Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Muhammad Faizan Malik

 Week 5 Timers and Counters

2
Course Outline
Week Topic
1 Introduction
8051Microcontroller
2
Architecture
3 Assembly Language
4 Assembly Language Contd.
Timers and Counters
5, 6 Serial Port
Interrupt
7 Design and Interface Examples
8086 / 8088 Microprocessor
8
Introduction and Architecture
9 Midterm Exam
10 Hardware and Design
11 Programming in Assembly
PIC 18 F Microcontroller
12
Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins
13 Programming
14 Timers
15, 16 Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers
17 Revision

3
Organization

Introduction

Timers
Delay Generation
Measuring Time

Counters

4
Timers and Counters
2 Timers in 8051
T0
T1

Timers can be used to

1. Measure time between events
2. Generate required amount of time
3. Count events
4. Generate baud rate for Serial communication

5
Timers and Counters
Modes of operation are

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

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Timers and Counters
Always counts up in any operational mode
Timer
Counter

Timer
Timer increments by 1 every machine cycle
Counter
Increments at every input pulse

Time of 1 Machine Cycle, for 12 MHZ crystal?

1 micro second for crystal of 12 MHz
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Timers and Counters
Time of 1 Machine Cycle for 11.0592 MHz crystal?
Oscillator (Crystal) : 11.0592 MHz

12 Clock cycles make 1 Machine cycle

1 Machine Cycle = 12 Clock cycles

Time of 1 clock cycle = 1 / 11.0592M

Time of 1 Machine Cycle = 12* (1 / 11.0592M )

1 Machine Cycle = 1.0851 Micro Seconds

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Timers and Counters
Timer SFRs

9
Timers and Counters
Timer SFRs

SFR Timer Description

TMOD T0 and T1 Set Timer Mode

TCON T0 and T1 Control Timer Operation

TL0 T0 Timer 0 Low Byte

TH0 T0 Timer 0 High Byte

TL1 T1 Timer 1 Low Byte

TH1 T1 Timer 1 High Byte

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Timers and Counters
Separate Registers TH and TL
High and Low byte of Timer
Timer 0:
TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
TIMER 0

Timer 1:
TH1 TL1
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
TIMER 1

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Timers and Counters
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Configuring = 1 Timer will only run when INT1 is
Timers high. (Calculate Time between
7 GATE1 1
events)
= 0 for Timer1

TMOD =1 Input on P3.5 drives time. Counter

6 C/T1 Mode 1
= 0 Crystal drives Timer. Timer Mode
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
= 1 Timer will only run when INT0 is
high. (Calculate Time between
3 GATE0 0
events)
= 0 for Timer0
=1 Counter
2 C/T0 0
= 0 Timer
1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
12
0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
Timers and Counters

13
 Timers

14
Timers and Counters
Modes of operation are

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

15
Timers

Timer Operation
1. Configure timers (TMOD)
2. Initialize values (TH and TL)
3. Start and Stop Timer (TCON)

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Timers
Using 8051 Timers TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
TH and TL contain the TIMER 0
value of timer
TH1 TL1
Timers count UP. This value (1 Byte) (1 Byte)
will be incremented by 1 every TIMER 1
machine cycle

When TH and TL have maximum value, next machine cycle would set
them both to ZERO.

Practice
What is the maximum value TH and TL (1 Byte each) can have?

17
Timers
Using 8051 Timers
TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
What is the maximum value TIMER 0
TH and TL (1 Byte each) can have?

Maximum value = 1111 111 1111 1111

TH TL
= FF FF = 65,535

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
Maximum value of Timer TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
Registers= FF FF = 65,535 TIMER 0

Timer
Operation Timer
Value
(TH , TL)

Time
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Timers
Timer Modes

Mode 0 13 Bit Timer

Mode 1 16 Bit Timer
Mode 2 8 Bit Timer
Mode 3 Split Timer

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Timers
Timer Modes

Mode 0 13 Bit Timer

To keep compatibility with 8048 (old)
TL counts 0 to 31
From 31, TL resets to ZERO and increments TH by 1

Not used generally

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Timers
Timer Modes

65,535d
Mode 1 16 Bit Timer FF FFh
Commonly used
Counts up to FF FF and resets to zero

Working: as discussed previously

Timer
Value
(TH , TL)

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Timers
Timer Modes
Mode 2 8 Bit Timer
8 Bit Auto-Reload Mode
TH = Reload value
TL = Time Value Reset
Reload
Timer
Value
Value

23 Time
 Timers
Timer Modes

Mode 3 Split Timer

When Timer 0 is placed in mode 3, it becomes 2 x 8 bit Timers
Timer 0 is TL0
Timer 1 is TH0
Bits of Timer1 are related to TH0

Timer 1 can be in mode 0,1 or 2.

