CS F372: Operating
Systems
BITS Pilani Dr.Debasis Das
Department of Computer Science and Information Systems
K K Birla Goa Campus
Lecture Session – 2
8 - 8 - 2017
Operating-System
Structures
BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Outline
Operating System Services
User Operating System Interface
System Calls
Types of System Calls
System Programs
Operating System Design and Implementation
Operating System Structure
Virtual Machines
Operating System Debugging
Operating System Generation System Boot
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Objectives
To describe the services an operating system provides to users,
processes, and other systems
To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system
To explain how operating systems are installed and customized
and how they boot
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Operating System Services
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View of Operating System Services
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Operating System Services (Cont)
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Operating System Services (Cont)
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User Operating System Interface - CLI
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User Operating System Interface - GUI
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The Mac OS X GUI
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System Calls
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Example of System Calls
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Example of Standard API
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System Call Implementation
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API – System Call – OS Relationship
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User mode and kernel mode
• A processor in a computer running Windows has two
different modes: user mode and kernel mode.
• The processor switches between the two modes
depending on what type of code is running on the
processor.
• Applications run in user mode, and core operating
system components run in kernel mode. While many
drivers run in kernel mode, some drivers may run in
user mode.
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Standard C Library Example
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System Call Parameter Passing
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Parameter Passing via Table
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Types of System Calls
• Process control
• File management
• Device management
• Information maintenance
• Communications
• Protection
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MS-DOS execution
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FreeBSD Running Multiple Programs
• FreeBSD (derived from Berkeley UNIX) is an example of a
multitasking system
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System Programs
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System Programs
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System Programs (cont’d)
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Operating System Design and
Implementation
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Operating System Design and Implementation
(Cont)
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Simple Structure
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MS-DOS Layer Structure
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Layered Approach
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Traditional UNIX System Structure
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UNIX
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Layered Operating System
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Microkernel System Structure
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Mac OS X Structure
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Modules
Most modern operating systems implement kernel
modules
• Uses object-oriented approach
• Each core component is separate
• Each talks to the others over known interfaces
• Each is loadable as needed within the kernel
Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible
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Solaris Modular Approach
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Virtual Machines
• In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a
computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer
architectures and provide functionality of a physical
computer. Their implementations may involve specialized
hardware, software, or a combination.
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Virtual Machines
• A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical
conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as
though they were all hardware
• A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the
underlying bare hardware
• The operating system host creates the illusion that a process has
its own processor and (virtual memory)
• Each guest provided with a (virtual) copy of underlying computer
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Virtual Machines History and Benefits
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Virtual Machines (Cont)
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Para-virtualization
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Solaris 10 with Two Containers
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VMware Architecture
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The Java Virtual Machine
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Operating-System Debugging
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Solaris 10 dtrace Following System Call
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Operating System Generation
• Operating systems are designed to run on any of a class of
machines; the system must be configured for each specific
computer site
• SYSGEN program obtains information concerning the
specific configuration of the hardware system
• Booting – starting a computer by loading the kernel
• Bootstrap program – code stored in ROM that is able to
locate the kernel, load it into memory, and start its execution
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System Boot
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Thanks!!!
Queries?
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