Signal processing

“Signal theory” redirects here. It is not to be confused

with Signalling theory or Signalling (economics).
Signal processing is an enabling technology

Signal transmission using electronic signal processing.

Transducers convert signals from other physical waveforms to
electric current or voltage waveforms, which then are processed,
transmitted as electromagnetic waves, received and converted by
another transducer to final form. Fourier transform of time domain signal shown
above computed with https://sourceforge.net/projects/
amoreaccuratefouriertransform/

in the classical numerical analysis techniques of the 17th

century. Oppenheim and Schafer further state that the
“digitalization” or digital refinement of these techniques
can be found in the digital control systems of the 1940s
and 1950s.[2]

2 Application fields of signal pro-

cessing
• Audio signal processing – for electrical signals rep-
resenting sound, such as speech or music
This signal looks like noise, but the signal processing technique
known as the Fourier transform (below), shows that it contains • Speech signal processing – for processing and inter-
five well defined frequency components. preting spoken words

that encompasses the fundamental theory, applications, • Image processing – in digital cameras, computers
algorithms, and implementations of processing or trans- and various imaging systems
ferring information contained in many different physical, • Video processing – for interpreting moving pictures
symbolic, or abstract formats broadly designated as sig-
nals.[1] It uses mathematical, statistical, computational, • Wireless communication - waveform generations,
heuristic, and linguistic representations, formalisms, and demodulation, filtering, equalization
techniques for representation, modelling, analysis, syn-
• Control systems
thesis, discovery, recovery, sensing, acquisition, extrac-
tion, learning, security, or forensics.[1] • Array processing – for processing signals from ar-
rays of sensors

1 History • Seismology
• Financial signal processing – analyzing financial
According to Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. data using signal processing techniques, especially
Schafer, the principles of signal processing can be found for prediction purposes.

1
2 5 CATEGORIES OF SIGNAL PROCESSING

• Feature extraction, such as image understanding and 4 Mathematical methods applied

speech recognition.
in signal processing
• Quality improvement, such as noise reduction,
image enhancement, and echo cancellation. • Differential equations
• Difference equations
• (Source coding), including audio compression,
image compression, and video compression. • Transform theory
• Time-frequency analysis – for processing non-
In communication systems, signal processing may occur stationary signals[3]
at:
• Spectral estimation – for determining the spectral
content (i.e., the distribution of power over fre-
• OSI layer 1 in the seven layer OSI model, quency) of a time series[4]
the Physical Layer (modulation, equalization,
multiplexing, etc.); • Statistical signal processing – analyzing and extract-
ing information from signals and noise based on
• Osi layer 2, the Data Link Layer (Forward Error their stochastic properties
Correction); • Linear time-invariant system theory, and transform
theory
• OSI layer 6, the Presentation Layer (source coding,
including analog-to-digital conversion and signal • System identification and classification
compression). • Calculus
• Vector spaces and Linear algebra
• Functional analysis
• Probability and stochastic processes
• Detection theory
• Estimation theory
• Optimization
• Numerical methods
• Time series
• Data mining – for statistical analysis of relations be-
Seismic signal processing tween large quantities of variables (in this context
representing many physical signals), to extract pre-
viously unknown interesting patterns

3 Typical devices 5 Categories of signal processing

• Filters – - for example analog (passive or active) or
digital (FIR, IIR, frequency domain or stochastic fil-
5.1 Analog signal processing
ters, etc.)
Main article: Analog signal processing
• Samplers and Analog-to-digital converters for
Signal acquisition and reconstruction, which Analog signal processing is for signals that have not been
involves measuring a physical signal, storing or digitized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar, and televi-
transferring it as digital signal, and possibly later sion systems. This involves linear electronic circuits as
rebuilding the original signal or an approximation well as non-linear ones. The former are, for instance,
thereof. passive filters, active filters, additive mixers, integrators
and delay lines. Non-linear circuits include compandors,
• Signal compressors multiplicators (frequency mixers and voltage-controlled
amplifiers), voltage-controlled filters, voltage-controlled
• Digital signal processors (DSPs) oscillators and phase-locked loops.
 3

5.2 Continuous-time signal processing and subharmonics which cannot be produced or analyzed
using linear methods.
Continuous-time signal processing is for signals that vary
with the change of continuous domain(without consider-
ing some individual interrupted points). 6 See also
The methods of signal processing include: Time domain,
Frequency domain, Complex frequency domain. This • Audio filter
technology mainly discusses the modeling of linear time-
invariant continuous system, integral of system’s zero- • Delay (audio effect)
state response, setting up system function and the con- • Dynamic range compression, companding, limiting,
tinuous time filtering of deterministic signals. and noise gating

• Information theory
5.3 Discrete-time signal processing
• Reverberation
Discrete-time signal processing is for sampled signals, de- • List of music software#Music mining software
fined only at discrete points in time, and as such are quan-
tized in time, but not in magnitude.
Analog discrete-time signal processing is a technology 7 Notes and references
based on electronic devices such as sample and hold
circuits, analog time-division multiplexers, analog delay [1] Moura, J.M.F. (2009). “What is signal processing?, Presi-
lines and analog feedback shift registers. This technol- dent’s Message”. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 26 (6).
ogy was a predecessor of digital signal processing (see doi:10.1109/MSP.2009.934636.
below), and is still used in advanced processing of giga-
hertz signals. [2] Oppenheim, Alan V.; Schafer, Ronald W. (1975). Dig-
ital Signal Processing. Prentice Hall. p. 5. ISBN 0-13-
The concept of discrete-time signal processing also refers 214635-5.
to a theoretical discipline that establishes a mathemat-
ical basis for digital signal processing, without taking [3] Boashash, Boualem, ed. (2003). Time frequency signal
quantization error into consideration. analysis and processing a comprehensive reference (1 ed.).
Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044335-4.

