shear deformation shall also satisfy Equation 14-12 SECTION 14 BEARINGS
using the equations for a square bearing with W = L = 0.8 D.
14.6.5.3.7 Reinforcement
The thickness of the reinforcement, h s, shall satisfy the
requirements
where
allowable fatigue stress range for over
hs = thickness of steel laminate (in) Fsr = 2,000,000 cycles (ksi)
14.6.6 Elastomeric Pads and Steel
Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings –
If holes exist in the reinforcement, the minimum thickness Method A
shall be increased by a factor of 2 (gross width)/ (net width).
This section of the specification covers the design of
14.6.6.1 General
different from one another. For steel reinforced elastomeric
plain elastomeric pads, PEP, pads reinforced with discrete bearings designed in accordance with the provisions of this
layers of fiberglass, FGP, and pads reinforced with closely section, internal layers shall be of the same thickness and
spaced layers of cotton duck, CDP and steel reinforced cover layers shall be no more than 70% of thickness of
elastomeric bearings. Layer thicknesses in FGP may be internal layers.
The materials for plain elastomeric pads, fiberglass
14.6.6.2 Material Properties
+ pads reinforced with closely spaced layers of cotton duck
reinforced pads and steel reinforced elastomeric shall have a shear modulus between 0.095 and 0.250 ksi and
bearings a nominal hardness between 50 and 70 on the shore “A”
scale.
+
shall satisfy the requirements of Article 14.6.5.2. Bearing
14.6.6.3 Design Requirements
14.6.6.3.1 Scope
provisions of this article shall qualify for the test require-
ments appropriate for elastomeric pads.
Plain elastomeric pads, fiberglass reinforced pads and The provisions for FGP apply only to pads where the
cotton duck reinforced pads shall be designed in accordance fiberglass is placed in double layers 1/8-in. apart.
with the provisions of this Article. Steel reinforced The physical properties of neoprene used in these
elastomeric bearings designed in accordance with the bearings shall conform to the following ASTM requirements,
with modifications as noted:
(1) The Shore A Durometer hardness
Neoprene: D4014 shall lie within the limits specified in Article
14.6.6.2.
Modifications: (2) Samples for compression set tests
shall be prepared using a Type 2 die.
Compressive Stress
The average compressive stress,sTL, in any layer shall
satisfy
for FGP, sTL £ 0.80 ksi, and sTL £ 1.00GS
for PEP, sTL £ 0.80 ksi, and sTL £ 0.55GS for CDP, sTL £ 1.50 ksi
accordance with the provisions of this article sTL £ 1.00 ksi,
In FGP, the values of S used shall be that for the greatest and sTL £ 1.0 GS where the value of S used shall be that for
distance between the mid-point of double reinforcement the thickest layer of the bearing. The stress limits may be
layers at the top and bottom of the elastomer layer. increased by 10 percent where shear deformation + + + + +
For steel reinforced elastomeric bearings designed in
14.6.6.3.4 Shear
14.6.6.3.3 Compressive Deflection
The provisions of Article 14.6.5.3.3 shall apply.
bridge movement, reduced to account for the pier flex-
ibility and modified for construction procedures. If a low
The horizontal bridge movement shall be computed in friction sliding surface is used, ∆s need not be taken larger
accordance with Article 14.4. The maximum shear defor- than the deformation corresponding to first slip.
mation of the pad, ∆s, shall be taken as the horizontal
The pad shall be designed as follows:
hrt 10 ∆s for CDP (14.6.6.3.4-1)
hrt 2∆s for PEP, FGP and steel reinforced
elastomeric bearings
14.6.6.3.5 Rotation
The rotation about each axis shall be taken as the
maximum possible rotation between the top and bottom
of the pad caused by initial lack of parallelism and girder
end rotation. The shape factor of CDP shall be defined as
100 for use in equations 14.6.6.6.3.5-1 and 14.6.6.3.5-2.
They shall satisfy:
To ensure stability, the total thickness of pad shall
not
exceed the least of L/3, W/3, or D/4.
14.6.6.3.7 Reinforcement
The reinforcement in FGP shall be fiberglass with a
failure strength in each direction of at least 2.2 hri
K/in of
width. For the purpose of this article, if the layers of
elastomer are of different thickness, hri shall be taken
as
the mean thickness of the two layers of the elastomer
bonded to the reinforcement. If the fiberglass
reinforce
ment contains holes, its strength shall be increased
over
the minimum value specified above by two times the
gross width divided by net width.
Reinforcement for steel reinforced elastomeric bear
ings designed in accordance with the provisions of
this
article shall conform to the requirements of Article
14.6.5.3.7.
14.6.6.4 Resistance to Deformation
The shear force on the structure induced by deforma
tion of the elastomer shall be based on a G value not
less
than that of the elastomer at 0ºF. Effects of
relaxation
shall be ignored.
If the design shear force, Hm, due to pad deformation +
exceeds one-fifth of the minimum vertical force, the
pad
shall be secured against horizontal movement.
The pad shall not be permitted to sustain uplift
forces.
