2.Differences between C and Java?
1.JAVA is Object-Oriented while C is procedural.
2.Java is an Interpreted language while C is a compiled language.
3.C is a low-level language while JAVA is a high-level language.
4.C uses the top-down approach while JAVA uses the bottom-up approach.
5.Pointer go backstage in JAVA while C requires explicit handling of pointers.
6.The Behind-the-scenes Memory Management with JAVA & The User-Based Memory
Management in C.
7.JAVA supports Method Overloading while C does not support overloading at all.
8.Unlike C, JAVA does not support Preprocessors, & does not really them.
9.The standard Input & Output Functions--C uses the printf & scanf functions as its
standard input & output while JAVA uses the System.out.print & System.in.read
functions.
10.Exception Handling in JAVA And the errors & crashes in C.
3.In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
Functions are declared within header file. That is function prototypes exist in a
header file,not function bodies. They are defined in library (lib).
4.What are the different storage classes in C ?
There are four types of storage classes in C. They are extern, register, auto and
static
5.What does static variable mean?
Static is an access qualifier. If a variable is declared as static inside a
function, the scope is limited to the function,but it will exists for the life time
of the program. Values will be persisted between successive
calls to a function
6.How do you print an address ?
Use %p in printf to print the address.
7.What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages?
Macros are processor directive which will be replaced at compile time.
The disadvantage with macros is that they just replace the code they are not
function calls. similarly the advantage is they can reduce time for replacing the
same values.
8.Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
Pass by value just passes the value from caller to calling function so the called
function cannot modify the values in caller function. But Pass by reference will
pass the address to the caller function instead of value if called function
requires to modify any value it can directly modify.
9.What is an object?
Object is a software bundle of variables and related methods. Objects have state
and behavior
10.What is a class?
Class is a user-defined data type in C++. It can be created to solve a particular
kind of problem. After creation the user need not know the specifics of the working
of a class.
11.What is the difference between class and structure?
Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data
types together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the
structure to contain functions also.
The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by default
public.
Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the
class are private.
12. What is ponter?
Pointer is a variable in a program is something with a name, the value of which can
vary. The way the compiler and linker handles this is that it assigns
a specific block of memory within the computer to hold the value of that variable.
13.What is the difference between null and void pointer?
A Null pointer has the value 0. void pointer is a generic pointer introduced by
ANSI. Generic pointer can hold the address of any data type.
14.what is function overloading
Function overloading is a feature of C++ that allows us to create multiple
functions with the same name, so long as they have different parameters.Consider
the following function:
int Add(int nX, int nY)
{
return nX + nY;
}
15.What is function overloading and operator overloading?
Function overloading: C++ enables several functions of the same name to be defined,
as long as these functions have different sets of parameters (at least as far as
their types are concerned). This capability is called function overloading. When an
overloaded function is called, the C++ compiler selects the proper function by
examining the number, types and order of the arguments in the call. Function
overloading is commonly used to create several functions of the same name that
perform similar tasks but on different data types.
Operator overloading allows existing C++ operators to be redefined so that they
work on objects of user-defined classes. Overloaded operators are syntactic sugar
for equivalent function calls. They form a pleasant facade that doesn't add
anything fundamental to the language (but they can improve understandability and
reduce maintenance costs).
16.what is friend function?
A friend function for a class is used in object-oriented programming to allow
access to public, private, or protected data in the class from the outside.
Normally, a function that is not a member of a class cannot access such
information; neither can an external class. Occasionally, such access will be
advantageous for the programmer. Under these circumstances, the function or
external class can be declared as a friend of the class using the friend keyword.
17.What do you mean by inline function?
The idea behind inline functions is to insert the code of a called function at the
point where the function is called. If done carefully, this can improve the
application's performance in exchange for increased compile time and possibly (but
not always) an increase in the size of the generated binary executables.
18. Tell me something about abstract classes?
An abstract class is a class which does not fully represent an object. Instead, it
represents a broad range of different classes of objects. However, this
representation extends only to the features that those classes of objects have in
common. Thus, an abstract class provides only a partial description of its objects.
19.What is the difference between realloc() and free()?
The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc
subroutine. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid
pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null value, no action will occur. The
realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the
Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and
returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter
must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and not been
deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the
Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer.
20.What is the difference between an array and a list?
Array is collection of homogeneous elements. List is collection of heterogeneous
elements.
