INTRODUCTION PDH &

SDH

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Agenda

 Pre SDH (PDH)  Overhead and Payload

 SDH Analysis
 The SDH Frame
 Tributary Units
 Frame Structure
 SDH Network
Protection

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

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Multiplexing hierarchy

 The PDH high capacity transmission

networks are based on a hierarchy of
digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
 The basic building block is the primary
rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be
made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels.
This would then be multiplexed up to a
higher rate for high capacity transmisson.

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 Four signals at the primary rate can be
multiplexed up to the secondary rate,
E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate
of 139 Mb/s (E.4).
 Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x
2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed
voice channels.

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Developing networks

 The plesynchronous multiplexing

technology, often called PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left
no room in the signal structures for
network management and maintenance
functions.
 We are therefore left with no spare signal
capacity to provide improvements in the
signal transmission.
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 As networks developed inter-connection
became increasingly complex. It required
banks of multiplexers and large,
unreliable distribution frames.
 It became clear that the original
standards, designed for point-to-point
links, were just not suitable.

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Tributary access
 We want to have easy access to an
individual tributary, in order that it may be
re-routed.
 We cannot do this without having to
demultiplex the whole signal down to the
required tributary level.
 Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they
then double because we have to re-
multiplex the signal back up again.

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No commont standard
 Before SDH there were no standards to ensure
that equipment from different vendors
interworked on the same system.
 Vendors can have their own unique designs
which means we have to buy the same
vendor’s equipment for both ends of the line.
 Ideally we would like to shop around for the
most suitable equipment, without having to
keep to the same supplier.

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What we need

 Network operating companies have to

provide faster, cost effective provisioning
of customer circuits and services, as well
as control of transmission bandwidth.

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SDH Definition

 SDH is a standard for ‘high speed – high

capacity’ optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a
synchronous digital hierarchy.
 It is a synchronous digital transport
system aimed at providing a more
simple, economic and flexible
telecommunications network
infrastructure.
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Advantages of SDH

 Designed for cost effective, flexible

telecoms networking – based on direct
synchronous multiplexing.
 Provides built-in signal capacity for
advanced network management and
maintenance capabilities.

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 Provides flexible signal transportation
capabilities – designed for existing and
future signals.
 Allows a single telecommunication
network infrastructure – interconnects
network equipment from different
vendors

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Where is SDH used ?

 SDH can be used in all of the traditional

network application areas.
 A single SDH network infrastructure is
therefore possible which provides an
efficient direct interconnection between
the three major telecommunication
networks.

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Notes on SDH rates

 The most common SDH line rates in use

today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps,
2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
 SDH is a structure that is designed for
the future, ensuring that higher line rates
can be added when required.

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SDH signal structure

 The SDH signal is transported as a

synchronous structure which comprises
a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two
dimensional frame.
 The ‘Truck analogy’ is a popular way to
help us understand the contents of the
SDH frame.

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY

Payload
Unit
Tractor
Unit

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY contd.

Regenerator
Section
OverHead

Section
Overhead Virtual Container

Multiplexer Payload
Section
OverHead Payload
OverHead

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The Payload

 The contents of the container carried by

the truck represent the real value.
 This ‘Payload’ is analogous to customer
traffic, being carried by the ‘container’
within an SDH frame.
 This Payload ‘container’ supports the
transportation of spesific tributary
signals.

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The Section Overhead

 What actually gets the contentsof the truck

to it’s destination is the tractor unit.
 This analogous to the network
maintenance and management capability
carried by the SDH frame, known as it’s
Section OverHead, or SOH.

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 The Section Overhead (SOH) provides
facilities that are required to support and
maintain the transportation of customer
traffic Safely across the network.
 THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section
Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator
Section Overhead (RSOH).

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The Virtual Container

 Even if the container is loaded on to a

different truck, there is a portion of
overhead that always remains with it.
 This is known as the Path OverHead, or
POH.
 The Path Overhead is directly associated
with the payload capacity area, and
together they form what’s known as the
Virtual Container.
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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE

270 x N Columns

= 8 bits/byte
9 Rows

261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
signal frame transmission

The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit)
within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from
left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the
next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will
start

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
SDH Rate

ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all
levels in STM hierarchy

STM-1 Rate :
9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s

STM-4 Rate :
9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 622 Mb/s

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS

RSOH
MSOH RSOH
POH MSOH
RSOH

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD

Path Trace message

Parity check
VC structure
Alarm & performance info
User channel
Multiframe indication for TUs
Path protection switching

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD contd.

