. E.g.
Cipher by A5/2.
Sub Channel Number: It is displayed
at a time when mobile is on dedicated
mode at time of call setup when it is
getting SDCCH at that time it shows
which SDCCH it is getting out of 8
available. E.g. 2.

Current Channel

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PT. Nubee System

Hopping Channel : It shows that

current sector is having hopping
feature or not. Values are Yes or No.
Hopping Frequencies : It displays no.
of freq. on which mobile is allowed to
hop. viz. MA List for hopping of that
sector.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset
(MAIO): It is the number which tells
from which freq. from given MA list for
sector hopping has to be started. E.g.
0 means sector will start from first freq.
to hop.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) :
Indicates sequence in which
frequencies are allowed to hop from
the MA List. 0- 63. 0 for Cyclic
Hopping, 1 63 random hopping
sequences.

Radio Parameter

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PT. Nubee System

RxLev : Receiving level in terms of

dBm that mobile is receiving from the
site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.
RxQual : Quality of voice which is
measured on basis of BER. Range of
RxQual 0 -7.
FER : Frame Erasure Rate it
represents the percentage of frames
being dropped due to high number of
non-corrected bit errors in the frame. It
is indication of voice quality in network.
BER Actual : Ratio of the number of
bit errors to the total number of bits
transmitted in a given time interval.
BER is a measure for the voice quality
in network.. Depending on BER
RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to
0.2 % corresponds to RxQual 0. Max.
BER countable and useful is up to 12.8
% which corresponds to RxQual of
max. 7.

Radio Parameter

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PT. Nubee System

SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure

which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of
the speech (as opposed to radio
environment conditions). This means that
when optimizing the speech quality in your
network, SQI is the best criterion to use. SQI
is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed
on basis of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR
21 & HR 17 are respectively ideal
values.
C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the
ratio between the signal strength of the
current serving cell and the signal strength
of undesired (interfering) signal components.
It should be at least > 9 .
MS Power Control Level : Displays range
of power control from 0 to 8 depending upon
network design. E.g. 0 means no power
control and 1 means level that is defined by
operator viz. 2 dBm less acc.

Radio Parameter

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DTX : Discontinuous transmission

(DTX) is a mechanism allowing the
radio transmitter to be switched off
during speech pauses. This feature
reduces the power consumption of the
transmitter, which is important for MSs,
and decreases the overall interference
level on the radio channels affecting
the capacity of the network..
TA : Value that the base station
calculates from access bursts and
sends to the mobile station (MS)
enabling the MS to advance the timing
of its transmissions to the BS so as to
compensate for propagation delay.
Value of 0 means MS in radius of
550m. From BS.

Radio Parameter

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RL Timeout Counter (Cur) : This

parameter define the maximum value
of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in
step size of 4. it shows current value of
RLT. Decrease by 1 but increase by 2.
When it reaches zero it results in
normal DROP Call.
RL Timeout Counter (MAX) : This
parameter define the maximum value
of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in
step size of 4. it shows current value of
RLT. Normally 16, 20, 24.
MS Behavior Modified : This window
shows current settings for the mobile
station, for instance whether handover
is disabled or multiband reporting
enabled.

Serving + Neighbor

Cell Name : Name that describes the neighboring cell as per the
cellfile.
ARFCN : Channel number mobile receives as neighbor.
BSIC : BSIC of the neighboring cell.
RxLev : Receiving Level in dBm of neighboring cell.
C1 & C2 : These are the cell path loss criterion and cell reselection
criteria. Valid during idle mode of mobile station.
C31 & C32 : GPRS signal strength threshold criterion C31 and GPRS
cell ranking criterion C32. Valid both in packet idle and packet
dedicated mode.

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Example Showing Window

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End of Section

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Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 2 2G Network Review
www.nubeesystem.com

PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com

RF Specification
MS Transmission
Band : 890 915 MHZ

BS Transmission
Band : 935 960 MHZ

45 MHz

F1 F2 F1' F2'
Frequency

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Year Introduced

1990

Access method

TDMA

Channel Bandwidth

200 kHz

Number of duplex
channels

125

Users per channel

Speech coding bit

rate

13 kbps

Data coding bit rate

12 kbps

Frame size

4.6 ms

DCS - 1800 Spectrum

1710

1785

1805

Uplink

1880

MHz

Downlink

Duplex spacing = 95 MHz

Range of ARFCN:
512 - 885

Guard Band
100 kHz wide

Fu(n)

1 2 3 4

n
Guard Band
100 kHz wide

Channel Numbers (n) (ARFCN)

200 kHz spacing
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GSM Logical Channels

Two types of logical channel are defined; traffic and control channels
Each is further sub-divided as shown:
Traffic

Control

TCH

BCH

TCH/F

TCH/H

DCCH

CCCH

FCCH

PCH

SDCCH

SCH

RACH

SACCH

BCCH

AGCH

FACCH

CBCH
NCH

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Logical Channel

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Logical Channels - Downlink

Common
Channels

Dedicated
Channels

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PT. Nubee System

BCCH

FCCH
SCH

PCH

CCCH

AGCH

DCCH

SACCH
FACCH
SDCCH

TCH

TCH/F
TCH/H

Logical Channels - Uplink

RACH

SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H

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PT. Nubee System

CCCH

DCCH

TCH

Common
Channels

Dedicated
Channels

Logical Channels - Use

'off' state

Search for frequency correction burst

Search for synchronisation sequence
Read system information

FCCH
SCH
BCCH

idle mode

Listen for paging

Send access burst
Wait for signalling channel allocation

PCH
RACH
AGCH

dedicated
mode

Call setup

SDCCH
FACCH

Traffic channel is assigned

Conversation
Call release

TCH
TCH
FACCH

idle mode
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PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Characteristics

