CHAPTER 3
Steady State 1-D Conduction
Asst.Prof.Dr. Karn Pana-Suppamassadu
Department of Chemical Engineering
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
OUTLINE
SS, 1-D conduction Without Thermal Energy generation
SS, 1-D conduction With Thermal Energy generation
SS, 1-D conduction in Extended Surface
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Without
Thermal Energy Generation
3.1 – 3.4
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Methodology of a Conduction Analysis
• Specify appropriate
form of heat equation
• Solve for temperature
distribution
• Apply Fourier’s law to
determine heat flux
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Common Geometries
[1] Plane Wall
* Described in rectangular (x) coordinate
* Area perpendicular to direction of
heat transfer is constant (independent of x)
[2] Tube Wall
Radial conduction through tube wall
[3] Spherical Shell
Radial conduction through shell wall.
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
T T T T
Plane Wall k + k + k + q = c p
x x y y z z t
Heat Equation
d dT
k =0
dx dx
Implications
Heat flux ( qx ) is independent of x.
Heat rate ( qx ) is independent of x.
Boundary Conditions
T ( 0 ) = Ts ,1, T ( L ) = Ts ,2
Temperature Distribution for Constant k
T ( x ) = Ts ,1 + (Ts ,2 − Ts ,1 )
x
L
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Heat Equation
Heat Diffusion Equation d dT
k =0
dx dx
PDE or Reduced ODE
Appropriate BCs/IC
Boundary Conditions
1 Temperature Distribution/Variation
Spatial/Temporal Function T ( 0 ) = Ts ,1, T ( L ) = Ts ,2
T ( x ) = Ts ,1 + (Ts ,2 − Ts ,1 )
x
L
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Heat Flux and Heat Rate
= (Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 )
dT k
qx = − k
dx L
q x = − kA
dT kA
dx
=
L
( Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 )
Thermal Resistances
T
t =
q
R
Conduction in a plane wall:
L
Rt ,cond =
kA
Convection:
1 N Temperature nodes
Rt ,conv =
hA N -1 Resistances
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Thermal circuit for plane wall
with adjoining fluids
1 L 1
Rtot = + +
h1 A kA h 2 A
T,1 − T,2
qx =
Rtot
N Temperature nodes
N -1 Resistances
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
I
Implications
Heat flux ( qx ) is independent of x.
Heat rate ( qx ) is independent of x.
T1 − T 2
qx =
Rtot
T1 − Ts1
= qx
RConv1
Ts1 − Ts 2
=
RCond
Ts 2 − T 2
= N Temperature nodes
RConv 2 N -1 Resistances
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
I
Thermal Resistance for
Unit Surface Area
L 1
Rt,cond = Rt,conv =
k h
Units: Rt K/W Rt m2 K/W
qx
Radiation Resistance
1 1
Rt ,rad = Rt,rad =
hr A hr
(
hr = (Ts + Tsur ) Ts2 + Tsur
2
) N Temperature nodes
N -1 Resistances
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Composite Wall
T,1 − T,4
qx =
Rt
1 1 LA LB LC 1 Rtot
Rt = Rtot = + + + + =
A h1 k A k B kC h4 A
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
Modified Newton’s law of cooling
to encompass multiple resistances
to heat transfer
qx = UAToverall
1
Rtot =
UA
From temperature distribution shown, kA > kB < kC.
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Contact Resistance
TA − TB
Rt,c =
qx
Rt,c
Rt ,c =
Ac
Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial
conditions, and contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial
conditions, and contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial
conditions, and contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Series – Parallel Composite Wall
• Note departure from
one-dimensional
conditions for k F kG
• Circuits based on
assumption of isothermal qx
surfaces normal to x
direction or adiabatic
surfaces parallel to x
direction provide
approximations for qx .
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Series – Parallel Composite Wall
• Note departure from
one-dimensional
conditions for k F kG
• Circuits based on
assumption of isothermal qx
surfaces normal to x
direction or adiabatic
surfaces parallel to x
direction provide
approximations for qx .
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.1 p.121
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.1 p.121
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.1 p.121
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.1 p.121
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.1 p.121
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.2 p.125
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.2 p.125
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.2 p.125
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.2 p.125
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
1 T 1 T T T
Tube (Cylindrical) Wall kr + 2 k + k + q = ρc p
r r r r z z t
Heat Equation 1-dimensional in r-direction
1 d dT
kr =0
r dr dr
Boundary Conditions
Temperature Distribution
Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 r
T (r ) = ln + Ts ,2
ln ( r1 / r2 ) r2
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Heat Equation
Heat Diffusion Equation 1 d dT
kr=0
PDE or Reduced ODE r dr dr
Appropriate BCs/IC
Boundary Conditions
1 Temperature Distribution/Variation
Spatial/Temporal Function
Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 r
T (r ) = ln + Ts ,2
ln ( r1 / r2 ) r2
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
1 Heat Diffusion
Temperature Equation
Distribution/Variation
Spatial/Temporal
PDE or Reduced Function
ODE
Fourier’s Law
Appropriate e.g.