For Array memory allocated is static and continuous. For List memory allocated is
dynamic and Random.
Array: User need not have to keep in track of next memory allocation.
List: User has to keep in Track of next location where memory is allocated.
Array uses direct access of stored members, list uses sequential access for
members.
21.What are the differences between structures and arrays?
Arrays is a group of similar data types but Structures can be group of different
data types
22.What is data structure?
A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items
stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance knowledge about the
relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the
manipulation of data.
23. Can you list out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively?
Compiler Design,
Operating System,
Database Management System,
Statistical analysis package,
Numerical Analysis,
Graphics,
Artificial Intelligence,
Simulation
24.What are the advantages of inheritance?
It permits code reusability. Reusability saves time in program development. It
encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus reducing
problem after a system becomes functional.
25. what are the two integrity rules used in DBMS?
The two types of integrity rules are referential integrity rules and entity
integrity rules. Referential integrity rules dictate that a database does not
contain orphan foreign key values. This means that
A primary key value cannot be modified if the value is used as a foreign key in a
child table. Entity integrity dictates that the primary key value cannot be Null.
26. Tell something about deadlock and how can we prevent dead lock?
In an operating system, a deadlock is a situation which occurs when a process
enters a waiting state because a resource requested by it is being held by another
waiting process, which in turn is waiting for another resource. If a process is
unable to change its state indefinitely because the resources requested by it are
being used by other waiting process, then the system is said to be in a deadlock.
Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be non-shareable.[1] Only one process
can use the resource at any given instant of time.
Hold and Wait or Resource Holding: A process is currently holding at least one
resource and requesting additional resources which are being held by other
processes.
No Preemption: The operating system must not de-allocate resources once they have
been allocated; they must be released by the holding process voluntarily.
Circular Wait: A process must be waiting for a resource which is being held by
another process, which in turn is waiting for the first process to release the
resource. In general, there is a set of waiting processes, P = {P1, P2, ..., PN},
such that P1 is waiting for a resource held by P2, P2 is waiting for a resource
held by P3 and so on till PN is waiting for a resource held by P1.[1][7]
Thus prevention of deadlock is possible by ensuring that at least one of the four
conditions cannot hold.
27. What is Insertion sort, selection sort, bubble sort( basic differences among
the functionality of the three sorts and not the exact algorithms)
28. What is Doubly link list?
A doubly linked list is a linked data structure that consists of a set of
sequentially linked records called nodes. Each node contains two fields, called
links, that are references to the previous and to the next node in the sequence of
nodes. The beginning and ending nodes' previous and next links, respectively, point
to some kind of terminator, typically a sentinel node or null, to facilitate
traversal of the list. If there is only one sentinel node, then the list is
circularly linked via the sentinel node. It can be conceptualized as two singly
linked lists formed from the same data items, but in opposite sequential orders.
29.What is data abstraction? what are the three levels of data abstraction with
Example?
Abstraction is the process of recognizing and focusing on important characteristics
of a situation or object and leaving/filtering out the un-wanted characteristics of
that situation or object.
Lets take a person as example and see how that person is abstracted in various
situations
A doctor sees (abstracts) the person as patient. The doctor is interested in name,
height, weight, age, blood group, previous or existing diseases etc of a person
An employer sees (abstracts) a person as Employee. The employer is interested in
name, age, health, degree of study, work experience etc of a person.
Abstraction is the basis for software development. Its through abstraction we
define the essential aspects of a system. The process of identifying the
abstractions for a given system is called as Modeling (or object modeling).
Three levels of data abstraction are:
1. Physical level : how the data is stored physically and where it is stored in
database.
2. Logical level : what information or data is stored in the database. eg: Database
administrator
3.View level : end users work on view level. if any amendment is made it can be
saved by other name.
30.What is command line argument?
Getting the arguments from command prompt in c is known as command line arguments.
In c main function has three arguments.They are:
Argument counter
Argument vector
Environment vector
31.Advantages of a macro over a function?
Macro gets to see the Compilation environment, so it can expand #defines. It is
expanded by the preprocessor.
32.What are the different storage classes in C?
Auto,register,static,extern
33.Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can
accept variable number of arguments?
stdarg.h
34.What is cache memory ?
Cache Memory is used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the
average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory
which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory
locations. As long as most memory accesses are cached memory locations, the average
latency of memory accesses will be closer to the cache latency than to the latency
of main memory.