Each cell has a designated BCCH carrier carrying the control
physical channel and BCCH logical channel
All BCCH carriers transmit continuously on full power by filling all
timeslots with traffic, signalling or dummy bursts
BCCH carriers use maximum frequency re-use distance to reduce
interference
TS 0 of the BCCH carrier contains the cells physical control
channel
The physical control channel comprises a number of logical
control channels
Additional physical channels on the BCCH may be required for
extra control channel capacity.
Remaining physical channels on BCCH carrier carry traffic
channels

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PT. Nubee System

Paging Procedures
Paging locates MS to cell Level for call routing
Three paging message types:

Type 1 - 2 MSs using IMSI/TMSI

Type 2 - 3 MSs (1xIMSI, 2xTMSI)
Type 3 - 4 MSs using TMSI only
Paging message requires 4 bursts (1 CCCH block)
Paging messages may be stored at BSS

Transmitted on PCH
If DRX is implemented MS listens only to
allocated paging group

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Timing Advance

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Timing Advance
Timing Advance value reduces the 3 timeslot offset between
downlink and uplink

0 1

2 3 4

5 6

Downlink
Delay
3 timeslots

0 1

2 3 4

Timing
Advance

0 1

2 3 4

Uplink

5 6

Uplink

5 6

Actual delay

TA value updates are sent to the MS on the SACCH

The Timing Advance technique is known as adaptive frame
alignment

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PT. Nubee System

BCCH Allocation (BA) Lists

Contains a list of BCCH carriers available in a certain

PLMN region
Passed to MS and stored in the SIM during IMSI
Attach procedure
MS monitors all carriers in BA list for signal strength.
In Idle mode this is used to reselect cell whilst moving
In dedicated mode, the measured values of the six
best neighbouring cells are reported to the serving
BSC for handover purposes

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PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Measurements

BCCH carrier measurements are used for:

Idle Mode:
Cell Selection/Reselection
Dedicated Mode
Handovers
Power Control
Call Maintenance

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BCCH Carrier Measurements Idle Mode

85Bm RxLev

96dBm
RxLev / BSIC

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BCCH Carrier Measurement Idle Mode

Neighbouring Cells:
MS scans all carriers listed in the BA list and
identifies the 6 strongest
Signal level averaged over at least 5 measurements
Result stored in RXLEV (n) parameter
MS must attempt to decode the BCCH channel of 6
best neighbours at least every 30 seconds

Serving Cell
Measurements taken during allocated paging block
Measurements averaged over 5 consecutive paging
blocks or 5 seconds (whichever greater)

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BCCH Carrier Measurements Dedicated Mode

RxLev
RxQual

Measurement
Reports

RxLev / BSIC

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BCCH Carrier Measurement Dedicated Mode

MS measures neighbouring cells for:

BCCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev)

MS measures serving cell for:

BCCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev_Full)

BCCH Receive Signal Quality (Rx_Qual_Full)
Idle TCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev_Sub)
Idle TCH Receive Signal Quality (Rx_Qual_Sub)

MS sends a Measurement Report to the BSC on

SACCH every 4 TCH Multiframes
BSC measures MS uplink Rx_Qual and Rx_Lev

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Cell Reselection Causes

C1 indicates that the path loss to the

serving cell has become too high
Downlink signalling failure
Serving cell has become barred
Better cell (in terms C2 value)
Random access attempts unsuccessful after
"Max retrans" repetitions

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End of Section

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Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 3 2G Signalling Flow
www.nubeesystem.com

PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com

Call Phases

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PT. Nubee System

Signalling Charts
Basic call

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Signaling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH Radio Fail

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TCH Rf Old HO

Signalling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH Abis Fail Call

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TCH Abis Fail Call/ TCH LAPD Fail

Signalling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH A_if Fail Call

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TCH A_if Fail Old

End of Section

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Nubee Training Center (NTC)

GSM PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT
Section 4 Optimization Cases

www.nubeesystem.com

PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com

Outline

Problems Sysmtoms
Coverage Analysis
Drop Call Analysis
Call Setup Analysis
Handover Analysis
Speech Quality Analysis
Interference Reduction
Parameter Optim

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42

Concept for Optimisation

Status of the
Network
Decide further
Analysis Program

Alternatives

Analyzing
Programs
Coverage
Dropped Calls

Network
Snapshot

Call Setup Success

Handover Perf.
Speech Quality
Quick
Check
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PT. Nubee System

General Check

Analysis Programs
Coverage:

Analysis for Fulfilment of

Coverage Requirements
(Urban, rural ... areas, outdoor,
in-car, indoor)

Dropped Call:

Analysis for Dropped Calls due

to Interference, SW/HW
failures, Transmission Network
Failures

Call Setup:

Analysis for Blocking and

Capacity
Limitations, Analysis for
Resource Allocation Procedures

Handover:

Analysis for Efficient Handover

Performance

Speech Quality:

Analysis for Interference

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PT. Nubee System

Problem Symptoms
No service

High call drop rate

RF Network
No coverage
Interference
No coverage
Handover failure
No System Availability
Fixed Network BSS, SSS
Network Element Failures
Network Element Failure
Transmission Failures
Transmission Network Failures
Other networks
Mobile terminal

Low call setup success rate

RF Network
Poor speech quality
RF Network
No coverage
No coverage
Interference
Interference
Blocking
Poor handover performance
Fixed Network BSS, SSS
Fixed Network BSS, SSS
Network element failure
Blocking
Transmission network failure
Overload
Other networks
Other
Mobile Phone

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Coverage Analysis

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Signal Strength Case Possible Reasons

Shadowed Antenna
Antenna Direction
Antenna Height / down tilt
Output Power

Missing Neighbor Relation

Site Location
Faulty Hardware e.g. antenna
Cell is down

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PT. Nubee System

Test Mobile Measurements

Consequences of poor RxLev:
Low RxQual
Vulnerable to interference
Limitation with drive tests:
Downlink only
Another method:
Statistical analysis
OMC or drive tests

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Signal Strength Case

Analysis
Shadowed Antenna

Faulty Hardware

Visit site

Check output power

Check antenna installation

Parameters

Check alarm & BTS Error

log

Is there a better antenna

position at same site?