• J1 : Path Trace byte

• B3: Path BIP−8 Code
• C2: Signal label byte
• H4: TU position indicator byte
• G1: Path status byte
• K3: Spare byte
• F2, F3: Path user channels
• N1: Network operator byte bytes

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SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 Mapping
STM-64 AUG-64
Aligning
×4
×1 Multiplexing
STM-16 AUG-16
×4 Pointer processing
×1
STM-4 AUG-4

×4
×1 ×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s

×3

×1 34368 kbit/s
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3

×7
TUG-2

Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

×3

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)
34 Mbit/s to STM-N

C3 VC3

1 1 1
Rate P Next
34M Add POH
Adaptation O page
H
9 9
Packing 84 Mapping 1
1 85
125μs 125μs

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)
TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

1 86 1 86 1 261
3
1 1 H1 1
H1
H2
H2
H3
H3 P
Fill O
1st ×3 R R
gap H
align
R

9 9 9

Aligning Stuffing Multiplexing Same as

for C4
Multiplexing route: 1X34M  1XTU-3  3XTUG-3  1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three
34Mbit/s signals

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)
2 Mbit/s to STM-N

C12 VC12 TU12

POH
1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1

Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation POH Pointer page

9 9 9

Packing 125μs Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)
TUG-2 TUG-3

1 12 1 86
1 1

×7 R R
×3

9 9

Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
as for
C3
Multiplexing route: 1X2M  3XTU12  7XTUG-2
 3XTUG-3  1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load
3X7X3 = 63X2M Signals
Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure

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 The traffic shares the same
equipment and link

SDH Network protection B

 Bidirectional Traffic  Unidirectional Traffic

 Traffic flow direction  Traffic flow direction along the ring
along the ring 
a) Uniformly routed
Clockwise and counter-clockwise
 Clockwise or counter-
clockwis
A
A

The traffic is on
The traffic shares the same
different equipment
equipment and link
and links

B
B

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a) Uniformly routed T1516670-94

b) Diversely routed
 Difference between Path and
Multiplex Section
Multiplex section

Physical Layer
e.g. Optical fiber
Path

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1+1 Linear MS Protection
 Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS
protection system:
 Concurrent sending is permanent bridging
 Selective receiving
selective receiving
is switching
selective receiving
switch
concurrent concurrent
sending sending

switch
TU traffic TU traffic

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1:N Linear MS Protection
 Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection
A B
Protection section (Transmit)
Protection section (Receive)

Working section 1(Transmit)

Working section 1(Receive)

Working section 2(Transmit)

Working section 2(Receive)

Working section N(Transmit)

Working section N(Receive)

Bridging Selector Selector Bridging

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 1:1 Linear MS Protection
 Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS
protection system:
 Traffic flow after protection switching
Working
switch
switch

Protection
TU traffic TU traffic

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Two-fiber uni-directional path
protection ring
 Protection switching mechanism:
 Switching criteria

 Transmission quality of each individual channel

 Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms

S1

P1
A

B D

switch
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Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
 Traffic flow when network is broken:
 Working channels=1-N/2 AU4

 Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4

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Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
 APS controller:
 Transition of APS controller status:

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Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
 Structure:
 Four fibers

 Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic

 Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal

CA AC
traffic
S1
P1
S2
P2
A
D B
C
P2
S2
P1
S1
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CA AC
SubNetwork Connection
Protection
 Description:
 Protection one SubNetwork Connection
 Can be adapted to all networks

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SubNetwork Connection
Protection
 Normal condition for unidirectional
SNCP:
 Concurrent sending (transmit end)
 Selective receiving (receive end)

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SubNetwork Connection
Protection
 Failure in working channels for unidirectional
SNCP:
 Concurrent sending (transmit end)

 Selective receiving (receive end)

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 SubNetwork Connection
Protection
 Protection Restoration:
 Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)

S1 S1

P1 P1
A A

B D B D

C C

switch

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 On Job Training, July 2006
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