BEE 3243 – CHAPTER 7
Fault in Electric Power System
Module Outline
1. Introduction
2. Symmetrical/ Balanced Faults
3 U
3. Unsymmetrical/
t i l/ Unbalanced
U b l d Faults
F lt
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 2
Introduction
• Analysis types:
power flow - evaluate normal operating conditions
fault analysis - evaluate abnormal operating conditions
• Fault analysis is also known as short circuit study.
• In normal condition, a power system is operating at
balanced 3-phase AC system.
• Whenever a fault occurred, the bus voltages and
fl
flow off currentt in
i the
th network
t k elements
l t gett affected.
ff t d
• Faults can cause over current at certain point of
power system.
t
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 3
Introduction
• Faults occur in power system due to:
insulation failure in the equipments
flashover of lines initiated by lightning
mechanical damage to conductors and towers
accidental faulty operation
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 4
Introduction
• Fault types:
Symmetrical/ balanced faults (3-phase)
Unsymmetrical/ unbalanced faults
single-line
i l li tto ground d and
dddouble-line
bl li tto ground
d
line-to-line faults
• The relative frequency of occurrence of various
faults in the order of severity are as follows:
balanced 3-phase fault 5%
double line to ground fault 10%
line to line fault 15%
single line to ground fault 70%
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 5
Introduction
• When a fault occurs in a power system, bus
voltages reduces and large current flows in the
lines.
• This may cause damage to the equipments.
• The magnitude of the fault currents depends on:
the impedance of the network
the internal impedances of the generators
th resistance
the i t off the
th fault
f lt (arc
( resistance)
i t )
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 6
Introduction
• Faulty section should be isolated from the rest of
the network immediately.
• This can be achieved by providing relays and circuit
breakers.
• The protective relays sense the occurrence of the
f l and
fault d sendd signals
i l to circuit
i i b breakers
k to open the
h
circuit under faulty condition.
• Proper
P relay
l setting
tti and d relay
l coordination
di ti are
required for effective protection.
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 7
Introduction
• The main purposes of fault analysis:
specifying ratings for circuit breakers and fuses
protective relay settings
specifying the impedance of transformers and generators
• Network impedances are governed by
generator impedances
transformer connections and impedances
transmission line impedances
Load impedances
grounding connections and resistances
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 8
Subtransient and transient
• Generator behavior is divided into three periods
sub-transient period,
period lasting for the first few cycles during
which current decrement is very rapid
transient period, covering a relatively longer time during
which current decrement is more moderate
steadyy state p
period
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 9
Subtransient and transient
X’’d X’d Xd / Xs
Sub transient T
Transient
i t St d state
Steady t t
DC component
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 10
Symmetrical & Asymmetrical fault
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 11
Subtransient and transient
• Sub-transient reactances, XG = Xd”
determine the interrupting capacity of HV circuit breakers
determine the operation timing of the protective relay
system for high-voltage networks
• Transient reactances, XG = Xd’
determine the interrupting capacity of MV circuit breakers
determine the operation timing of the protective relay
system for medium-voltage networks
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 12
Subtransient and transient
irms i 2 ac i 2 dc
E E
iac max idc max 2
X '' d X '' d
2 2 E = phase voltage
E E
irms max 2 ''
X d X d
''
E
irms max 3 Momentary short circuit current
''
X d
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 13
Subtransient and transient
• Short circuit current
In theory,
theory it should be multiplied by multiplying factor
of 3
E
irms max 3
X '' d
But in practice, it is recommended to use multiplying
factor of 1.6
16
Multiplying factor depends on the speed of CB.
Slower breaker ((i.e. 8 cycle
y breaker)) = 1.0
5 cycle breaker = 1.1
2 cycle breaker = 1.4
1 cycle breaker = ?
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 14
Percentage Resistance/Reactance
• Percentage resistance, Rp
• Defined as resistance of that value which has a
resistance drop of Rp percent of normal voltage value
when carrying full load current.
IR
R p 100
V
Where R = resistance in ohm, I = full load current,
V = rated voltage
• Percentage reactance ?
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 15
• Percentage reactance, Xp
• Defined as reactance of that value which has a
reactive drop of Xp percent of the normal voltage
value when carrying full load current.
IX
Xp 100
V
where X = reactance in ohm, I = full load current,
V = rated voltage
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 16
Rearrange the equation will give
X pV
X
I 100
Multiply & divided by V will give
X p voltage
2
2
X pV
X
IV 100 output in VA100
If expressed in KV and KVA
X p kV X p kV 10
2 2
X X
kVA100 kVA
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 17
Symmetrical Three-phase Fault
• The balanced fault is a phenomenon where the
three phases are short circuited simultaneously.
• Since the network is balanced, it is solve on per
phase basis.
p
• A fault represents a structural network change
equivalent
q to the addition of an impedance
p at the p
place of
the fault
if the fault impedance is zero, the fault is referred to as a
b lt d ffault
bolted lt or solid
lid ffault
lt
• For small networks, it can be solved by the
Thévenin’s
Thévenin s method
method, and for large networks,
networks it is
solved by the Bus Impedance Matrix method.
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 18
Symmetrical Three-phase Fault
Three Phase Fault on No Load Generator:
• The current and reactance are defined by the following
equation, provided the altenator was operating at no load
b f
before th occurance off 3-phase
the 3 h ffault:
lt
Eg •Eg = No load voltage
Oa
Steady state current [I ] of the generator
2 Xd
•Xd = direct axis
synchronous
Ob Eg reactance
Transient current [i ' ]
2 Xd ' •Xd’=direct
Xd’ di t axisi
transient reactance
Oc Eg •Xd” = direct axis
Subtransient current [i" ] subtransient reactance
2 Xd "
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 19
Symmetrical Three-phase Fault
Three Phase Fault on Loaded Generator:
• Illustration of generators fault:
• The current following the fault occurs is IL, the voltage at the fault is
g of the g
Vf and the terminal voltage generator is Vt
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 20
Symmetrical Three-phase Fault
• When a three-phase
p fault occurs at P,, switch S is closed
and the value of Eg” can be obtained using the following
equation:
Eg " Vt jILXd "
• For transient and steady state internal voltage is given
as follow:
Eg ' Vt jILXd '
Eg Vt jILXd
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 21
Example
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 22
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 23
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 24
BEE 3243 – Electric Power Systems – Module 6 25
