Power System Operation and Planning
Lecture - Economic dispatch
Abdul Basit
Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (PCAS-E)
University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Peshawar
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Power system operation - Objectives
System must be able to meet the continually changing load
demand for active and reactive power.
Unlike other types of energy, electricity cannot be conveniently stored
in sufficient quantities
Adequate spinning reserve of P and Q should be maintained at all
times
The system should supply energy at minimum cost, low loss,
and with minimum environmental impact
The quality of power supply must meet certain minimum
standards for:
Constancy of frequency (f)
Constancy of voltage (V)
Level of reliability
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Effects of frequency variation
The constancy of speed of induction and synchronous motors
industrial production process
performance of motor drives in generating units
Drop in frequency could result in high magnetizing currents
(flux ~ U/f) in induction motors and transformers, causing
overheating and saturation
Low and high freq. (off-nominal frequency) will cause damage
to turbine and generator due to high vibration of turbine
blades leading to protection trips out
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An example of frequency range and control
action
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Voltage problems
Low voltage problems
Overheating of motors (U I for P const. load)
Low output of lamps
Heating equipment (P ~ U2)
High voltage problems
Insulation breakdown
Over-fluxing (U flux ) Magnetic saturation
Network losses minimum with uniform voltage
control
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Source: P. Kundur, Power System
Stability and Control
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Power system operating states
Preventive
action
Restoration
Emergency Normal
actions
control operation
Restorative Alert
Emergency
control
In Extremis Emergency
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Power system operating states
Normal
all system variables within normal range, no equipment
overloaded
system operates in secure manner and is able to withstand
a contingency without violating any of the constraints
Alert
security level falls below a certain limit of adequacy, or
possibility of a disturbance is high.
all system variables are still within acceptable range and all
constraints are satisfied
system has been weakened to a level where a contingency
may cause overloading of equipment >> Emergency state
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Power system operating states
Alert (Cont.)
If disturbance is very severe >> In Extremis state
Preventive action (increase reserve) can restore the system
to Normal state
Emergency
caused by disturbance when system in Alert state
low voltages and/or equipment over loadings exceed short
term emergency ratings
system still intact and may be restored to the alert state by
initiating of emergency control actions: fault clearing,
excitation control, generation tripping, load curtailment,
etc.
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Power System Operating States
In Extremis
above measures are not applied or ineffective, the
system is In Extremis: cascading outages and possibly
a shut-down of a major portion of the system
load shedding and system separation to save as much
of the system as possible
Restorative:
control action is being taken to reconnect all the
facilities and to restore system load
can transit from this state to either Alert or Normal
state
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Basic Objectives in Operation
In conventional setup Deregulated power
Minimize system cost system
Meet the demand Generators
Ensure reliability Maximize profit
Meet demand contracts
Get more customers
Common Objectives for the Transmission
whole sector Meet transaction contracts
Maximize profit
System Operators
Network Security and
Reliability
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Operation and planning
Long Term Operations Planning (>10 Years)
To expand the system to meet demand
Medium Term Operations Planning (1-2 Years)
To take care of fuel contracts, maintenance schedules
Short Term Operations Planning (1-7 Days)
Which generator should work and which should be shut down
Real-Time Operations (5min-1hour)
Which generator should take the load increment
Transient State and Dynamic Operation (1-300 sec)
To tackle disturbances, faults, short-circuits, oscillations, ..
if demand is less? What is the expected demand?
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Short term and Real time Operation
planning
1-week to Day-ahead planning
Load forecasting
Hydro scheduling
Unit commitment
Day-ahead to 5 minute ahead
Economic load dispatch
Optimal power flow
Automatic Generation control
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Economic load dispatch
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Optimization
Maximize or minimize a function with several
variables
Easy in Calculus
Set of values when first derivative is put to zero
Second derivative determines the solution to be maximum,
minimum or saddle point
Real life problems
Minimize or maximize the function (objective function) with
several constraints
Constraints are the limits on the variables defining the
feasible region
Optimum solution is binding if within the feasible region,
else non binding
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Example: elliptical objection function
2 2
Minimize: 1 2 1 2
Subject to constraint: 1 2
where: 1 2 1 2
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Minimum value of objective function while meeting the
constraint function
Optimum point exactly tangent to the function
What if we redraw the function?
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At point calculate the gradient of vector , i.e.
perpendicular to , but not to
Same results for the point
non zero component along reveal that that a small movement will
increase the objective function
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Optimization
To minimize the objective function, move along in the opposite
direction
At optimum point, the gradient of objective function is normal to
the gradient of and therefore there will be no improvement in
objective function
Gradients of objective function and must be linearly dependent
vectors, and they must line up with each other in same or opposite
direction, mathematically:
f+ =0
Thus, the two gradient can be added together that they cancel each
other as long as one of them is scaled. The scaling variable is
called Langrang multiplier
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Langrang equation
At optimum For elliptical equation,
x1 = 4, x2 = 1, = 2
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Langrang equation
For more than one constraint.
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Kuhn Tucker condition
Optimization problem involves both equality and inequality constraints
1 2
1 2,
The optimal solution to such problems will not necessary require that
all inequality constraints to be binding, the binding will result in
1 2, at the optimum
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Kuhn Tucker condition
Conditions for an optimum point
Concise mathematical way
to handle binding and non
binding constraints
If i is zero, g(x) is non binding and if i is positive then g(x) must be
equal to zero, thus indicating if constraints are binding or not by
looking at i USPCAS-E 23
Example
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Example
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Example
If > 0, the g (x1,x2) must be equal to zero and solution is
found for the intersection of g (x1,x2) and (x1,x2)
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Optimization
The solution is applicable on power system economic
dispatch problems, specially when the objective
function is the cost function
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Generation Cost
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Optimizing Cost function
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Kuhn-Tuchker conditions
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ELD no losses
Subject to:
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ELD no losses
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ELD fundamental concept
From the first Kuhn-Tucker condition
Generators are operating within their limits
The system will have same incremental cost, if operating
within its limits
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ELD fundamental concept
Case 1: Operating point within limits
Case 2: P1 = P1max, all other generators within limits
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ELD fundamental concept
Case 3: P1 = P1min, all other generators within limits
Summarizing
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Example 1
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Example 2
Repeat Example 1 with
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