INTRODUCTION TO SOUND &
TV BROADCASTING.
Presented By
Lasantha Samaranayake.
What is a TV System
Conversion of Light Energy into
Electrical Energy
Transmission & Reception of the
Electrical Energy
Conversion of the electrical signal into
an optical image
Picture Elements
The picture information is optical in character and
may be thought of as an assemblage of a large
number of bright and dark areas representing
picture details.
These elementary areas are known as picture
elements.
Scanning
The process of scrutinizing and transmitting
an image element by element is refereed to
as scanning.
It produces what is known as the scanning
raster.
Scanning Raster
Scanning
By starting at the upper left corner along line 1
and moving towards the right at a constant speed.
At the end of line 1 a quick return is made to the
left hand side to start the scanning of line 2, again
moving towards the right.
When all lines have been scanned in this way from
top to bottom, the process is repeated at a constant
speed.
Constant speed is maintained in line and
frame scanning.
At the end of each line and each frame
synchronizing signals are inserted to mark
the start of each line and each frame.
TV Line Scanning
Scanning Lines
Scanning
Progressive scanning
Interlace Scanning
Progressive Scanning
Progressive scanning
Interlaced scanning
Used for a flicker free reproduction of the picture.
Lines of the complete raster
Odd field (312.5 lines) Even field (312.5 lines)
1,3,5..etc. 2,4,6 etc..
Duration Tv /2 Duration Tv /2
Interlace scanning
Interlace scanning
First Field
2nd Field
Interlace Scanning
Horizontal scanning
The linear rise of current in the horizontal
deflection coils.
Deflects the beam across the screen with a
continuous uniform motion for the trace
from left to right.
Vertical Scanning
The saw tooth current in the vertical
deflection coils moves the electron beam
from top to bottom of the raster at a uniform
speed while the electron beam is being
deflected horizontally.
Image Continuity
Television picture elements of the frame by means of the
scanning process, it is necessary to present the picture to
the eye in such a way that an illusion of continuity is
created and any motion in the scene appears on the
picture tube screen as a smooth and continues change.
To achieve this persistence of vision is used.
Persistence of Vision = 1/16 Sec.
Eye (or the brain rather) can retain the
sensation of an image for a short time even
after the actual image is removed.
Picture Repetition Frequency.
24 frames per second (Hz) - for cinema.
25 frames per second (Hz) - television for 50
Hz AC supply.
30 frames per second (Hz) - television for 60
Hz AC supply in
North America
and Japan
Aspect Ratio
Width/Height = 4/3
Most of the motion occurs in horizontal
frame and so large width desirable
Eyes can view with more ease and comfort
when width is more.
Direct TV transmission of film programs
without wastage of any film area.
Aspect Ratio
Trace
Field frequency - 50Hz
Frame frequency – 25Hz
Line frequency – 625 x 25 = 15625 Hz
Period for a line – 1/15625 Hz = 64s = Th
T (vertical) - 1/50 = 20 ms = TV
Retrace (Fly back)
In accordance with CCIR,
Tfh = 0.18 Th = 11.52 s
Tfv = 0.08 Tv = 1.6ms
The number of visible lines
(1-0.08) 625 = 575
Synchronization
Synchronism between the scanning process at the
transmitting and receiving ends is maintained by
inserting once during each line and once during
each frame a synchronization signal.
This is produced by a sync generator and
transmitted during the blanking pulses.
Sync pulses are injected at the blacker than black
level.
Saw Tooth Wave form
NUMBER OF LINES
• The quality of the reproduced picture
- determined by the resolution.
• Optimum viewing distance
- Five times the picture height.
• D/H = 5
• Limit angle = 0
• Tan = (H/L)/D
• Tan 0 = 4 x 10 –4
• L = 2500 / (D/H) = 500
Luminance bandwidth
A black and white image only contains white, black and
shades of grey. All these values could be obtained merely
by varying brightness.
The brightness of light is measured in terms of Luminance.
The word ‘Luminance’ is directly defined by CIE in relation
to human vision. It is represented by the letter Y as far as
video is concerned.
Luminance Bandwidth is 5MHz
Composite Video Signal (CVS)
CVS Scanned image (SI)
Blanking component (B)
Sync component (S)
Blanking signal :
Apply during the horizontal and vertical beam
returns.
T bh – 0.18 Th
T bv – 0.08 Tv
Composite Picture Signal
Mixture of the blanked signal, picture signal
and the sync signal is called composite
picture signal.
Horizontal Blanking
Horizontal Blanking Period
Divided in to 3 sections
Front Porch
Sync Pulse
Back Porch
Sync Signal
Used for the synchronization of the
scanning at the transmitter with the line
and field of the picture at the receiver.
Sync signals drive the deflection systems
at both Tx and Rx ends.
Sync pulse level is lower than the blanking
level, so called “blacker than black”.
Horizontal Blanking
