400-101
Cisco Ccna Last Minute Revision
Ctrl+Shift+6 then X - Allows you to open more than one telnet session.
Only the Hardware addresses change when packets go through routers.
Half duplex Ethernet - One station can only send or receive at any time.
Ethernet Frame - 64bytes Min 1518bytes Maximum.
ISL frames are 1522bytes long, this can be mistaken for Giants and lost.
Have to use ISL NIC cards. On router interface use 'encapsulation isl 2'
to use ISL frames on VLAN 2.
FX and SX are fibre media, 100VG-AnyLAN is twisted pair copper
media.
Spanning Tree is IEEE 802.1d - created by DEC (Digital Equipment
Corp).
BPDUs are Multicast frames, sent every 2 seconds. Blocked ports still
receive BDPUs.
Forward delay - Time taken from listening to learning (approx 50
seconds)
Default IEEE bridge priority 32,768, used to select root bridge. If these
are identical then switch with lowest MAC address is used.
ISDN Protocols - E = Telephone network standards, I = Concepts,
Terminology, Q = Switching, Signalling methods.
ISDN Reference Points - R = non-ISDN device and TA, S/T = references
point between NT1 and NT2, U = NT1 and ISDN network (US only)
TE1 = Device compatible with ISDN, TE2 = Device NOT compatible
with ISDN, TA = Converts non ISDN signals to ISDN signals, NT1 =
Converts 4 wires into 2 wire local loop, NT2 = Providers equipment
(Switch, PBX)
BRI - 2 * B-channel 64kbps, 1 * D-channel 16kbps (D-channel - LAPD)
PRI (Europe, Aus) - 30 * B-channel 64kbps, 1 * D-channel 64kbps
(20.48Mbps)
PRI (EUS, Japan) - 23 * B-channel 64kbps, 1 * D-channel 64kbps
(1.544Mbps)
ISDN supports IP, IPX, Appletalk...
ISDN can use PPP, HDLC, LAPD, each B-channel needs a SPID
Use static routes for ISDN otherwise it will keep link open.
MAC address 48 bits (12 Hex), IPX address 80 bits.
Netware 3.11 (1983-) - ethernet_802.3/novell-ether (Cisco default on
Ethernet networks), Netware 3.12 or later (1985-) - Ethernet_802.2/sap -
includes LLC, Ethernet_II - arpa, Ethernet_SNAP - snap, Netware 4.11 -
use sap, Netware 5 uses IP
Novell RIP - Metrics = ticks and hops (15 max), 60 sec updates (tick =
55ms / 1/18 sec)
Novell 4.11 > uses NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) Link State
Routing
SAP - Updates 60 Secs - 4 = Netware file server, 7 = Print server, 24 =
Remote bridge server
Ping Responses - U = unreachable, C = congestion, I = user interrupt,? =
unknown packet type, & = lifetime exceeded
Trace Responses - N = Network unreachable, !H = Not forwarded due to
ACL restriction, P = Protocol unreachable, U = Port could not be
reached
Ethernet 5-4-3 rule = Between 2 nodes there can only be max 5 segments,
4 repeaters and only 3 segments must have users.
80/20 rule - 80% of traffic should be local 20% across backbone
Class 1 repeater (translational) - delay 140 secs, number you can use 1
Class 2 repeater (transparent) - delay 92 secs, number you can use 2
CSMA/CD - Used on half duplex devices
Auto-negotiate on FastEthernet checks link speed and duplex of line.
Protocol field in IP header - TCP = 6, UDP = 17, ICMP = 1, IGRP = 9
Ports - 20 FTP data, 21 FTP program, 23 - telnet, 25 - SMTP, 69 - TFTP,
53 - DNS, 80 - HTTP
Loopback address - 127.0.0.1
ACL - Standard ACL as close to destination as possible, Extended ACL
as close to source as possible
IP = 1-99, Ex IP = 100-199, AppleTalk = 600-699, IPX = 800-899, Ex
IPX = 900-999, IPX SAP = 1000-1099
Remember that there is an explicit ACL of 'deny all' if no statements
match.
Multiprotocol routing supports more than one routing protocol, allows a
router to deliver packets from several routed protocols.
Core Layer - High speed switching - free from filtering or anything which
will slow packets etc.
Distribution Layer - Packet manipulation, address area segregation,
broadcast domains, VLANs, security (ROUTERS), WAN access,
queuing, firewalls, multicast domains, ACLs
Access Layer - End users, ACL/filters, remote access, shared bandwidth
(SWITCHES), segmentation, DDR
HSSI - 52Mbps max
ATM cell size - 53bytes
Cisco LMI - DLCI - 16-1007, ANSI LMI - DLCI 16-992 (DLCI = 10bits)
LMI is a special DLCI = 1023
LMI Multicasting reserved for 1019-1022
LMI extensions - Virtual circuit status, multicasting, global addressing,
simple flow control
LMI types Cisco (default), ansi, q933a. From IOS 11.2 LMI is auto-
sensed
Class A - 1-126
Class B - 128.1-191.255
Class C 192.0.1-
Class D - (1110 highest order bits) - remaining bits for multicasting
Class E - (1111 highest order bits) - Reserved for future use
RIP 1 (Classful), single subnet, periodic updates of full routing table, max
hop count 15
RIP 2 (Classless addressing), triggered updates, full routing table updates
Directed Broadcast - All host bits set to 1 received by all hosts on local
broadcast domain.
Local Broadcast (255.255.255.255) - All bits set to 1 received by all hosts
on local and remote broadcast domains.
Synchronous serial links default to HDLC on Cisco routers
VIP cards - type slot/port adapter/interface (e.g e/1/0/2) (remember first
interface is 0 not 1)
IGRP Metrics - Delay, Bandwidth
