CHAPTER 1 

  CELLS THE BUILDING

BLOCKS OF LIFE
ORGANISM – a living thing

         

http://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/functions.jpg     

6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
THINGS 
a.      use energy – have a metabolism- the
building up and breaking down of chemicals
     http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4541614/central-park-jogger-main_Full.jpg                                       
webanatomy.net/anatomy/muscle3_notes.htm

b.     grow and develop become larger and more

complex
ocw.tufts.edu/.../humangrowthdevelopment.jpg                                                 
www.butterflyhouse.com.au/images/Lifecycle.jpg

c.     respond to their surrounding

       stimulus – a change in an organism’s
surroundings, it causes organism to react 
   
www.georgiapainphysicians.com/downloads/m1_sl...

         response- a reaction or change in behavior

a reaction to a stimulus
www.mercola.com/.../Public/2005/August/pain.jpg

d.     reproduce- produce offspring that are

similar to the parents  
 blog.rabbitnetwork.org/.../2006/05/Babies.JPG

e.     have the chemicals of life,

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic
acids (genetic material)
 

f.     have cells
unicellular – single celled  paramecium
multicellular- many celled  as in humans
   

bone cells                                                                       
nerve cells
cell pictures from www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/celllab.htm
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION- an
UNTRUE THEORY stating that living things
arise from nonliving sources FRANCESCO
REDI  in the 1600’S DISPROVED THIS IDEA

 
   CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT- A scientist
carries out two tests that are identical in every
way except for one factor.
   MANIPULATED VARIABLE- the factor that
the scientist changes
 
 control experiment variable experiment
Had meat in a jar with had meat in a jar with a
no lid lid
maggots developed in no maggots developed
this meat in this meat
Redi proved life comes from life       flies
comes from the eggs of flies
 
PASTEUR  a French chemist in 1800’s showed
even microbes exhibit biogenesis.

 
BIOGENESIS life comes from life. He used
two bottles with a curved neck.  He boiled the
broth in the bottles and left them uncovered. 
The broth remained clean in each bottle for over
1 year.  The microbes were settling in the dust
in the curve of the neck of the bottles.  By tilting
the bottles the broth mixed with the microbes in
the neck of the curved flask  The microbes had
food, reproduced and spoiled the broth.

Broth is boiled  flask is tilted  microbes

 Dust with broth contacts growing in
microbes in neck microbes broth
Broth is
spoiled within
a week
No
contamination
 for 1 year

LIFE COMES FROM LIFE even if it is very

small
 

ORIGIN OF LIFE Earth’s early atmosphere was

made of nitrogen  N2  water vapor  H2O, carbon
dioxide  CO2 , And methane  CH4  
 Mill
er
and
Urey

mixed gases with water vapor, added electrical

current and with in a week the mixture
darkened.  The small chemical units if joined
could form protein which is one of the building
blocks of life

 FIRST CELL  - is hypothesized that the small

chemical units of life formed gradually over
millions of years in the Earth’s water.  They
joined to form large chemical building block
and eventually became the first forerunners of
cells
 Fossils are traces of ancient organisms that
have been preserved in rock or other substances

4 THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS NEED 

         Living things need energy, water, living
space and stable internal conditions

AUTOTROPHS – “auto” means self and

“troph” means feeder.  They make their own
food and use it as an energy source to carry out
life functions.
     Plants use sunlight and carbon dioxide and
water to make their own food
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/plants/images/plant_logo.jpg
HETEROTROPHS – hetero means “other”  
They have to eat autotrophs or other
heterotrophs to obtain energy 
 

Water has the ability to dissolve more chemicals

than any other substance on Earth.
 