BSPWRT - NON BCCH FREQ

Visit site

Height/down Tilt

BSPWRB - BCCH FREQ

Missing Neighbor

Site Location

Add reduce down tilt?

Is the call dragged?

Possible to move site?

Can antenna be placed

lower or higher to give
better coverage?

Is low SS due to missing

neighbor relations

New antenna location at

same site? Is it necessary
to expand and build a new
site?

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Output Power

PT. Nubee System

Signal Strength Case Possible Solutions

Change parameter BSPWR , BSPWRT.
Add neighbor relation.
Physical changes:
Antenna direction

Antenna height, tilt or position

New site as last option.

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PT. Nubee System

Link Budget Analysis

Check for link budget imbalance

Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink
Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget = 0!
Link Power Budget is balanced!

downlink

uplink

P A o u tp u t p o w e r

d o w n lin k

c o m b in e r lo s s
c a b le lo s s d o w n lin k
R x S e n sitiv ity M S

n
a la

d
ce

Po

r
we

Bu

e
dg

BTS

R x S e n sitiv ity B S

c a b le lo s s u p lin k

a n te n n a d iv e rs ity g a in

u p lin k
M S Peak Pow er

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51

Link Budget Analysis

Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink

Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget 0!
Link Power Budget is unbalanced!

RxLev/dBm
-55,00

35% Coverage Loss @ 3dB!

-65,00
RxLev for Indoor
Coverage(90%)
Links balanced

-75,00

3dB unbalanced

55% Coverage Loss @ 6 dB! 6dB unbalanced

Caused by wrong assumption for

Receiver Sensitivity
Diversity Gain
Propagation Environment
Link Balancing via
Optimization of Diversity
Tower mounted amplifier
High power amplifier

-85,00
0,20

0,40
0,60
Distance from BTS in km

0,80

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52

Drop Call Analysis

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Dropped Call Analysis

How to <easure
Drive Test
Repeated call setups (preferred)
Continuous calls

Statistic Review from OSS measurements

Reasons for Dropped Calls

Lack of coverage
Interference problems
Handover problems
Lack of synchronisation in network
Problems with other parts of the network

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PT. Nubee System

54

Overview

Dropped calls abnormal disconnections during call

setup/conversation
Subscriber perception
TCH drop interrupt conversation
when SDCCH drop, user redial again

Analysis focus on TCH drop

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55

Overview cont.

TCH Drop
Excessive Timing Advance
Low Signal Strength
Bad Quality
Sudden Loss
Other reason

TxNDROP (x=F for full rate, x=H for half rate)

total number of dropped TCH connections
incremented when theres abnormally terminated connections

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56

Dropped Call - Excessive Timing Advance

Drop call due to excessive TA occurs when TA>TALIM . Counter
TxDISTA is incremented.

TxDISTA
T _ DR _ TA
100%
TxNDROP
Probable reason
Location : high site, site close to water - able to capture far away traffic
Parameters : 1) TALIM low TALIM gives the perception that more
dropped calls are due to excessive TA
2) MAXTA call release is TA>=MAXTA

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57

Excessive TA Troubleshooting
Check MAXTA & TALIM. Setting MAXTA & TALIM to a higher value
(MAXTA=63, TALIM=62) could help
If cell coverage is very large, can consider to reducing coverage by down
tilting, reducing antenna height, lowering output power

If site is in rural area and need to cover large area Extended Range feature
might be useful

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58

Dropped Call due to Excessive TA - Example

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
25.00

2.5

Reason for excessive TA isolated high site

20.00

2
15.00
1.5
10.00
1
5.00

0.5

Tue 16/4/02

Mon 15/4/02

Sun 14/4/02

Sat 13/4/02

Tue 9/4/02

Mon 8/4/02

Sun 7/4/02

Sat 6/4/02

Fri 5/4/02

Thu 4/4/02

Wed 3/4/02

Tue 2/4/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

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Mon 1/4/02

Sun 31/3/02

0
Sat 30/3/02

0.00

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call - Low Signal Strength

Dropped calls due to low signal strength can occur in downlink
(DL), uplink (UL) or bothlink (BL)
Reasons :
Isolated site
Antenna/Feeders too much downtilt, incorrect orientation,
hidden antenna, faulty antenna/feeders
Output power incorrect power settings
BSC Exchange property improper LOWSSUL/DL settings
Unforseen subscriber behaviour use MS in lifts, car park
Missing NREL
Obstacles building, hills, tunnel etc.
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60

Low SS Troubleshooting

Check power settings (BSPWRB, BSPWRT), power

balance
Check neighbour relations
i. use site position on map and manually determine
neighbour
ii. find suitable neighbour
iii. consistency check to find missing relations

BTS error log check for any hardware faults

indicating high VSWR
Perform drivetest
Check for missing neighbours, swapped feeders, probable
obstacles
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61

Low SS Troubleshooting cont.

