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Logic

Logic is the study of reasoning and arguments. It aims to distinguish good reasoning from bad by examining topics like fallacies, paradoxes, and probability. Logic investigates the structure of statements and arguments through both formal systems and natural language. It deals only with propositions that can be true or false, not emotions or images. Logical systems should be consistent, sound, and complete to ensure valid inferences. The history of logic began in ancient India with logical divisions in the Rig Veda and the development of the Nyaya school based on logic involving induction and deduction.

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64 views2 pages

Logic

Logic is the study of reasoning and arguments. It aims to distinguish good reasoning from bad by examining topics like fallacies, paradoxes, and probability. Logic investigates the structure of statements and arguments through both formal systems and natural language. It deals only with propositions that can be true or false, not emotions or images. Logical systems should be consistent, sound, and complete to ensure valid inferences. The history of logic began in ancient India with logical divisions in the Rig Veda and the development of the Nyaya school based on logic involving induction and deduction.

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Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of

meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account,


reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study
of the principles and criteria of valid inference and
demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good
reasoning from bad reasoning.
Aristotle defined logic as "new and necessary
reasoning", "new" because it allows us to learn what we do
not know, and "necessary" because its conclusions are
inescapable. It asks questions like "What is correct
reasoning?", "What distinguishes a good argument from a
bad one?", "How can we detect a fallacy in reasoning?"
Logic investigates and classifies the structure
of statements and arguments, both through the study
of formal systems of inference and through the study of
arguments in natural language. It deals only
with propositions (declarative sentences, used to make an
assertion, as opposed to questions, commands or sentences
expressing wishes) that are capable of being true and false.
It is not concerned with the psychological
processes connected with thought, or with emotions,
images and the like. It covers core topics such as the study
of fallacies and paradoxes, as well as specialized analysis
of reasoning using probability and arguments
involving causality and argumentation theory.
Logical systems should have three
things: consistency (which means that none of the
theorems of the system contradict one
another); soundness (which means that the system's rules
of proof will never allow a false inference from a true
premise); and completeness (which means that there are
no true sentences in the system that cannot, at least in
principle, be proved in the system).
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History of Logic
In Ancient India, the "Nasadiya Sukta" of the Rig
Veda contains various logical divisions that were later
recast formally as the four circles of catuskoti: "A", "not A",
"A and not A" and "not A and not not A". The Nyaya school
of Indian philosophical speculation is based on texts known
as the "Nyaya Sutras" of Aksapada Gautama from
around the 2nd Century B.C., and
its methodology of inference is based on a system of
logic (involving a combination
of induction and deduction by moving from particular to
particular via generality) that subsequently has been
adopted by the majority of the other Indian schools.

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