TUTORIAL
CHAPTER
5
(PHASE
EQUILIBRIUM)
Section
A
1. The
phase
diagram
of
a
substance
is
shown
below:
What
is
the
physical
state
of
the
substance
as
represented
by
the
point
A
in
the
above
diagram?
A.
Liquid
B.
Ice
C.
Solid
D.
Gas
2.
How
many
phases
are
there
in
the
system
of
N2
gas,
C02
gas,
02
gas
and
water
vapour
mixture?
A.
1
B.
4
C.
3
D.
5
3.
Which
statement
is
true
regarding
a
negative
deviation
solution?
A.
The
intermolecular
forces
between
molecules
in
the
solution
are
stronger
thanthose
in
pure
liquids.
B.
The
intermolecular
forces
between
molecules
in
the
solution
are
weaker
than
those
in
pure
liquids.
C.
The
boiling
point
of
solution
is
less
than
the
boiling
point
of
pure
liquid.
D.
The
vapour
pressure
of
solution
is
higher
than
the
vapour
pressure
of
pure
liquid.
4.
Which
of
the
following
mixtures
of
liquid
is
expected
to
obey
Raoult’s
Law?
A.
ethanol
and
water
B.
ethanol
and
propanone
C.
benzene
and
ethylbenzene
D.
hydrochloric
acid
and
water
5.
A
mixture
of
ethanol
and
water
showed
a
positive
deviation
from
Raoult's
law
in
which
its
azeotropic
mixture
consists
of
95.6%
of
ethanol
and
4.4%
water.
When
a
mixture
containing
20%
ethanol
and
80%
water
is
subjected
to
fractional
distillation,
the
first
distillate
obtained
would
contain
A.
azeotropic
mixture.
B.
pure
ethanol.
C.
pure
water.
D.
20%
ethanol
and
80%
water.
6.
Generally,
freezing
point
depression
was
a
common
method
for
determining
A.
vapour
pressure.
B.
molar
mass.
C.
osmotic
pressure.
D.
properties
of
mixture.
7.
Concerning
azeotropes,
which
of
the
following
is
not
a
correct
statement?
A.
A
solution
that
boils
at
a
constant
temperature
and
produces
vapour
of
the
same
composition
as
the
liquid.
B.
They
have
boiling
points
that
in
some
cases
are
greater
than
the
boiling
points
of
the
pure
components.
C.
They
have
boiling
points
that
in
some
cases
are
lower
than
the
boiling
points
of
the
pure
components.
D.
The
vapour
pressure
of
a
solution
depends
on
the
vapour
pressures
of
its
pure
components.
8.
According
to
Raoult's
law,
which
statement
is
false
A. The
vapor
pressure
of
a
solvent
over
a
solution
decreases
as
its
mole
fraction
increases
B. The
solubility
of
a
gas
increases
as
the
temperature
decreases.
C. The
vapor
pressure
of
a
solvent
over
a
solution
is
less
than
that
of
pure
solvent.
D. The
greater
the
pressure
of
a
gas
over
a
solution
the
greater
its
solubility
9.
Consider
a
solution
made
from
a
nonvolatile
solute
and
a
volatile
solvent.
Which
statement
is
true?
A.
The
vapor
pressure
of
the
solution
is
always
greater
than
the
vapor
pressure
of
the
pure
solvent.
B.
The
boiling
point
of
the
solution
is
always
greater
than
the
boiling
point
of
the
pure
solvent.
C.
The
freezing
point
of
the
solution
is
always
greater
than
the
freezing
point
of
the
pure
solvent.
10.
A
solution
is
40.0%
by
volume
benzene
(C6H6)
in
carbon
tetrachloride
at
20°C.
The
vapour
pressure
of
pure
benzene
at
this
temperature
is
74.61
mmHg
and
its
density
is
0.87865
g/cm3;
the
vapor
pressure
of
pure
carbon
tetrachloride
is
91.32
mmHg
and
its
density
is
1.5940
g/cm3.
If
this
solution
is
ideal,
its
total
vapor
pressure
at
20°C
is
A. 84.64
mmHg
B. 84.30
mmHg
C. 82.96
mmHg
D. 81.63
mmHg
11.