35.What is debugger?
A debugger or debugging tool is a computer program that is used to test and debug
other programs
36. Const char *p , char const *p What is the difference between the above two?
1) const char *p - Pointer to a Constant char ('p' isn't modifiable but the pointer
is)
2) char const *p - Also pointer to a constant Char
However if you had something like:
char * const p - This declares 'p' to be a constant pointer to an char. (Char p is
modifiable but the pointer isn't)
37. What is Memory Alignment?
Data structure alignment is the way data is arranged and accessed in computer
memory. It consists of two separate but related issues: data alignment and data
structure padding.
38.Explain the difference between 'operator new' and the 'new' operator?
The difference between the two is that operator new just allocates raw memory,
nothing else. The new operator starts by using operator new to allocate memory, but
then it invokes the constructor for the right type of object, so the result is a
real live object created in that memory. If that object contains any other objects
(either embedded or as base classes) those constructors as invoked as well.
39. Difference between delete and delete[]?
The keyword delete is used to destroy the single variable memory created
dynamically which is pointed by single pointer variable.
Eg: int *r=new(int)
the memory pointed by r can be deleted by delete r.
delete [] is used to destroy array of memory pointed by single pointer variable.
Eg:int *r=new(int a[10])
The memory pointed by r can be deleted by delete []r.
40. What is conversion constructor?
A conversion constructor is a single-parameter constructor that is declared without
the function specifier 'explicit'. The compiler uses conversion constructors to
convert objects from the type of the first parameter to the type of the conversion
constructor's class.To define implicit conversions, C++ uses conversion
constructors, constructors that accept a single parameter and initialize an object
to be a copy of that parameter.
41.What is a spanning Tree?
A spanning tree is a tree associated with a network. All the nodes of the graph
appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized so
that the total edge weight between nodes is minimized.
42. Why should we use data ware housing and how can you extract data for analysis
with example?
If you want to get information on all the techniques of designing, maintaining,
building and retrieving data, Data warehousing is the ideal method. A data
warehouse is premeditated and generated for supporting the decision making process
within an organization.
Here are some of the benefits of a data warehouse:
o With data warehousing, you can provide a common data model for different interest
areas regardless of data's source. In this way, it becomes easier to report and
analyze information.
o Many inconsistencies are identified and resolved before loading of information in
data warehousing. This makes the reporting and analyzing process simpler.
o The best part of data warehousing is that the information is under the control of
users, so that in case the system gets purged over time, information can be easily
and safely stored for longer time period.
o Because of being different from operational systems, a data warehouse helps in
retrieving data without slowing down the operational system.
o Data warehousing enhances the value of operational business applications and
customer relationship management systems.
o Data warehousing also leads to proper functioning of support system applications
like trend reports, exception reports and the actual performance analyzing reports.
Data mining is a powerful new technology to extract data for analysis.
43.Explain recursive function & what is the data structures used to perform
recursion?
a) A recursive function is a function which calls itself.
b) The speed of a recursive program is slower because of stack overheads. (This
attribute is evident if you run above C program.)
c) A recursive function must have recursive conditions, terminating conditions, and
recursive expressions.
Stack data structure . Because of its LIFO (Last In First Out) property it
remembers its caller so knows whom to return when the function has to return.
Recursion makes use of system stack for storing the return addresses of the
function calls. Every recursive function has its equivalent iterative (non-
recursive) function. Even when such equivalent iterative procedures are written,
explicit stack is to be used.
44.Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter?
An interpreter reads one instruction at a time and carries out the actions implied
by that instruction. It does not perform any translation. But a compiler translates
the entire instructions
45.What is scope of a variable?
Scope refers to the visibility of variables. It is very useful to be able to limit
a variable's scope to a single function. In other words, the variable wil have a
limited scope
46.What is an interrupt?
Interrupt is an asynchronous signal informing a program that an event has
occurred. When a program receives an interrupt signal, it takes a specified action.
47.What is user defined exception in Java?
The keywords used in java application are try, catch and finally are used in
implementing used-defined exceptions. This Exception class inherits all the method
from Throwable class.
48.What is java Applet?
Applet is java program that can be embedded into HTML pages. Java applets runs on
the java enables web browsers such as mozila and internet explorer. Applet is
designed to run remotely on the client browser, so there are some restrictions on
it. Applet can't access system resources on the local computer. Applets are used to
make the web site more dynamic and entertaining.
