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NAME OF THE
SNO EXPERIMENT PAGE REMARKS
NO
1 UML
INTRODUCTION

A POINT-OF-SALES
2 SYSTEM

ONLINE
3 BOOKSHOP

AN AUCTION
4 APPLICATION

A MULTI THREADED
5 AIRPORT SIMULATION

6 A SIMULATED
COMPANY

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UML INTRODUCTION

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STUDY OF UML

AIM:

General study of UML

DESCRIPTION:

The heart of object-oriented problem solving is the

construction of a model. The model abstracts the essential details of
the underlying problem from its usually complicated real world.
Several modeling tools are wrapped under the heading of the UML,
which stands for Unified Modeling Language. The purpose of this
course is to present important highlights of the UML.

CLASS

A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are

created. This section defines a class that models the state and
behavior of a real-world object. It intentionally focuses on the basics,
showing how even simple classes can cleanly model state and
behavior. For example, the class Dog would consist of traits shared by
all dogs, such as breed and fur color (characteristics), and the ability
to bark and sit (behaviors).

OBJECT

An object is a software bundle of related state and behavior.

Software objects are often used to model the real-world objects that
you find in everyday life. This lesson explains how state and behavior
are represented within an object, introduces the concept of data

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encapsulation, and explains the benefits of designing your software in
this manner. A pattern(exemplar) of a class. The class Dog defines all

possible dogs by listing the characteristics and behaviors they can

have; the object Lassie is one particular dog, with particular versions
of the characteristics. A Dog has fur; Lassie has brown-and-white fur.

OBJECT ORIENTATION CONCEPTS:

Object-Orientation goes beyond just modeling attributes and

behavior. It considers the other aspects of objects as well. Object-
oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses
"objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods
together with their interactions – to design applications and computer
programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data
abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and
inheritance. These aspects are called abstraction, Inheritance,
polymorphism and encapsulation.

ABSTRACTION

Abstraction is simplifying complex reality by modeling classes

appropriate to the problem, and working at the most appropriate level
of inheritance for a given aspect of the problem.

For example, Lassie the Dog may be treated as a Dog much of

the time, a Collie when necessary to access Collie-specific attributes or
behaviors, and as an Animal (perhaps the parent class of Dog) when
counting Timmy's pets. Abstraction is also achieved through
Composition. For example, a class

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ENCAPSULATION:

Encapsulation conceals the functional details of a class from

objects that send messages to it.

For example, the Dog class has a bark () method. The code for the
bark() method defines exactly how a bark happens (e.g., by inhale()
and then exhale(), at a particular pitch and volume). Timmy, Lassie's
friend, however, does not need to know exactly how she barks.
Encapsulation is achieved by specifying which classes may use the
members of an object. The result is that each object exposes to any
class a certain interface — those members accessible to that class.

The reason for encapsulation is to prevent clients of an interface

from depending on those parts of the implementation that are likely to
change in the future, thereby allowing those changes to be made more
easily, that is, without changes to clients. For example, an interface
can ensure that puppies can only be added to an object of the class
Dog by code in that class. Members are often specified as public,
protected or private, determining whether they are available to all
classes, sub-classes or only the defining class. Some languages go
further: Java uses the default access modifier to restrict access also
to classes in the same package, C# and VB.NET reserve some
members to classes in the same assembly using keywords internal
(C#) or Friend (VB.NET), and Eiffel and C++ allow one to specify
which classes may access any member.

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POLYMORPHISM:

Polymorphism allows the programmer to treat derived class

members just like their parent class's members. More precisely,
Polymorphism in object-oriented programming is the ability of objects
belonging to different data types to respond to calls of methods of the
same name, each one according to an appropriate type-specific
behavior. One method, or an operator such as +, -, or *, can be
abstractly applied in many different situations. If a Dog is commanded
to speak(), this may elicit a bark(). However, if a Pig is commanded to
speak(), this may elicit an oink(). Each subclass overrides the speak()
method inherited from the parent class Animal.

INHERITANCE:

Subclasses are more specialized versions of a class, which

inherit attributes and behaviors from their parent classes, and can
introduce their own.

For example, the class Dog might have sub-classes called

Collie, Chihuahua, and Golden Retriever. In this case, Lassie would be
an instance of the Collie subclass. Suppose the Dog class defines a
method called bark() and a property called fur Color. Each of its sub-
classes (Collie, Chihuahua, and Golden Retriever) will inherit these
members, meaning that the programmer only needs to write the code
for them once.

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Each subclass can alter its inherited traits. For example, the
Collie subclass might specify that the default four-Color for a collie is
brown-and-white. The Chihuahua subclass might specify that the

bark () method produces a high pitch by default. Subclasses can also

add new members. The Chihuahua subclass could add a method called
tremble (). So an individual Chihuahua instance would use a high-
pitched bark () from the Chihuahua subclass, which in turn inherited
the usual bark () from Dog. The Chihuahua object would also have the
tremble () method, but Lassie would not, because she is a Collie, not a
Chihuahua. In fact, inheritance is an "a... is a" relationship between
classes, while instantiation is an "is a" relationship between an object
and a class: a Collie is a Dog ("a... is a"), but Lassie is a Collie ("is a").
Thus, the object named Lassie has the methods from both classes
Collie and Dog.

Multiple inheritances are inheritance from more than one

ancestor class, neither of these ancestors being an ancestor of the
other. For example, independent classes could define Dogs and Cats,
and a Chimera object could be created from these two which inherits
all the (multiple) behavior of cats and dogs. This is not always
supported, as it can be hard to implement

At the center of the UML are its nine kinds of modeling diagrams,
which we describe here.