What
is
the
freezing
point
of
a
solution
that
contains
10.0
g
of
glucose
(C6H12O6)
in
100.g
of
H2O?
Kf
for
water
is
1.86°C/m.
A.
–0.186°C
B.
+0.186°C
C.
–0.10°C
D.
–1.03°C
Section
B
Question
1
a) i)
Define
the
Raoult's
Law
for
an
ideal
solution.
ii)
Give
two
examples
of
a
mixture
of
two
solutions
that
obey
Raoult's
Law.
b)
Urea,
(NH2CONH2),
(molar
mass
=
60
g
mol-‐1)
is
the
end
product
of
protein
metabolism
in
animals.
Suppose
a
solution
is
made
by
dissolving
17.5
g
of
urea,
in
86
g
of
water.
Calculate
i)
the
boiling
point
of
the
solution
(Kb
for
water
=
0.512
°C
m-‐1)
ii)
the
freezing
point
of
the
solution
(Kf
for
water
=
1.86
°C
m-‐1)
c)
Vapour
pressure
of
ethyl
acetate
(88.0
g/mol)
and
ethyl
propionate
(102
g/mol)
are
73.8
mm
Hg
and
23.7
mm
Hg,
respectively.
Calculate
the
vapour
composition
of
ethyl
acetate
in
equilibrium
with
solution
when
25.0
g
ethyl
acetate
and
50.0
g
ethyl
propionate
are
mixed
to
form
an
ideal
solution.
Question
2
a)
Cadmium
and
bismuth
form
a
eutectic
mixture
at
144°C
with
the
eutectic
composition
of
40%
Cd
and
60%
Bi.
The
melting
point
of
Cd
and
Bi
are
320°C
and
270°C
respectively.
Sketch
a
eutectic
diagram
for
the
mixture
Cd
and
Bi
and
label
the
axes,
the
melting
temperatures,
the
eutectic
point
and
also
all
the
phases
present.
Question
3
a)
The
vapour
pressure
of
pure
benzene
(C6H6)
and
toluene
(C7H8)
at
25°C
are
95.1
mm
Hg
and
28.4
mm
Hg,
respectively.
A
solution
is
prepared
with
a
mole
fraction
of
toluene
of
0.750.
Determine
the
total
vapour
pressure
for
the
solution,
in
mm
Hg.
b)
Some
ethylene
glycol,
HOCH2CH2OH,
was
added
to
cooling
system
along
with
5.0
kg
water.
i)
If
the
freezing
point
of
the
solution
is
-‐15.0°C,
what
mass
(in
grams)
of
the
glycol
must
have
been
added?
ii)
What
is
the
boiling
point
of
the
coolant
mixture?
[Kf
=
1.86°C
kg
mol-‐1
,Kb
=
0.52°C
kg
mol-‐1]
Question
4
a)
Pure
ethanol
(boiling
point
=
78.5°C)
and
pure
water
(boiling
point
=
100°C)
form
an
azeotropic
mixture
with
a
composition
of
95.6%
by
mass
of
ethanol
and
a
boiling
point
of
78.2°C.
i)
Sketch
a
boiling
point-‐composition
graph
for
an
ethanol/water
system.
ii)
State
what
happens
when
a
mixture
containing
95.6%
ethanol
by
mass
is
distilled
fractionally.
Question
5
a)
Define
i)
Azeotropic
mixture
ii)
Eutectic
mixture
b)
Pure
tin
(melting
point
=
232°C)
and
lead
(melting
point
=
327°C)
form
an
eutectic
mixture
with
a
composition
of
62%
Sn-‐38%
Pb
by
mass
and
an
eutectic
point
of
183°C.
i)
Sketch
the
phase
diagram
of
Sn/Pb
mixture.
ii)
Explain
what
happens
if
the
Sn/Pb
mixture
is
cooled
with
10%
Sn-‐90%
Pb
composition
iii)
Calculate
the
mass
of
lead
precipitate
if
10%
Sn-‐90%
Pb
composition
is
cooled
down.