LOWSSUL & LOWSSDL settings

The settings of LOWSSUL/DL influences the counter step
If LOWSSDL & LOWSSUL have same value, than STS would
probably indicate most of the low SS drop is on the UL.
Recommend to have LOWSSDL > LOWSSUL because
MS&BTS sensitivity different and SS on UL&DL are different

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62

Dropped Call due to Low SS Example 1

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
10.00

25

Reason : Island site with hilly and dense vegetation

surroundings

9.00
8.00

20

7.00
6.00

15

5.00
4.00

10

3.00
2.00

1.00

Tue 16/4/02

Mon 15/4/02

Sun 14/4/02

Sat 13/4/02

Tue 9/4/02

Mon 8/4/02

Sun 7/4/02

Sat 6/4/02

Fri 5/4/02

Thu 4/4/02

Wed 3/4/02

Tue 2/4/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

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Mon 1/4/02

0
Sun 31/3/02

0.00

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call due to Low SS Example 2

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
70.00

16

Solution: Define NREL and new site

60.00

14
12

50.00

10
40.00
8
30.00
6
20.00

Tue 19/3/02

Mon 18/3/02

Sun 17/3/02

Sat 16/3/02

Fri 15/3/02

Thu 14/3/02

Wed 13/3/02

Tue 12/3/02

Mon 11/3/02

Sun 10/3/02

Sat 9/3/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

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Fri 8/3/02

0
Thu 7/3/02

0.00
Wed 6/3/02

Tue 5/3/02

10.00

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call Bad Quality

Dropped calls due to bad quality can occur in downlink

(DL), uplink (UL) or bothlink (BL)
Reasons :
Frequency plan adjacent and co-channel interference
No dominant server low SS
Missing NREL MS is not able to connect to strongest server
Hardware problems antennas, feeders, connectors
Environment near open water
External other networks, microwave links, illegal transmitters

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65

Bad Quality Troubleshooting cont.

Perform drivetest
Can locate interferer by halting the effected cell &
performing freq. scanning to locate the interfering cell.
Can also use spectrum analyser
Check for missing NREL

QLIMUL & QLIMDL ensure correct settings.

Recommended QLIMUL/DL = 55 for hopping and
QLIMUL/DL = 45 for non-hopping
Reduce interference if cant change freq, then
consider downtilt/power down interferer
Use features IHO,DTX, Frequency hopping, MS/BTS
Power Control
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66

Dropped Call due to Bad Quality Example 1

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
300.00

250.00

20

Reason: External Interference

18
16
14

200.00

12
150.00

10
8

100.00

6
4

50.00

2
Tue 19/3/02

Mon 18/3/02

Sun 17/3/02

Sat 16/3/02

Fri 15/3/02

Thu 14/3/02

Wed 13/3/02

Tue 12/3/02

Mon 11/3/02

Sun 10/3/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

Company Confidential
67

Sat 9/3/02

Fri 8/3/02

0
Thu 7/3/02

0.00

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call due to Bad Quality Example 2

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
200.00

10

Reason: Faulty antenna

180.00

0.00

0
Tue 19/3/02

1
Mon 18/3/02

20.00
Sun 17/3/02

Sat 16/3/02

40.00

Fri 15/3/02

Thu 14/3/02

60.00

Wed 13/3/02

Tue 12/3/02

80.00

Mon 11/3/02

Sun 10/3/02

100.00

Sat 9/3/02

Fri 8/3/02

120.00

Thu 7/3/02

Wed 6/3/02

140.00

Tue 5/3/02

Mon 4/3/02

160.00

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

Company Confidential
68

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call due to Bad Quality Example 3

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
70.00

1.4

60.00

Reason : Co-channel interference

1.2

50.00

Solution: Change to cleaner frequency

40.00

0.8

30.00

0.6

20.00

0.4

10.00

0.2

Tue 19/3/02

Mon 18/3/02

Sun 17/3/02

Sat 16/3/02

Fri 15/3/02

Thu 14/3/02

Wed 13/3/02

Tue 12/3/02

Mon 11/3/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

Company Confidential
69

Sun 10/3/02

0
Sat 9/3/02

0.00

PT. Nubee System

Dropped Call Sudden Loss

Valid when none of the first 3 types of droppped calls

(i.e. excessive TA, low SS, BQ) are indicated and
locating procedure indicates missing measurement
results from MS

Company Confidential
70

PT. Nubee System

70

Sudden Loss Probable Reason

Environment sudden drop in SS, such as when

subscribers enter into building, lift, tunnel etc.
Battery MS battery finishes during conversation, or
battery being pulled out
BTS/MS hardware fault
Transmission fault synchronization/ABIS link fault
Interference very sudden and severe occurrence of
interference or bad quality

Company Confidential
71

PT. Nubee System

71

Sudden Loss Troubleshooting

RLINKT & RLINKUP check is correct settings.

Consider increasing for certain scenarios
Check synchronization and link faults
Check BTS error log
Check if its related to human behaviour

Company Confidential
72

PT. Nubee System

72

Dropped Call due to Sudden Loss - Example

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
900.00

25

800.00

Reason : Co-channel interference

700.00

20

Solution : Change to less interfered

frequency

600.00
500.00

15

400.00

10

300.00
200.00

100.00

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

PT. Nubee System

Wed 31/7/02

Tue 30/7/02

Mon 29/7/02

Sun 28/7/02

Sat 27/7/02

Fri 26/7/02

Thu 25/7/02

Wed 24/7/02

Tue 23/7/02

Mon 22/7/02

Sun 21/7/02

Sat 20/7/02

Fri 19/7/02

Thu 18/7/02

Wed 17/7/02

Tue 16/7/02

Mon 15/7/02

Sun 14/7/02

Sat 13/7/02

Fri 12/7/02

Thu 11/7/02

Wed 10/7/02

Tue 9/7/02

Mon 8/7/02

Sun 7/7/02

Sat 6/7/02

Fri 5/7/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Company Confidential
73