49.What do you know about the garbage collector?
Garbage collection is the systematic recovery of pooled computer storage that is
being used by a program when that program no longer needs the storage. This frees
the storage for use by other programs
(or processes within a program). It also ensures that a program using increasing
amounts of pooled storage does not reach its quota (in which case it may no longer
be able to function).
Garbage collection is an automatic memory management feature in many modern
programming languages, such as Java and languages in the .NET framework. Languages
that use garbage collection are often interpreted or run within a virtual machine
like the JVM. In each case, the environment that runs the code is also responsible
for garbage collection.
50.Write a Binary Search program
int binarySearch(int arr[],int size, int item)
{
int left, right, middle;
left = 0;
right = size-1;
while(left <= right)
{
middle = ((left + right)/2);
if(item == arr[middle])
{
return(middle);
}
if(item > arr[middle])
{
left = middle+1;
}
else
{
right = middle-1;
}
}
return(-1);
}
51.What are enumerations?
An enumeration is a data type, used to declare variable that store list of names.
It is act like a database, which will store list of items in the variable. example:
enum shapes{triangle, rectangle,...
52.What is static identifier?
The static identifier is used for initializing only once, and the value retains
during the life time of the program / application. A separate memory is allocated
for �static� variables. This value can be used between function calls. The default
value of an uninitialized static variable is zero. A function can also be defined
as a static function, which has the same scope of the static variable.
53.What is Cryptography?
Cryptography is the science of enabling secure communications between a sender and
one or more recipients. This is achieved by the sender scrambling a message (with a
computer program and a secret key) and leaving the recipient to unscramble the
message (with the same computer program and a key, which may or may not be the same
as the sender's key).
There are two types of cryptography: Secret/Symmetric Key Cryptography and Public
Key Cryptography
54.What is encryption?
Encryption is the transformation of information from readable form into some
unreadable form.
55.What is decryption?
Decryption is the reverse of encryption; it's the transformation of encrypted data
back into some intelligible form.
56.What exactly is a digital signature?
Just as a handwritten signature is affixed to a printed letter for verification
that the letter originated from its purported sender, digital signature performs
the same task for an electronic message. A digital signature is an encrypted
version of a message digest, attached together with a message.
What is your strongest programming language (Java, ASP, C, C++, VB, HTML, C#,
etc.)?
Describe 2 different ways to concatenate two strings
Give syntax for SQL and ORACLE joins.
Write a program to find factorial of a number using recursive function.
In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
How do you print an address?
How is modularity introduced in C++?
Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
What are macros? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Give example to differentiate between call by value and call by
Write a program to reverse a string.
What do you mean by Data mining?
Why the usage of pointers in C++ is not recommended?
What is the difference between a Stack and a Queue?
What is function overloading?
What is a class?
What is function overloading and operator overloading?
What do you mean by inline function?
Tell me something about abstract classes?
What do you mean by friend function?
What is the difference between realloc() and free()?
What is full form of SMAC? Discuss few about it.
How would you connect 8 dots with 3 lines?
Describe these concepts: Polymorphism, Inheritance and Abstraction.
What is cloud computing? Give some of its applications in real world.
One rectangular plate with length 8inches, breadth 11 inches and 2 inches thickness
is there. What is the length of the circular rod with diameter 8 inches and equal
to volume of rectangular plate?
What are stacks? Give some of its applications
What is the difference between an array and a list?
Can you list out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively?
What is data structure?
What are the two integrity rules used in DBMS?
What are the advantages of inheritance?
Tell something about deadlock and how can we prevent dead lock?
What is Insertion sort, selection sort, and bubblesort (basic differences among the
functionality of the three sorts and not the exact algorithms)
What is doubly link list?
Can you declare a private method as static?
Differentiate between copy and default constructor.
You are given a singly linked list. How would you find out if it contains a loop or
not without using temporary space?
What is #ifdef? What is its application?
What is command line argument?
Advantages of a macro over a function?
What are the different storage classes in C?
Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can
accept variable number of arguments?
What is debugger?
What is Memory Alignment?
Difference between keyword and identifier.
What is the Big-O Notation?
What is the role of C++ shorthand�s?
What do you understand by garbage collection in Java? Can it be forced to run?
Devise a program that inputs a 3 digit number n and finds out whether the number is
prime or not. Find out its factors.
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