BCs/IC
T
2 Heat Flux
Temperature or Heat Rate
Distribution/Variation qn = − kA
Boundary Conditions
⊥
r
Engineering Function
Spatial/Temporal Design
Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 r
A⊥ = 2rL T (r ) = ln + Ts ,2
ln ( r1 / r2 ) r2
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Important Note
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Heat Flux and Heat Rate:
qr = − k
dT
=
k
dr r ln ( r2 / r1 )
( Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 ) [W/m2]
2 k
qr = 2 rqr =
ln ( r2 / r1 )
( Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 ) [W/m]
2 Lk
qr = 2 rLqr =
ln ( r2 / r1 )
( Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 ) [W]
Conduction Resistance:
ln ( r2 / r1 )
Rt ,cond = [K/W]
2 Lk
ln ( r2 / r1 )
Rt,cond = [m K/W]
2 k
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Composite Wall
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.6 p.138
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
1 2 T 1 T
Spherical Shell kr +
2 2 k
r r
2
r r sin
Heat Equation 1 T T
1 d 2 dT + 2 k sin + q = ρc p
2 dr
r =0 r sin t
r dr
Boundary Conditions
Temperature Distribution
T ( r ) = Ts ,1 − (Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 )
( )
1 − r1/ r
(
1 − r1 / r 2 )
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Without Thermal Energy Generation
Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance
dT
qr = −k = 2
k
dr r (1/ r1 ) − (1/ r2 )
(Ts,1 − Ts,2 )
4 k
qr = 4 r 2qr =
(1/ r1 ) − (1/ r2 )
( Ts ,1 − Ts ,2 )
Rt ,cond =
(1 / r1 ) − (1 / r2 )
4 k
Composite Shell
Toverall
qr = = UAToverall
Rtot
UA = Rtot −1 Constant
−1
U i = ( Ai Rtot ) Depends on Ai
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
Summary Part 1
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
With
Thermal Energy Generation
3.5
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
Implications of Energy Generation
• Involves a local (volumetric) source of thermal energy due to conversion
from another form of energy in a conducting medium
• Source may be uniformly distributed, as in conversion from
electrical to thermal energy (Ohmic heating)
Eg I 2 Re
q= =
or it may be non-uniformly distributed, as in absorption of radiation
passing through a semi-transparent medium. For a plane wall,
q e − x
• Generation affects temperature distribution in the medium and causes
the heat rate to vary with location, thereby precluding inclusion of
the medium in a thermal circuit
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
T T T T
Plane Wall k + k + k + q = c p
x x y y z z t
Heat Equation
d dT d 2T q
k +q=0→ 2 + =0
dx dx dx k
Boundary Conditions
Temperature Distribution for Constant k
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
d dT d 2T q
k +q=0→ 2 + =0
dx dx dx k
T ( x ) = − ( q / 2k ) x 2 + C1 x + C2 BCs
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
Symmetric Surface Conditions
or One Surface Insulated
How do we determine Ts ?
CV Overall energy balance on wall …
− E out + E g = 0
−hAs (Ts − T ) + q As L = 0
qL
Ts = T +
h
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
How do we determine Ts ?
CS (+L) energy balance on wall …
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)
1 d dT 1 d 2 dT
kr +q=0 kr +q=0
r dr dr r 2 dr dr
Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
Uniform Generation in Solid Sphere of constant k
with Convection Cooling
Temperature Distribution Surface Temperature
dT q r3 Overall energy balance:
kr2
=− + C1
dr 3
q ro
− Eout + Eg = 0 → Ts = T +
q r 2 C1 3h
T =− − + C2
6k r
Or from a surface energy balance:
dT
|r = 0 = 0 → C1 = 0
dr
Ein − E out = 0
q ro 2
T ( ro ) = Ts → C2 = Ts +
q ro
→ qcond ( ro ) = qconv → Ts = T +
6k
3h
q ro 2 r2
T (r) = 1 − 2 + Ts
6k ro
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
With Thermal Energy Generation
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
CH 3 STEADY STATE 1-D CONDUCTION
EX. 3.8 p.151