Thu 4/7/02

Wed 3/7/02

Tue 2/7/02

0
Mon 1/7/02

0.00

Dropped Call Other Reasons

TCH drops due to other reason than low SS, bad quality,
excessive TA and sudden loss.
Reasons :

No specific counters reasons for it occuring are subjective

Hardware faults BTS or MS
Transmission/link problems
Maintainence work affecting network service
Interference severe interference problems

Company Confidential
74

PT. Nubee System

74

Other Reasons - Troubleshooting

Check BTS error log any HW faults

Check with O&M transmission problems,
maintainence work during the effected time period
Check if indicating uplink interference in cell
Check object type help find faulty devices

Company Confidential
75

PT. Nubee System

75

Dropped Call due to Other Reasons - Example

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
300.00

250.00

3.5

Reason : Faulty TRU

Solution : Replace TRU

200.00

2.5

150.00

2
1.5

100.00

1
50.00

0.5

Tue 19/3/02

Mon 18/3/02

Sun 17/3/02

Sat 16/3/02

Fri 15/3/02

Thu 14/3/02

Wed 13/3/02

Tue 12/3/02

Mon 11/3/02

Low Signal Strength Downlink

Low Signal Strength Uplink

Low Signal Strength Bothink

Bad Quality Downlink

Bad Quality Upink

Bad Quality Bothlink

Excessive TA

Sudden Drop

Other Reasons

T_DR-S

Company Confidential
76

Sun 10/3/02

0
Sat 9/3/02

0.00

PT. Nubee System

Call Setup Analysis

Company Confidential
77

PT. Nubee System

MAXRETR

Slotted ALOHA mechanism: Several users may attempt to

access channel simultaneously
in case of collision new attempts are made
MAXRETR: Maximum no. of retries allowed

BTS

MS

E.g: MAXRETR = 2

Company Confidential
78

PT. Nubee System

78

Call Setup Failure Analysis

Analysis-- Possible Reasons with Ranking

Low Signal Strength

Interference
High Congestion on SDCCH
High Congestion on TCH
Transmission Fault
Faulty TRU/Hardware
Central Processor Overload
Software File Congestion
Cell is not defined in MSC.

Company Confidential
79

PT. Nubee System

Page - 79

Call Setup Failure Analysis

Analysis-- Possible Solutions

Low signal strength Signal strength analysis.

Interference Interference analysis.
High Congestion on SDCCH:
Define more SDCCHs.
Activate adaptive configuration of logical channel feature
and immediate assignment to TCH.

High Congestion on TCH:

Add capacity/Tune coverage array.
Activate assignment to worse cell.

Company Confidential
80

PT. Nubee System

Page - 80

Failed Call Setup (Blocked Call) Example

Multiple Channel Requests.

Successful Random Access after the third try.
Congestion in SDCCH.

Company Confidential
81

PT. Nubee System

Handover Analysis

Company Confidential
82

PT. Nubee System

Handover Performance Analysis

When moving from one cell to another (neighbour cells) handovers are
necessary
Too many neighbours
Inaccurate handover
decision
Handover Failure &
Dropped Call

SIEMENS AG
MON MAR15 15:18:41
SCALE 1:2500
EqualPowerBoundary
Mutual Neighbour
Non-Mutual Neighbour
Missing Neighbour
Too many Neighbours

Missing Neighbour
definition
Handover Failure
Dropped Call

Company Confidential
83

PT. Nubee System

83

Handover Parameters

Objectives:
mobile should be connected to
the bestcell
avoid unnecessary handovers

Consequence
good speech quality
less dropped calls

Company Confidential
84

PT. Nubee System

84

Consequence of Missing Neighbours

Defined neighbours
Server
Missing neighbour
Interferer

f1
f1

Missing neighbour cells

Cell dragging

Congestion

Cell dragging

Poor RxQual

Poor RxLev

Interference

Exceeded distance

Poor PBGT

Dropped Calls

Company Confidential
85

PT. Nubee System

85

Consequence of Many Neighbour Definitions

Only about 100 measurement samples are possible

during one measurement period for all defined neighbor
cells
Number of BCCH carriers
In BCCH Allocation
32
16
10
8
:

Number of samples per

Carrier in SACCH multiframe
3-4
6-7
10-11
12-13
:

Too many neighbour cells

Inaccurate signal level measurement
False handover decisions

(Rec. GSM 0508)

Problem:
Sites with too
large coverage
area

Dropped Calls
Company Confidential
86

PT. Nubee System

86

Handover Measurements
Handover due to a better cell
(RxLev_1 > RxLev_Full)

Handover due to bad quality

Can also be analysed

by statistics
Company Confidential
87

Nubee System

Handover Parameters

Fine-tuning of handover parameters

Moving cell boundaries in order to
Enhance success rate for critical handovers
Minimise local interference at the cell edge
Traffic load sharing between cells

Compared to other opimisation measures improvement

potential is limited
Affected by
Measurement averaging
Power control parameters

Neighbours
should in general
be mutual

Company Confidential
88

PT. Nubee System

88

Radio Link Measurements

BTS measurements (Uplink):

Signal level
Quality
BS-MS distance
(Interference levels in idle time slots)

BSC

UL
DL
Neighbour

MS

BTS

Company Confidential
89

PT. Nubee System

89

Radio Link Measurements

MS measurements (Downlink)
Signal Level
Quality
Signal levels of neighbouring cells (BCCH)

