Lecture 02: Class diagram

Doan Trung Tung, PhD

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PLAN

 Class diagram
 Relationships
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 From requirements to Class diagram

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What is a Class Diagram?

 A class diagram describes the

types of objects in the system and
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

the various kinds of relationships

that exist among them.
 A graphical representation of a
static view on static elements.

 Richest notation in UML

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Objects

 Objects have three responsibilities:

OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

o What they know about themselves – (e.g., Attributes)

o What they do – (e.g., Operations)
o What they know about other objects – (e.g., Relationships)

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Class

 A class is a template (specification, blueprint) for a collection of

objects that share a common set of attributes and operations.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

MovieClubMember
Class attributes
operations

Objects

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Class notation in class diagram
Class name
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private

Attributes

protected

public Methods

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Generalization relationship

 A generalization connects a subclass to its superclass. It

denotes an inheritance of attributes and behaviors from
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

the superclass to the subclass and indicates a

specialization in the subclass of the more general
superclass.
 Can be viewed as “is a” relationship

Student Person

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Generalization relationship

 UML permits a class to inherit from multiple superclasses,

although some programming languages (e.g., Java) do not
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

permit multiple inheritance.

Student Employee

TeachingAssistant
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Generalization relationship

 Abstract class
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Shape
draw()

Circle Rectangle

draw() draw()
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Generalization relationship

 Discriminator
Discriminator
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Doctor

Female

role
Person Nurse
Gender
Male {complete}
patient

Physical-
therapist

Patient
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Associations relationship

 Relationships between instances (objects)

 Association describes a link, a link being a connection
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

among objects between classes.

 Can be viewed as “has a” relationship

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Associations relationship

 Properties
o Name
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

o Role
› The specific role of the association
o Multiplicity
› Indicates the number of objects that are connected
o Type
› Plain association, aggregation, composition
o Direction

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Associations

Example: A Person works for a Company

OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Role

employee employer
Person Company
works for

Association Name

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Associations

 Multiplicity: specify properties of the number of links that

can exist between instances (objects) of the associated
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

classes.
Association name
Class1 Class2
multiplicity multiplicity

 Multiplicity notation
o*  0, 1, or more
o5  5 exactly
o 5..8  between 5 and 8, inclusive
o 5..*  5 or more
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Associations

 Multiplicity example
o A Student can take up to 5 Courses.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

o Student has to be enrolled in at least one course.

o Up to 300 students can enroll in a course.
o A class should have at least 10 students.

Student Course
10..300 takes 1..5

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Associations

 Multiplicity example
o A teacher teaches 1 to 3 courses (subjects)
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

o Each course is taught by only one teacher.

o A student can take between 1 to 5 courses.
o A course can have 10 to 300 students.

1 teaches 1..3
Teacher Course
1..5

takes
Students
10..300
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Self association

 An association that connects a class to itself is called a

self association.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

1
Employee
manager
Responsible for worker
0..10

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Multi associations

 A cricket team has 11 players. One of them is the captain.

 A player can play only for one Team.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 The captain leads the team members.

Captain
Team
Member 1 0..1
Player Team
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11 member of 1
Captain
1

Leads
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Aggregation

 A specialized form of Association in which a whole is

related to its part(s)
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 Can be viewed as a “part of” relationship

o Whole – parts
o Container – contents
Can they be association?
o Group - members

Engine
Car
Transmission

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Composition
Can they be aggregation?
 Special Aggregation
 Strong ownership
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Scrollbar

Window Titlebar

Menu

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How to identify aggregation / composition?

 Lifetime of part is bound within lifetime of composite

o There is a create-delete dependency
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 There is an obvious whole-part physical or logical

assembly
 Some properties of composite propagate to parts (e.g.,
location)
 Operations applied to composite propagate to parts (e.g.,
destruction, movement, recording)

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Why aggregation / composition?

 Assists in identification of a creator

 Operations applied to whole should usually propagate to
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

parts
 Identifying whole - parts supports encapsulation

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Dependency

 Change in specification of one class can change the other

class. This can happen when one class is using another
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

class.
 Always directed
 Caused by class methods
o local variable, parameter, return value

Circle
Point
Move(p:Point)
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Dependency

 Dependency relationship can be used to show

relationships between classes and objects
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

circleA:Circle

Circle

circleB:Circle

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Realization (implementation)

 A realization relationship indicates that one class

implements a behavior specified by another class (an
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

interface or protocol).
 An interface can be realized by many classes.
 A class may realize many interfaces.

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Realization

 Example
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Keyboard
brandName <<interface>>
numOfKeys TypeWriter

ctl()
pageDown() keyStroke()

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Constraint rules and Notes

 Constraints and notes annotate among other things

associations, attributes, operations and classes.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 Constraints are semantic restrictions noted as Boolean

expressions.

