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Distortion | PDF | Thermal Expansion | Welding
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Distortion

Welding causes distortion of the welded components due to uneven heating and cooling during the process. As the weld cools and shrinks, stresses are exerted on the surrounding metal that can cause plastic deformation and lasting changes in dimensions if the stresses exceed the material's yield strength. Several types of distortion can occur, including longitudinal shrinkage, transverse shrinkage, angular distortion, bowing, buckling, and twisting. The amount of distortion depends on factors like the restraint on the component, welding procedure, parent metal properties, joint design, and how well the parts are fit together before welding.

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288 views2 pages

Distortion

Welding causes distortion of the welded components due to uneven heating and cooling during the process. As the weld cools and shrinks, stresses are exerted on the surrounding metal that can cause plastic deformation and lasting changes in dimensions if the stresses exceed the material's yield strength. Several types of distortion can occur, including longitudinal shrinkage, transverse shrinkage, angular distortion, bowing, buckling, and twisting. The amount of distortion depends on factors like the restraint on the component, welding procedure, parent metal properties, joint design, and how well the parts are fit together before welding.

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mahendra
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DISTORTION

Welding involves highly localized heating of the metal being joined


together. The temperature distribution in the weldment is therefore
nonuniform. Normally, the weld metal and the heat affected zone
(HAZ) are at temperatures substantially above that of the unaffected
base metal. Upon cooling, the weld pool solidifies and shrinks, exerting
stresses on the surrounding weld metal and HAZ.

If the stresses produced from thermal expansion and contraction


exceed the yield strength of the parent metal, localized plastic
deformation of the metal occurs. Plastic deformation results in lasting
change in the component dimensions and distorts the structure. This
causes distortion of weldments.

Several types of distortion are listed below:

← Longitudinal shrinkage
← Transverse shrinkage
← Angular distortion
← Bowing
← Buckling
← Twisting

Factors affecting distortion


If a component were uniformly heated and cooled distortion would be
minimized. However, welding locally heats a component and the
adjacent cold metal restrains the heated material. This generates
stresses greater than yield stress causing permanent distortion of the
component. Some of the factors affecting the distortion are listed
below:

← Amount of restraint
← Welding procedure
← Parent metal properties
← Weld joint design
← Part fit up

Restraint can be used to minimize distortion. Components welded


without any external restraint are free to move or distort in response to
stresses from welding. It is not unusual for many shops to clamp or
restrain components to be welded in some manner to prevent
movement and distortion. This restraint does result in higher residual
stresses in the components.

Welding procedure impacts the amount of distortion primarily due to


the amount of the heat input produced. The welder has little control
on the heat input specified in a welding procedure. This does not
prevent the welder from trying to minimize distortion. While the
welder needs to provide adequate weld metal, the welder should not
needlessly increase the total weld metal volume added to a weldment.

Parent metal properties, which have an effect on distortion, are


coefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat of the material. The
coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal affects the degree of
thermal expansion and contraction and the associated stresses that
result from the welding process. This in turn determines the amount of
distortion in a component.

Weld joint design will effect the amount of distortion in a weldment.


Both butt and fillet joints may experience distortion. However,
distortion is easier to minimize in butt joints.

Part fit up should be consistent to fabricate foreseeable and uniform


shrinkage. Weld joints should be adequately and consistently tacked
to minimize movement between the parts being joined by welding.

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