BSC

Strongest 6 are reported to the Network

UL
DL
Neighbour

MS

BTS

Company Confidential
90

PT. Nubee System

90

Radio Link Measurements

BSC (In general)

Collects all data
BTS and MS send measurement reports every 480 ms
Makes handover decisions
BSC

UL
DL
Neighbour

MS

BTS

Company Confidential
91

PT. Nubee System

91

Radio Link Measurements

Radio link measurements averaging

BTS (BSC) receives measurement samples from BTS + MS
every SACCH-Multiframe (480ms,104 TDMA frames)

Gliding Window
averaging Window size (max.31)
Window is cleared after call setup or handover

32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21
Average value = 24

Company Confidential
92

PT. Nubee System

92

Radio Link Measurements

32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21

Measurement Values each

SACCH Multiframe (0.48s)

32 32 27 27 23 29 29 29 21 21
Average value = 27

Company Confidential
93

PT. Nubee System

Handover Algorithm

Handover
Decision

IRQUAL

yes

Inter-cell HO
due to Quality

no

LEV

no

yes

Inter-cell HO
due to Level

no
DIST
no

Company Confidential
94

PT. Nubee System

PBGT

IAQUAL
no

yes

Inter-cell HO
due to Distance

No handover
action

yes
yes

Inter-cell HO
Power Budget

Intra-cell HO
due to Quality

Handover Criteria

Handover Region (due to quality and level)

Rx_Qual

L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH

7
Intercell HO
due to quality

Intracell HO
due to Quality

L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
Intercell HO
due to level

L_Rx_Lev_XX_H

No handover
action due to
quality or level

63

Rx_Lev

Company Confidential
95

PT. Nubee System

95

Handover Decision

Handover Types
Intercell HO
due to Quality

Decision Criteria
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH
3. XX_TXPWR = Min (XX_TXPWR_Max,P)
HO due to Level
1. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_H
2. XX_TXPWR = Min(XX_TXPWR_Max,P)
HO due to Distance 1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_Range_Max
HO due to
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n)
Power Budget
+ Max (0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)
2. PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n)
Intracell HO
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
due to Quality
2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH

Company Confidential
96

PT. Nubee System

Level Handovers
Receiver limit sensitivity
L_RXLEV_XX_H (outgoing level HO)
L_RXLEV_XX_IH (inter HO
/ intracell quality HO)
RXLEV_MIN (incoming HO)
BTS
RXLEV_MIN
threshold for cell to accept incoming handover
L_RXLEV_XX_H
threshold for initiating outgoing handover due to signal
level
relation with RXLEV_MIN will determine hysteresis
L_RXLEV_XX_IH
threshold for initiating inter / intracell quality HO

Company Confidential
97

PT. Nubee System

Power Budget Handover

Select cell with better signal level at given location

HO margin
Large enough to avoid ping-pong HO
Small enough to allow fast HO
BTS1

BTS2

Ping-Pong HO

1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)

2. PBGT(n) = RXLEV_NCELL(n)-(RXLEV_DL+PWR_C_D)
+Min(MS_TWPWR_MAX(n),P)-Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n),P)
> HO_MARGIN(n)
Company Confidential
98

PT. Nubee System

98

Handover Case
INPUT
Large area DT

Post-Processing

Specific area DT

Analysis

Look for:

Repeated handover (Ping Pong)

Repeated Intra-cell handover

Handover failure,
Unrealistic handover

Company Confidential
99

PT. Nubee System

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Examples

Company Confidential
100

PT. Nubee System

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Possible Reason 1

Near-go-round Handover, Offset > Hysterisis

Company Confidential
101

PT. Nubee System

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Possible Reason 2

Offset only in one direction e.g A-B for Inter BSC relation

BSC 1

CELL A

A -> B OFFSET = -5dB

Company Confidential
102

PT. Nubee System

BSC 2

CELL B

No B -> A OFFSET

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Other Possible Reasons

No dominant server
Locating penalty settings
Too small hysterisis setting
No dominant Server

Company Confidential
103

PT. Nubee System

Page - 103

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Other Possible Reasons

Antenna direction

Antenna Tilts
Plan for new site
Change Locating Parameter e.g.
KHYST or LHYST

Company Confidential
104

PT. Nubee System

Page - 104

Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Possible Solution

Change Parameter, KHYST or LHYST

CELL A

Hysterisis

CELL B

Handover
From A to B

Company Confidential
105

PT. Nubee System

Handover Case Handover Reversion

Check layer 3 message

Handover command BSC correct?

Check reason for handover SS, RXQUAL

Target cell?

Company Confidential
106

PT. Nubee System

Handover Reversion Common Reason

Duplicates of BSIC BCCH combinations in neighboring list

Handover command?
610_12
606_33
610_31

610_31

Serving cell

Neighbor cell 2

Neighbor cell 1
608_32
608_32

Road

Company Confidential
107

PT. Nubee System

Handover Reversion Other Reasons

Uplink interference in target cell
Downlink interference at MS
Solutions
Interference Investigation

Statistics
Scanning

Company Confidential
108

PT. Nubee System

Handover Case Repeated IntraIntra-cell Handover

Possible Reasons
Wrong intra-cell handover settings
External Uplink Interference
Possible Solutions

Consider to change parameters:

SSOFFSETUL, SSOFFSETDL
QOFFSETUL, QOFFSETDL

A wrong setting of parameters will cause unnecessary IHO

Turn off Intra-cell Handover?