[4] P Stoica, R Moses (2005; Chinese Edition, 2007).

5.4 Digital signal processing SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS (PDF). NJ: Prentice
Hall. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Main article: Digital signal processing
[5] Billings, S. A. (2013). Nonlinear System Identification:
NARMAX Methods in the Time, Frequency, and Spatio-
Digital signal processing is the processing of digitized Temporal Domains. Wiley. ISBN 1119943590.
discrete-time sampled signals. Processing is done by
general-purpose computers or by digital circuits such
as ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays or specialized 8 External links
digital signal processors (DSP chips). Typical arith-
metical operations include fixed-point and floating-point,
• Signal Processing for Communications – free on-
real-valued and complex-valued, multiplication and ad-
line textbook by Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli
dition. Other typical operations supported by the hard-
(2008)
ware are circular buffers and look-up tables. Examples
of algorithms are the Fast Fourier transform (FFT), finite • Scientists and Engineers Guide to Digital Signal
impulse response (FIR) filter, Infinite impulse response Processing – free online textbook by Stephen Smith
(IIR) filter, and adaptive filters such as the Wiener and
Kalman filters. • Signal Processing Techniques for Determining Pow-
erplant Characteristics

• The IEEE Signal Processing Society

5.5 Nonlinear signal processing
• Bio-Medical Signal processing at a Glance
Nonlinear signal processing involves the analysis and
processing of signals produced from nonlinear systems
and can be in the time, frequency, or spatio-temporal
domains.[5] Nonlinear systems can produce highly com-
plex behaviors including bifurcations, chaos, harmonics,
4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
• Signal processing Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing?oldid=694490728 Contributors: Heron, Shyamal, Kku,
Ixfd64, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Glenn, Smack, Emperorbma, Charles Matthews, Robbot, Altenmann, Cedars, Giftlite, Christopherlin,
Bact, Antandrus, Mako098765, Cdworetzky, Smyth, Bender235, Nabla, Kjkolb, Janki~enwiki, Sl, SteinbDJ, Oleg Alexandrov, Triddle,
Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Adoniscik, YurikBot, Wavelength, Borgx, Voidxor, Light current, Ninly, Zvika, The Photon, MalafayaBot, Ser-
gio.ballestrero, Frap, Chlewbot, SundarBot, Cookie90, SashatoBot, Dicklyon, Kvng, Hu12, JohnCD, Mblumber, Thijs!bot, Vertium, Tonto
Kowalski, Northumbrian, MER-C, BrotherE, Robsavoie, EagleFan, Oicumayberight, Pitagora, SamShearman, Glrx, Mange01, DrKay,
Vishalbhardwaj, Dwachter, Sfeldm2, Mathuranathan, Llorenzi, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Redgecko, Jovial4u, Jimmaths, Alinja, Yk Yk
Yk, Mingramh, Spinningspark, AlleborgoBot, Biasoli, SieBot, Jamilsamara, Gerakibot, Yswismer, OKBot, Firefly322, Monig1, ClueBot,
TransporterMan, Saddhiyama, Geoeg, Jusdafax, Hezarfenn, Brews ohare, Groovamos, M.boli, Johnuniq, XLinkBot, Addbot, Rockyrack-
oon, Fgnievinski, GyroMagician, Robert.Harker, Andrus Kallastu, Luckyz, Legobot, Luckas-bot, OrgasGirl, TaBOT-zerem, Grebaldar,
Alexkin, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Isheden, Wikihitech, Ömer Cengiz Çelebi, 10metreh,
Sandeeppalakkal, Helwr, EmausBot, Primefac, Bethnim, Joshua Doubek, Wiki contributor 21, Burhem, Rememberway, BarrelProof,
Chester Markel, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Vagobot, Miscanalysis, Jamesm113, Jennifer Levinson, Stevebillings, Frosty, SFK2, Phamn-
hatkhanh, Mostafa 36a2, Pdecalculus, Ahasn, SignalDecoder, Arta1365, Monkbot, SkateTier, BethNaught, Yashparmar96, Jahid.Hamid,
MarkyNToby, KasparBot, Fourier1789, Llhhenry and Anonymous: 91

9.2 Images
• File:Cosine_Series_Plus_Noise.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Cosine_Series_Plus_Noise.png
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fourier1789
• File:Cosine_Series_Plus_Noise_TFM.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Cosine_Series_Plus_Noise_
TFM.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fourier1789
• File:Seismic_Data_Processing.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Seismic_Data_Processing.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Joshua Doubek
• File:Signal_processing_system.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Signal_processing_system.png Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work;... Uses File:EAR.jpg and File:Sexy-Red-Lips Happy-Girl.jpg Original artist: Brews ohare

9.3 Content license

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