CMPD173 – System Analysis and Design

- Chapter 1-
The Systems Development
Environment
 Learning Objectives
 Define information systems analysis and design.
 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC).
 Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD) and
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools.
 Describe Agile Methodologies and eXtreme
Programming.
 Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).

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 Introduction
 Information Systems Analysis and Design
 Complex organizational process
 Used to develop and maintain computer-
based information systems
 Used by a team of business and systems
professionals

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 Introduction (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-1 An organizational approach to systems analysis and

design is driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools

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 Introduction (Cont.)

 Application Software
 Computer software designed to support
organizational functions or processes
 Systems Analyst
 Organizational role most responsible for
analysis and design of information systems

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 A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design
 1950s: focus on efficient automation of existing
processes
 1960s: advent of procedural third generation
languages (3GL) faster and more reliable
computers
 1970s: system development becomes more like
an engineering discipline

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 A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)

 1980s: major breakthrough with 4GL, CASE tools,

object-oriented methods
 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI
applications, client/server platforms, Internet
 The new century: Web application development,
wireless PDAs and smart phones, component-
based applications, application service providers
(ASP)

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 Developing Information Systems

 System Development Methodology is a

standard process followed in an
organization to conduct all the steps
necessary to analyze, design, implement,
and maintain information systems.

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 Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
 Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems
 Phases in SDLC:
 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance

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 Standard and Evolutionary Views
of SDLC

FIGURE 1-3 Evolutionary model

FIGURE 1-2
Systems development life cycle

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Planning – an organization’s total
information system needs are identified,
analyzed, prioritized, and arranged
 Analysis – system requirements are studied
and structured
 Design – a description of the recommended
solution is converted into logical and then
physical system specifications
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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Logical design – all functional features of
the system chosen for development in
analysis are described independently of any
computer platform
 Physical design – the logical specifications
of the system from logical design are
transformed into the technology-specific
details from which all programming and
system construction can be accomplished
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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Implementation – the information system
is coded, tested, installed and supported in
the organization
 Maintenance – an information system is
systematically repaired and improved

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The Heart of the Systems Development Process
FIGURE 1-8 FIGURE 1-9
Analysis–design–code–test loop The heart of systems development

Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation

into a single iterative and parallel process of activities.
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 Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins

when another
completes, with
little backtracking
and looping.

FIGURE 1-10
Traditional waterfall SDLC

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 Problems with Waterfall Approach

 Feedback ignored, milestones lock in

design specs even when conditions
change
 Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase)
 Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices

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 Different Approaches to Improving
Development

 CASE Tools
 Rapid Application Development (RAD)
 Agile Methodologies
 eXtreme Programming

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 Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools

 Diagramming tools enable graphical

representation.
 Computer displays and report generators
help prototype how systems “look and
feel”.
 IBM’s Rational products are the best
known CASE tools.

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 Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)

 Analysis tools automatically check for

consistency in diagrams, forms, and
reports.
 A central repository provides integrated
storage of diagrams, reports, and project
management specifications.

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 Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)

 Documentation generators standardize

technical and user documentation.
 Code generators enable automatic
generation of programs and database
code directly from design documents,
diagrams, forms, and reports.

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 CASE Tools (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-11
Screen shot of ArgoUML,
an open source CASE tool

(Source: http://argouml.tigris.org/)

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 CASE Tools (Cont.)

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 Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
 Decreases design and implementation
time
 Involves: extensive user involvement,
prototyping, integrated CASE tools, code
generators
 More focus on user interface and system
function, less on detailed business
analysis and system performance

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 Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-12
RAD life cycle

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 Agile Methodologies

 Motivated by recognition of software

development as fluid, unpredictable, and
dynamic
 Three key principles
 Adaptive rather than predictive
 Emphasize people rather than roles
 Self-adaptive processes

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The Agile
Methodologies group
argues that software
development
methodologies
adapted from
engineering generally
do not fit with real-
world software
development.

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When to use Agile Methodologies
 If your project involves:
 Unpredictable or dynamic requirements
 Responsible and motivated developers
 Customers who understand the process and
will get involved

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 eXtreme Programming
 Short, incremental development cycles
 Automated tests
 Two-person programming teams
 Coding, testing, listening, designing

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 eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
 Coding and testing operate together
 Advantages:
 Communication between developers
 High level of productivity
 High-quality code

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 Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD)

 Based on objects rather than data or

processes
 Object: a structure encapsulating
attributes and behaviors of a real-world
entity

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 Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) (Cont.)

 Object class: a logical grouping of objects

sharing the same attributes and behaviors
 Inheritance: hierarchical arrangement of
classes enable subclasses to inherit
properties of super classes

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 Rational Unified Process (RUP)
 An object-oriented systems development
methodology
 Establishes four phase of development:
inception, elaboration, construction, and
transition
 Each phase is organized into a number of
separate iterations.

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 FIGURE 1-13
Phases of OOSAD-based development

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 Our Approach to Systems
Development
 The SDLC is an organizing and guiding
principle in this book.
 We may construct artificial boundaries or
artificially separate activities and
processes for learning purposes.
 Our intent is to help you understand all the
pieces and how to assemble them.

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 Summary
In this chapter you learned how to:
 Define information systems analysis and design.
 Describe the information Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC).
 Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD),
prototyping, Computer Aided Software Engineering
(CASE), and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
 Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme
programming.
 Explain Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
and the Rational Unified Process (RUP).

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