Company Confidential
109

PT. Nubee System

Speech Quality Analisys

Company Confidential
110

PT. Nubee System

Speech Quality Analysis

Parameters
RxQual
Frame Erasure Rate (FER)
Speech Quality Index (SQI)

Measurements
Drive test

Causes of interference
co-channel interference
adjacent channel interference
intermodulation
mainly on one link only

multipath interference

preferably continuous call

OMC statistics

Cause for poor quality

low signal strength (coverage
related
interference
low signal strength and
interference

Company Confidential
111

Nubee System

Interfering cell of
base station
within GSM network

Base station
within GSM
Network

Downlink Interference Measurement

Typical requirement
speech: RxQual 4
data: RxQual 3

BER %
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.8
0.8 - 1.6
1.6 - 3.2
3.2 - 6.4
6.4 - 12.8
> 12.8

RxQual
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

With frequency hopping:

RxQual not a valid parameter
Company Confidential
112

PT. Nubee System

112

Frequency Changes
Sometimes necessary to minimise interference
As network reaches capacity limit this becomes difficult
Other frequencies may be affected by the change

Can be done at either interfering cell or victim cell

Choice: Whichever happens to be easier to change

Existing plan may be entered into planning tool as constraints

search for optimum frequency allocation for a given cell

At a certain point the whole network e.g. in a city may have to be

re-planned

Company Confidential
113

PT. Nubee System

113

Frequency Changes

BCCH/TCH swapping
Method sometimes used: Alternate between clusters

BCCH: 794
TCH:797

BCCH: 794

before

BCCH: 797
TCH:794

BCCH: 794

after

Effectiveness depends on TCH traffic load

BCCH / TCH sub-bands are mixed
Could be used as a temporary measure

while traffic load is low

Company Confidential
114

PT. Nubee System

114

BSIC Optimisation

Base Station Identity Codes

Used by the MS to distinguish between cells using the
same frequency
Co-Channel cells must have different BSICs

f9
f9

f9

Company Confidential
115

PT. Nubee System

115

Call Setup/Handover Mechanisms

20-25 dB street corner loss:
Fast handovers required
Micro-micro
Micro-macro

Fast measurement averaging

Carefully tuned handover
thresholds
Small handover margins
Short penalty timers

Company Confidential
116

PT. Nubee System

116

Location Area Codes

Purpose
Identify location area
In incoming call is paged to all BTSs within LA

Large location area

Advantage: less location updates (reduced SDCCH load)
Disadvantage: more paging traffic

Boundaries should not cross high traffic areas

Cell reselection across LA boundaries
Parameter Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis (typ. 4 dB) used to avoid
unnecessary signalling due to ping-pong cell reselections

Company Confidential
117

PT. Nubee System

117

Interference Reduction

Company Confidential
118

PT. Nubee System

Interference Reduction

Power Control
Frequency Hopping
Discontinuous Transmission DTX

Company Confidential
119

PT. Nubee System

119

Power Control

Quality-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXQUAL_XX_P = 4
Triggers a power increase at poor quality

e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 1
Triggers a power reduction at good quality
Virtually disabled by setting to highest RXQUAL value
Level criterion is more suitable for power reduction

Level-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXLEV_XX_P = 25 (-85 dBm)
Triggers a power increase at bad level

e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 35 (-75 dBm)

Triggers a power reduction at good level

Company Confidential
120

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120

Power Control
RXQUAL

Power Increase
(bad quality)

L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Decrease
(Good Level)

Power Increase
(bad level)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P

Power Decrease
(good quality)
L_RXLEV_XX_P

U_RXLEV_XX_P

RXLEV

2*POW_RED_STEP_SIZE

Company Confidential
121

PT. Nubee System

121

Frequency Hopping

Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping

Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0

SDCCH

Call 1

Call 2

f1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)

Company Confidential
122

PT. Nubee System

122

Frequency Hopping

Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping

Baseband / Synthesized hopping

0 BCCH
0

SDCCH

Call 1
Call 2

f1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)

Company Confidential
123

PT. Nubee System

123

Frequency Hopping

Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping

Baseband / Synthesized hopping

0 BCCH
0

SDCCH

Call 1

Call 2

f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7

f6
f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7

f4

f7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)
Company Confidential
124

PT. Nubee System

124

DTX
Goal: Reduce speech data rate from 13 kbps (user speaking) to
500 bps (enough to encode background noise)
reduce MS power consumption
reduce the interference in a cell

SBS parameter for DTX / VAS administration

DTXUL -> 0 : MS may use DTX (If possible)
1 : MS shall use DTX
2 : MS shall not use DTX
DTXDL -> FALSE : downlink DTX disabled at BTS
TRUE : downlink DTX enabled at BTS

PS! No gain for data communications

Company Confidential
125

PT. Nubee System

125

Interference Case
TEMS

INPUT

Logfiles

Large area DT

Post-Processing

Specific area DT

Analysis

Identify areas with Rxqual > 5

Identify source using Map and STS
New drive test around problem area?

Company Confidential
126

PT. Nubee System

Interference Case Logfile analysis

From logfile & map:
What channel group suffer from interference? HOP or Non HOP?

Check Current channel information in TEMS INV, hopping

channel and hopping frequency.
Where does the interference come from? Cell name?

Study map and logfile, look for co-channel or adjacent channel

interference.
Does the interference lead to lower SQI?
Look at SQI measurement during high RxQual.

Company Confidential
127

PT. Nubee System

Types of Interference

Co - Channel interference
Adjacent Interference

CASE 1

BCCH 600
BCCH 595

CASE 2

High
site

BCCH 590
BCCH 590

BCCH 590
BCCH 590

Company Confidential
128

PT. Nubee System

Page - 128

Interference Case Possible Reasons

Poor frequency plan
No dominant cell --> low C/I ---> increased Rxqual
Frequency Hopping is off
External interference e.g. jammer

Example of high Rxqual due

to low Signal Strength

Company Confidential
129

PT. Nubee System

Interference Case Possible solutions

Enable Frequency Hopping or add frequencies to Hopping group.
Enable BTS Power Control, MS power control and make it less
aggressive.
Change frequency of interferer or interfered cell:
Possible to find new frequency by using TEMS Scanning.