Customer 1 * may be
Order
{ total < $50 } canceled
id: long { value > 0 }

Constraint Note

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Common mistakes / confusions

When drawing Class Diagram

o Draw classes immediately
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

o Hard to differentiate relationships

› Associations or
› Aggregation or
› Composition?
o Attributes or classes?
o Inheritances or Interfaces?
o Draw all dependencies?
o…

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From user requirements to Class Diagram

“A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system

and the various kinds of static relationships that exist among
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

them”

 Make a list of objects found in user requirements

 Group similar objects into class
 Define relationships between each two classes
o Multiplicity
o Type (generalization, association, realization, dependency)
o Name, direction, …

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User requirements …
Zounds international (Audiovisual sales) Has A number of
(sub) divisions such as Purchasing, NetSales, Stock, Retail
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

etc. ‘Retail’ has outlets (e.g. in Malls and High street stores).
NetSales has both ‘Hard’ (CDs, DVDs…) and ‘soft’
(downloads) sales. Retail and Netsales co-operate to
produce ‘Personal mixes’ that they burn onto CDs to
produce items for individual customers. Customers may
open an account to facilitate the payment for multiple
transactions or they may just buy goods in individual
purchases paying by cash, cheque or card. The staff selling
the good are recorded.
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User requirements …
Zounds international (Audiovisual sales) Has A number of
(sub) divisions such as Purchasing, NetSales, Stock, Retail
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

etc. ‘Retail’ has outlets (e.g. in Malls and High street stores).
NetSales has both ‘Hard’ (CDs, DVDs…) and ‘soft’
(downloads) sales. Retail and Netsales co-operate to
produce ‘Personal mixes’ that they burn onto CDs to
produce items for individual customers. Customers may
open an account to facilitate the payment for multiple
transactions or they may just buy goods in individual
purchases paying by cash, cheque or card. The staff selling
the good are recorded.
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User requirements …

A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

is a sub-division of Zounds international but also a parent
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

has no parent division. Retail staff display and sell traditional
stock items (CD, DVD) in the retail outlets to customers
(these people may also be staff). The netSales staff maintain
and sell copies of ‘softstock’ (digitally encoded mediaware
that they are licensed to distribute) direct to customers (or
staff). The company’s retail outlets purchase ‘SoftStock’ for
the mixes.
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User requirements …

A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

is a sub-division of Zounds international but also a parent
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

has no parent division. Retail staff display and sell traditional
stock items (CD, DVD) in the retail outlets to customers
(these people may also be staff). The netSales staff maintain
and sell copies of ‘softstock’ (digitally encoded mediaware
that they are licensed to distribute) direct to customers (or
staff). The company’s retail outlets purchase ‘SoftStock’ for
the mixes.
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Objects
• Divisions • Hard sales • Customers
• Subdivisions • Soft sales • Staff
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• Retails • CDs • Retail staff

• Netsales • Mixes • Netsale staff
• Purchasings • Items
• Stocks • Goods • Accounts
• DVD

• Transactions
• Purchases • Cheque
• Cash
• Card

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Classes

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User requirements …
The divisions and subdivisions each have a single manager and may
have staff. Staff are employed by Zounds international and are
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

assigned to exactly one division. There are many types of staff and
their assignment/role (Cleaner, NetSales, Manager) may vary during
their time with ZI. All subdivisions have only one parent division but
parent divisions may have many subdivisions. Theoretically all the
parent divisions have control over all their subdivisions, though in
practice this is seldom enforced for the mundane ‘day-to-day’
running of the company. All Sub-divisions are cost centres,
maintaining their own accounts but constrained to follow a
centralised accounting model with a standard way of maintaining
the balance and transaction history and recording transactions.
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User requirements …
The divisions and subdivisions each have a single manager and may
have staff. Staff are employed by Zounds international and are
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

assigned to exactly one division. There are many types of staff and
their assignment/role (Cleaner, NetSales, Manager) may vary during
their time with ZI. All subdivisions have only one parent division but
parent divisions may have many subdivisions. Theoretically all the
parent divisions have control over all their subdivisions, though in
practice this is seldom enforced for the mundane ‘day-to-day’
running of the company. All Sub-divisions are cost centres,
maintaining their own accounts but constrained to follow a
centralised accounting model with a standard way of maintaining
the balance and transaction history and recording transactions.
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OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Classes and relationships

Do you agree with type of associations?

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Hidden objects/classes

 Web pages
 Windows Remember class UITool?
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 Dialogs
 “Data Access” Classes
…

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Exercise
The ABC bookstore offers a Web system that allows its customers to
search, reserve, buy and rent books online. Any customer can visit the
bookstore’s official Web site to search for book details, but only the
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

registered customers (hereinafter, members) can reserve, buy and rent

books online. The required information for a membership is the
customer’s detail information such as name, address, a unique social ID,
phone number, e-mail address, and credit card number. Once the
registration is completed, the system will send the confirmation notification
to the customer’s e-mail address. The ABC bookstore offers services for
both hard-copied books and electronic books. The rental service is
applied for hard-copied books only. For hard-copied books, a customer
can search for book information and reserve the books that he/she wants
to buy or rent. The reserved time is 1 day. After the customer made the
reservation, he/she must go to the bookstore to pick up the books within
the reserved time. Otherwise, the reserved books will be released to
other customers. To pick up the books, the customer must present the
reservation number to the bookstore’s staff and pay for the books. 40
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Exercise
The rental period is 7 days for each book. To return the books,
the customer can either go to the bookstore during its office
hours (8:00 to 22:00) to return them to the staff at the counter
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

service, or use an automated self-service book return box that is

located in front of the bookstore and is available for 24 hours.
The book return box has a barcode reader attached to it. The
customer has to use the bar code reader to scan a barcode of
each book and then put the book into the book return box. If the
customer returns the books later than the return date, he/she will
be charged at $10 per day per book via his/her credit card. The
late-returned fee will be shown in his/her membership account.
In case of buying books online (both hard-copied books and
electronic books), the customer must make payment using
his/her credit card and also provide a shipping address for the
books delivery.

Draw class diagram (use CRC first). Make your own assumptions if needed 41