What is a Social Institution?
-a group of social positions, connected
by social relations, performing a social
role, e.g. universities, government,
families.
Characteristics of an Institution?
• Institutions are purposive.
• They are relatively permanent in their
content.
• Institutions are structured.
• Institutions are a unified structure.
• Institutions are necessarily value-laden.
Functions of an Institution?
• Institutions are purposive.
• They are relatively permanent in their
content.
• Institutions are structured.
• Institutions are a unified structure.
• Institutions are necessarily value-laden.
The family is the smallest
social institution with the unique
function or producing and rearing
the young. It is the basic unit of
Philippine society and the
educational system.
Characteristics of the
Filipino Family
closely knit and has strong family
ties
has a strong loyalty among
members
individual interests are sacrificed
over the welfare of the group
kinship ties are extended to
“compadre” or sponsors
Functions of the Family
Reproduction of the race and rearing the
young
Cultural transmission or enculturation
Socialization of the child
Providing affection and a sense of security
Providing the environment for personality
development and the growth of self
concept
Providing social status
Kinds of Family Patterns
According to Membership
Conjugal or Nuclear Family Husband, wife and children
Married couple, their parents, siblings,
Consanguine or extended Family
grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins
Kinds of Family Patterns
According to Terms of Marriage
Polyandry One woman married to two or more men
Polygamy One man married to two or more women
Two or more men mate with two or more
Cenogamy
women in group marriage
Kinds of Family Patterns
According to Line of Descent
Descent is recognized through the father’s
Patrilineal
line
Descent is recognized through the
Matrilineal
mother’s line
Descent is recognized through both the
Bilineal
father’s and mother’s line
Kinds of Family Patterns
According to Place of Residence
Married couple lives with the parents of
Patrilocal
the husband
Married couple lives with the parents of
Matrilocal
the wife
Married couple maintains a separate
Neolocal
household and live by themselves
Kinds of Family Patterns
According to Authority
Father is considered the head and plays a
Patriarchal
dominant role
Mother is considered the head and makes
Matriarchal
the major decisions
Both the mother and father share in
Equalitarian making decisions and are equal in
authority
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Multiple Functions of Schools
Technical/economic - refers to the
contributions of the school to the
technical or economic development
and needs of the individual, the
institution, the local community, the
society and the international
community.
Multiple Functions of Schools
Human/social - refers to the
contributions of the school to human
development and social relationships at
different levels of society.
Multiple Functions of Schools
Political - refers to the contributions of
the school to the political development
at different levels of society.
Multiple Functions of Schools
Cultural - refers to the contributions of
the school to the cultural transmission
and development at different levels of
society.
Multiple Functions of Schools
Education - refers to the contributions
of the school to the development and
maintenance of education at the
different levels of society.
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education
Manifest functions of education are
defined as the open and intended goals or
consequences of activities within an
organization or institution.
Socialization
Social control
Social placement
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education
Transmitting culture
Promoting social and political
integration
Agent of change
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education
Latent functions of education are the
hidden, unstated and sometimes
unintended consequences of activities
within an organization or institution.
Restricting some activities
Matchmaking and production of social
networks
Creation of generation gap
Functions of Schools
by Calderon (1998)
Conservation function
Instructional function
Research function
Social service function
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Religion is the socially
defined patterns of beliefs
concerning ultimate
meaning of life’ it assumes
the existence of the
supernatural.
-Stark
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Characteristics of Religion
Belief in a deity or in a power beyond
the individual
A doctrine (accepted teaching) of
salvation
A code of conduct
The use of sacred stories
Religious rituals (acts and ceremonies)
Functions of Religion
Religion serves as a means of social control.
It exerts a great influence upon personality
development.
Religion always fear the unknown.
Religion explains events or situations which
are beyond the comprehension of man.
It gives man comfort, strength and hope in
times of crisis and despair.
Functions of Religion
It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills,
spiritual and cultural values and practices
It serves as an instrument of change.
It promotes closeness, love, cooperation,
friendliness and helpfulness.
Religion alleviates sufferings from major
calamities.
It provides hope for a blissful life after death.
Churches, sects and cults
Church – tends to be large, with
inclusive membership, in low tension
with surrounding society and tends
toward greater intellectual
examination and interpretation of the
tenants of religion.
Churches, sects and cults
Sect – has a small, exclusive
membership, high tension with
society. It tends toward the emotional,
mystic, stress faith, feeling, conversion
experience, to be “born again”.
Churches, sects and cults
Cult – the more innovative institutions
and are formed when people create
new religious beliefs and practices.
There are three types: audience cults,
client cults and cult movements.
Elements of Religion
Sacred - refers to phenomena that
are regarded as extraordinary,
transcendent, and outside the
everyday course of events - that is,
supernatural.
Elements of Religion
Legitimation of norms – Religious
sanctions and beliefs reinforce the
legitimacy of many rules and norms
in the community.
Elements of Religion
Rituals – are formal patterns of
activity that express symbolically a
set of shared meanings.
Elements of Religion
Religious Community – Religions
establishes a code of behavior for
the members, who belong and who
does not.
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Microeonomics vs. Macroeconomics
Microeconomics - concerned with
the specific economic units of parts
that makes an economic system
and the relationship between those
parts.
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Microeonomics vs. Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics - concerned with
the economy as a whole, or large
segments of it.
Basic Economic Problems
What goods and services to
produce and how much?
How to produce goods and
services?
For whom are the goods and
services?
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The institution which resolves
conflicts that are public in nature and
involve more than a few people is
called a government. It can be city,
provincial, national or even
international.
Three Branches of the Government
Executive Enforces rules and laws
Legislative Makes rules and laws
Judicial Interprets rules and laws
Politics and Administration
Politics - a pattern of human
interaction that serves to
resolve conflicts between
people, institutions, and
nations
Politics and Administration
Administration - refers to
the aggregate of persons in
whose hands the reigns of
government are for the
time being.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government
Constituent - contribute to the
very bonds of society and are
therefore compulsary.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government
Examples of constituent functions
• The keeping of order and providing
for protection of persons and
property from violence and robbery.
• The definition and punishment for
crimes
• The administration of justice in civil
cases.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government
Ministrant - those undertaken
to advance the general interest
of society such as public works,
charity and are merely optional.