Down tilt or change antenna of interferer.

Redo frequency plan.

Add new site.

Company Confidential
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Page - 130

Capacity Enhancements

Company Confidential
131

PT. Nubee System

Capacity Enhancements

Easy approach: Add TRXs

Problem: No more frequencies:
Options

Traffic load distribution

Interference optimisation features: FH, PC, DTX
Sectorisation: Increasing cell density
Cell splitting: Increasing site density
HCS

Dual band operation (e.g. GSM900/DCS1800)

Dual mode operation (e.g. GSM900/DECT)
Underlay / Overlay
Overlaid micro- and picocells

Half rate coding

Migration to 3rd Generation Systems

Company Confidential
132

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132

Adding TRX
Congested cells found by OSS measurements
Sec TRX GOS 2% Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week6 Week7
BTS1
1
3
14.9 10.53
9.66 10.21
9.88 10.54
9.97 10.37
BTS2
2
2
8.2
7.43
7.26
7.59
6.98
7.55
8.02
8.33
BTS3
3
3
14.9 11.92
11.4 12.12 11.82 11.75 12.02 12.15

Sector 2 will experience congestion

Sometimes percentage limit, e.g. 80%, of full load defined
Sector 3 is near that limit

Possible limitations of TRX extensions:

Need for changed hardware configuration costly
e.g. new BTS rack needed

Frequency Spectrum limited

Company Confidential
133

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133

Interference Reduction Features

Frequency Hopping (FH)
Dynamic Power Control (PC)
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
allow tighter frequency re-us
(already considered for 40-60 Erl./km2 in macrocell layer with 5 to 10 MHz)

3No additional sites or frequencies required

3Available, stable
3Implementation causes no disturbance of
network operation

7Little or no effect if available spectrum is very

limited (BCCH limitations)

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Traffic Load Distribution

Traffic in a cell related to cell coverage area

If sufficient overlap between cells:
reduce traffic by changing cell boundary
antenna downtilt
reduce power (PWRRED)
alter handover boundaries

Usually a temporary solution only

Default HO boundaries
Changed HO boundaries
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Call Setup/
Setup/H
Handover Mechanisms

Relieve macrocells from traffic

Umbrella type handover into microcells

Directed retry
Allows call setup In second-best server, shares traffic
resources between layers

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Hierarchical Cell Structures

Underlay/Overlay
Umbrella cells: Dominant site with large coverage area
low traffic - fast mobiles

Macrocells: Antenna above average rooftop level

normal traffic

Microcell: Antenna below average rooftop level

cover small high traffic areas

Picocell: Antenna
usually indoors
coverage to building
or parts thereof - e.g.
Business users

Ls

Indoor coverage
Outdoor Installation

Hotspot

Parking lot

Contiguous M icrocellular Coverage

Subway Coverage Extension

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Concentric Cells

C/I = 17 dB

C/I = 17 dB
C/I = 0 dB

f3

f1

f2

f3

Inner cell can use 1 x 3 reuse pattern

Special handover mechanisms between layers
Limited gains for uniform traffic distribution
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Overlaid Micro and Picocells

The smallest cells should absorb most of the traffic

in their coverage area
Larger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not
covered by small cells

Macrocells
Microcells
Picocells
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Microcell Frequency Planning

Different resolutions required for different layers

flexibility of planning tool needed

Dedicated frequency bands for different layers

Reduce complexity of frequency optimisation task
Guard band may be needed to avoid adjacent channel
interference

Call Setup/handover strategy

Serving
BTS

reduce macrocell traffic

determine mobile speed
Fast handovers
Loss around street corner: 20 dB!

Micro BTS

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Speed Sensitive Handovers

Mechanisms to separate fast from slow mobiles

mobile class
today mostly same class is used (e.g. GSM900 class 4)

measurement of the timing advance delta

only works for direction away from site

cell type
try to keep handovers within same layer unless speed change

mean time between handovers

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Half Rate Coding / Dual Rate Operation

Has potential to double network capacity

Advantages:
No additional sites / frequencies required
Minimum investment for infrastructure upgrade

Disadvantage:
Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13
kb/s to 6.5 kb/s)
Especially mobile-to-mobile calls

Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users /

data traffic

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Cell Parameter Optim

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Cell Parameter Optimisation

Default parameter sets:

Standard setting suitable for most cases
Starting point for possible optimisation, however
more relevant after other optimisation activities

Different parameter standards may be used for

different area types
BTS types
etc.

Danger
many parameters easy to lose overview
inconsistencies
deterioration of quality
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Effect

Possible Network Optimization Measures

Fine tuning of antenna

orientation and tilt
Adding
TRX

Repeaters
Preamps

Frequency
Changes

Sectorisation

HR
Cell parameter
setting

Underlay/
Overlay

FH, PC, DTX

Dual band

Dual mode

Cost, Effort

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Cell spiltting

Overlaid
microcells

Increasing Network Capacity

The relationship between quality and capacity

In a congested network, quality can deteriorate very
quickly:
Congestion
Poor speech
quality

Extended call
setup times
Interference/
Noise

Unavailability
of service

Dropped
call

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End of Section

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Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 5 2G Drivetest Analyst Real Case
www.nubeesystem.com

PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com

Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Accesibility

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Retainability

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Retainability

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Retainability

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Retainability

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Retainability

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Retainability

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Mobility

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Mobility

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Mobility

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End of Section

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