Mathematical Analysis
1
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Cofactors and Cramers Rule
Set 1
(3 3)
x1 + 2x2 3x3 = 13
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 3
x1 x2 2x3 = 2
Note use of x1 , x2 etc
A
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
B=
13
3
Inverse of a 3 3 by cofactors (on Set 1)
1
Det A = 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1
This is expanding across the top row (the 1, 2 and 3).
E apply + + as well.
The minor determinants are what is left when you delete
the row and column for that position.
= 1(2 1) 2(4 1) 3(2 1)
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
Mathematical Analysis
2
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
= 1(1) 2(5) 3(3) = 1 + 10 + 9 = 18
The 9 cofactors are the 4 numbers left when we delete
the row and column for that particular position.
We also apply the matrix: + +
+
++
1 1
2 1
2 2
1 2
1 1
1 2
2 3 1 3
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1
Cofactors are
2 3
1 1
1 3
1 2
2 1
2 1
1
7
5
1
3
3
Cofactors transposed are =
1
5
7
1
3
5
7
We do this by writing the rows as columns
A
7
1
1
5
18
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
5
7
Mathematical Analysis
3
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
So
x1
x
2
x 3
7
1
1
5
18
18
1
54
18
36
5
7
13
3
1
3
ie x1 = 1 , x2 = 3 and x3 = 2
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
Mathematical Analysis
4
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Cramers Method (on Set 1)
A=
1
2
2
1
1
1 =
2 =
3 =
3
1
2
= detA = 18
13
13
13
We find 4 determinants.
is the matrix of coefficients
1 is the matrix of coefficients with the right hand
columns matrix in the first column
2 is the matrix of coefficients with the right hand
columns matrix in the second column
3 is the matrix of coefficients with the right hand
columns matrix in the second column
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
Mathematical Analysis
5
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
1 = 18
x1 =
18
18
2 = 54
=1
x2 =
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
3 = 36
54
18
=3
x3 =
36
18
= 2
Mathematical Analysis
6
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Set 2
By cofactors
5x1 x2 + 2x3 = 3
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 8
x1 + 3x2 3x3 = 2
Det =
5 (15) + 1(6 1) + 2(6 4)
75 7 + 4 = 78
4 1
2 1
1 3
3 3
Cofactors
Inverse is
1
are 3
1
4
15
1
7
78
2
2
3
5 2
1 3
2 4
1 3
5 1
1 3
15
3
2
1
3
17
16
5 2
2 1
9
1
22
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
5 1
2 4
answer is
1
2
3 2
1
7
17
1
2
16
22
Mathematical Analysis
7
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Set 2
=
1 =
5
2
1
by Cramers
1
4
3
= 78
3
8
1
4
2
1
2 =
5
2
1
3
8
2
3 =
5
2
1
1
4
3
x1 =
2
1
3
39 1
78 2
2
1
3
3
8
2
= 39
= 117
= 78
x2 =
177 3
78
2
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
and x3 =
78
78
Mathematical Analysis
8
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Set 3
by cofactors
x1 + 5x2 + 5x3 = 2
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 6
3x1
+ x3 = 1
Det = 7
Inverse is
Set 3
=
2 =
2
1
7
7
6
5
14
15
5
7
8
3
9
answer is
10
by Cramers
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
2
0
2
6
1
5
3
1
5
3
1
=7
1 =
= 63
x1 = 3, x2 = 9 and x3 = 10
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
2
6
1
5
2
0
3 =
5
3
1
1
2
3
= 21
5
2
0
2
6
1
= 70
Mathematical Analysis
9
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Set 4
5
4
2
3
2
4
5
3
12
12
Inv =
1
2
2
7
2
9
7
(Det = 1)
Answer = (2,3,1)
Set 5
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
5
6
= 13, 1 = 26, 2 = 13 and 3 = 13
Answer = (1,2,1)
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
Mathematical Analysis
10
Matrices Lecture 2 of 4
Set 6
2
1
3
0
1
1
2
0
2
1
Det = 1
Inverse is
2
2
1
1
1
6
5
3
Answer is (27, 23,13)
= 1, 1 = 27, 2 = 23 and 3 = 13
Mjbs\MathematicalAnalysis\MatLec2