All organisms need a place to live

HOMEOSTASIS – the maintenance of stable

internal conditions despite changes in the
surrounding.  An organisms must be able to
keep the conditions inside their bodies constant.
 CHAPTER 1   SECTION 2   DISCOVERING
CELLS
CELLS- are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
Microscope – is an instrument that makes small
objects look larger 

Compound microscope – a light microscope

that has
more than 
one lens 

ROBERT
HOOKE-
first to look
at cells
           
looked at a
thin section
of cork
 
his cell drawing of a cork
 

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK – made his

own lenses made first compound microscope
drew pictures that we can still identify today.
  
http://www.microbeworld.org/images/meetmicros/tools/tool_1_leuw-scope.jpg     
http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/radardiertjeHBAKER.jpg

Schleiden –concluded all plants are made of

cells
Schwann – concluded all living things are made
up of cells
 

CELL THEORY         CHAPTER

1     SECTION 3
            1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE
COMPOSED OF CELLS
            2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING
THINGS
            3.ALL CELLS ARE PRODUCED
FROM OTHER CELLS

MAGNIFICATION – is the ability to make

things look larger than they are.  The lens or
lenses in a light microscope magnify an object
by bending the light that passes through them.

Convex lens- the center of the lens is thicker

than the edges.
Resolution – the ability to clearly distinguish
the individual parts of an object it is the
sharpness of an image
 Electron microscopes – a beam of electrons
instead of light is used to examine a specimen
 
 CHAPTER 1     SECTION 3            INSIDE
CELLS
a great place to learn about cells
http://www.cellsalive.com/
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/llpellegrini/Org
anelles.html    great link
http://www.zerobio.com/medcityhospital2.htm
organelle game

ORGANELLES – small structures inside cells

that carry out specific functions within the cell.

 CELL WALL – is a rigid layer of nonliving

material that surrounds the cells of plants and

some other organisms.

                It protects and supports the cell
                It adds strength
                 Material like water and oxygen can
pass through easily
                It is made from a tough flexible
material called cellulose – fiber   we can't digest
this but it helps keep you regular.
 
CELL MEMBRANE – forms the outside
boundary that separates the cell from its
environment.  HAS TINY PORES THAT LET
SUBSTANCE INTO AND OUT OF THE
CELL  food water oxygen in and harmful waste
product can leave.  Acts like a window screen.

NUCLEUS- acts as the cell’s control center

directing all of the cell’s activities  “brains of
the cell”  
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE- “gatekeeper” 
protects the nucleus and allows materials to pass
in and out of the nucleus through pores.
CHROMATIN – contains the genetic material. 
(the instructions that direct the function of a
cell)  becomes a chromosome
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/images/chromatinstructurefigure1.jpg

 NUCLEOLUS – is where ribosomes are made

it is inside the nucleus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg/
300px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png

CYTOPLASM – the area of the cell between

the cell membrane and the nucleus.  It is a thick
gel like fluid.
http://www.daylilies.org/ahs_dictionary/cytoplasm.gif

 MITOCHONDRIA – “POWERHOUSE”
produce most of the energy the cell needs   they
can reproduce by themselves the more
mitochondria the more energy you have.
 

 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM –
“transports” passage way carry proteins from
one part of the cell to
another                                www.ureacycle.com/images/cell.gif
 RIBOSOMES – “protein factory”  they make
proteins and pass it to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 GOLGI BODIES – “mailroom”  they receive
proteins, package them, distribute them to others
parts of the cell and release materials to the
outside of the cell.
 CHLOROPLAST – “solar panels” capture
energy from the sunlight and use it to produce
food for the cell
   

CENTRIOLES - help the animal cell to

divide. 
VACUOLES – “storage tanks”  water filled
sac in cytoplasm.
          Most plants have one large vacuole  some
animal don’t have a vacuole others do. 
Vacuoles can store food wastes salts and water
 LYSOSOMES – “clean up crew" contain
chemical to break down large food particles into
smaller ones and can break down old cell parts
and release the substances to be used again.  
Membrane around Lysosome keeps the harsh
chemicals from escaping and breaking down the
rest of the cell
       great cell quiz  http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cellquiz.htm 
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/cellquiz.html
http://www.cellsalive.com/quiz1.htm
PROKARYOTES –organisms whose cells lack
a nucleus
 BACTERIAL CELL does have a cell wall and
cell membrane it does not contain a nucleus.
            Genetic material looks like a thick
tangled strand
            Is found in the cytoplasm
            Contains ribosomes
            Does not have other organelles like
plants or animal 
EUKARYOTES – Organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus and many organelles.
 
 Specialized cells – found in many celled
organism make up different body parts.
            the structure of each kind of cell is suited
to the unique function it carries out with in the
organism. 
 

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