Timer 1 will be incremented every machine cycle in any case no
control

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Timers
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Configuring = 1 Timer will only run when INT1 is
high. (Calculate Time between
Timers 7 GATE1
events)
1

TMOD = 0 for Timer1

=1 Input on P3.5 drives time. Counter
6 C/T1 Mode 1
= 0 Crystal drives Timer. Timer Mode
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
= 1 Timer will only run when INT0 is
high. (Calculate Time between
3 GATE0 0
events)
= 0 for Timer0
=1 Counter
2 C/T0 0
= 0 Timer
1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
25 0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
Timers
Configuring Timers
TMOD

Timer Mode

TxM1 TxM0 Timer Mode Description of Mode

0 0 0 13-bit Timer.
0 1 1 16-bit Timer
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload
1 1 3 Split timer mode

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 Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Timers = 1 for External Time
7 GATE1 Measurement 1
Configuring Timers = 0 for Timer 1
TMOD =1 Counter
6 C/T1 1
= 0 Timer
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
Practice 4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
Timer 0 in Mode 1 = 1 for External Time
3 GATE0 Measurement 0
Timer 1 in Mode 2 = 0 for Timer 0
Timer Description =1 Counter
TxM1 TxM0 2 C/T0 0
Mode of Mode = 0 Timer
0 0 0 13-bit Timer. 1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
0 1 1 16-bit Timer 0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
8-bit auto-
1 0 2
reload
Split timer
1 1 3
27 mode
Timers
Configuring Timers
TMOD
Timer0 in Mode1
Timer1 in Mode3

MOV tmod,#00100001b

OR

MOV tmod,#21h

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Timers
Controlling Timers
TCON
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Timer 1 Overflow.
7 TF1 1
= 1 when T1 Overflows
Timer 1 Run.
6 TR1 = 1 Timer1 Runs 1
= 0 Timer 1 Stops
Timer 0 Overflow.
5 TF0 0
= 1 when T0 Overflows
Timer 0 Run.
4 TR0 = 1 Timer0 Runs 0
= 0 Timer 0 Stops

Lower Bits are related to Interrupts and will be covered later on

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Timers
Controlling Timers
TCON

setb tr0 ;running the timer

Label: JNB tf0, Label ; waiting till overflow flag is set

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Timers

Using 8051 / 8052 Timers

How to run timers for a given time?

How to measure time between 2 events?

31
Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
How to run timers for a given time?

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

32
Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
How to run timers for a given time?
1. Select Timer Mode TMOD
2. Store a Value in Timer Register TH and TL
3. Wait for Timer to Over-flow or Reset TCON

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
How to run timers for a given time?
1. Select Timer Mode
2. Set an appropriate Value in Timer Register

Timer Value = 65535 (Desired

Number of Machine Cycle)
Value Reset
Timer
Value

34 Time
Timers
Practice
Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

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Timers
Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

Finding Value of Timer

0.05 sec = 50,000 micro seconds

1.0851 micro sec = 1 Machine Cycle

1 micro sec = (1 / 1.0851) Machine Cycles
50,000 micro sec = 50,000 * (1/1.0851)
= 46079 Machine Cycles

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

Value to load in TH and TL?

Timer Value = 65535 (Desired Number of Pulses)

= 65535 46079
= 19456 = 4C 00h

TH = 4Ch ; TL = 00h

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

Timer Mode
Mode 1 = 16 Bit timer Mode can be used
TMOD = 0000 0001b
T1 T0

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

MOV TMOD,#00000001b;
MOV TH0,#4Ch;
MOV TL0,#00h;

setb P3^0
setb TR0

Here: JNB TF0, Here

CLR P3^0

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Timers

How to measure time between 2 events?

40
Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
How to measure time between 2 events?

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

41
Timers
How to measure time between 2 events?

Set GATE Bit in TMOD

42
Timers
How to measure time between 2 events?

43
Timers
How to measure time between 2 events?

44
Timers
How to measure time between 2 events?

Set GATE Bit in TMOD

C / T = 0 to ensure that crystal is connected to timers

When TR = 1, timer will run ONLY WHEN P3.2or P3.3 is set

So, timer value be corresponding to the time P3.2 or P3.3

remains high

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 Counters

46
Counters

47
Counter
Counter

If TCON Bit C/T = 1

Timer runs as counter

Timer 0 Pin 3.4 (T0)

Timer 1 Pin 3.5 (T1)

Events (pulses) on these pins will be counted

Frequency consideration

48
Counter
Counter

Value of Timer is incremented by 1 when there is 1-to-0

(High to Low) transition on the pin

For counter to count, there must be 1 during one

machine cycle and 0 during next machine cycle

Maximum frequency: 2 machine cycles = 2 micro sec (for

12 MHz crystal)
Frequency = 500 kHz

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Acknowledgement

Material used with permission of

Dr. Javaid Iqbal

Head of Department, Mechatronics Engineering
College of EME, NUST

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Javaid who has been a great

teacher and still helps and supports me

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