 Use case diagrams

 Class diagrams
 Object diagrams
 Sequence diagrams
 Collaboration diagrams

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 State chart diagrams
 Activity diagrams
 Component diagrams
 Deployment diagrams

Why is UML important?

Let's look at this question from the point of view of the

construction trade. Architects design buildings. Builders use the
designs to create buildings. The more complicated the building, the
more critical the communication between architect and builder.
Blueprints are the standard graphical language that both architects
and builders must learn as part of their trade.

Writing software is not unlike constructing a building. The more

complicated the underlying system, the more critical the
communication among everyone involved in creating and deploying
the software. In the past decade, the UML has emerged as the
software blueprint language for analysts, designers, and programmers
alike. It is now part of the software trade. The UML gives everyone
from business analyst to designer to programmer a common
vocabulary to talk about software design.

The UML is applicable to object-oriented problem solving.

Anyone interested in learning UML must be familiar with the underlying
tenet of object-oriented problem solving -- it all begins with the
construction of a model. A model is an abstraction of the underlying
problem. The domain is the actual world from which the problem

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comes. Models consist of objects that interact by sending each other
messages. Think of an object as "alive." Objects have things they
know (attributes) and things they can do (behaviors or
operations). The values of an object's attributes determine its state.

Classes are the "blueprints" for objects. A class wraps attributes

(data) and behaviors (methods or functions) into a single distinct
entity. Objects are instances of classes.

Use case diagrams:

Use case diagrams describe what a system does from the

standpoint of an external observer. The emphasis is on what a system
does rather than how.

Use case diagrams are closely connected to scenarios. A scenario is

an example of what happens when someone interacts with the system.
Here is a scenario for a medical clinic.

"A patient calls the clinic to make an appointment for a yearly

checkup. The receptionist finds the nearest empty time slot in
the appointment book and schedules the appointment for that
time slot. "

A use case is a summary of scenarios for a single task or goal.

An actor is who or what initiates the events involved in that task.
Actors are simply roles that people or objects play. The picture below
is a Make Appointment use case for the medical clinic. The actor is a

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Patient. The connection between actor and use case is a
communication association (or communication for short).

Actors are stick figures. Use cases are ovals. Communications

are lines that link actors to use cases.

A use case diagram is a collection of actors, use cases, and their

communications. We've put Make Appointment as part of a diagram
with four actors and four use cases. Notice that a single use case can
have multiple actors.

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Use case diagrams are helpful in three areas.

 Determining features (requirements). New use cases often

generate new requirements as the system is analyzed and the
design takes shape.
 Communicating with clients. Their notational simplicity makes
use case diagrams a good way for developers to communicate
with clients.
 Generating test cases. The collection of scenarios for a use
case may suggest a suite of test cases for those scenarios.

Class diagrams:

A Class diagram gives an overview of a system by showing its

classes and the relationships among them. Class diagrams are static --
they display what interacts but not what happens when they do
interact.

The class diagrams below models a customer order from a retail

catalog. The central class is the Order. Associated with it is the

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Customer making the purchase and the Payment? A Payment is
one of three kinds: Cash, Check, or Credit. The order contains Order
Details (line items), each with its associated Item.

UML class notation is a rectangle divided into three parts: class name,
attributes, and operations. Names of abstract classes, such as
Payment, are in italics. Relationships between classes are the
connecting links.

Our class diagram has three kinds of relationships.

 Association -- a relationship between instances of the two

classes. There is an association between two classes if an
instance of one class must know about the other in order to

 Perform its work. In a diagram, an association is a link

connecting two classes.

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 Aggregation -- an association in which one class belongs to a
collection. An aggregation has a diamond end pointing to the
part containing the whole. In our diagram, Order has a
collection of Order Details.
 Generalization -- an inheritance link indicating one class is a
super class of the other. A generalization has a triangle pointing
to the super class. Payment is a super class of Cash, Check,
and Credit.

An association has two ends. An end may have a role name to

clarify the nature of the association. For example, an Order Detail is
a line item of each Order.

A navigability arrow on an association shows which direction the

association can be traversed or queried. An Order Detail can be
queried about its Item, but not the other way around. The arrow also
lets you know who "owns" the association's implementation; in this
case, Order Detail has an Item. Associations with no navigability
arrows are bi-directional. The multiplicity of an association end is the
number of possible instances of the class associated with a single
instance of the other end. Multiplicities are single numbers or ranges
of numbers. In our example, there can be only one Customer for each
Order, but a Customer can have any number of Orders. This table
gives the most common multiplicities.

Multiplicities Meaning

zero or one instance. The notation n . . m

0..1
indicates n to m instances.

0..* or * no limit on the number of instances (including

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none).

1 exactly one instance

1..* at least one instance

Every class diagram has classes, associations, and multiplicities.

Navigability and roles are optional items placed in a diagram to
provide clarity.

Packages and object diagrams

To simplify complex class diagrams, you can group classes into

packages. A package is a collection of logically related UML elements.
The diagram below is a business model in which the classes are
grouped into packages.

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Packages appear as rectangles with small tabs at the top. The
package name is on the tab or inside the rectangle. The dotted arrows
are dependencies. One package depends on another if changes in
the other could possibly force changes in the first.

Object diagrams show instances instead of classes. They are

useful for explaining small pieces with complicated relationships,
especially recursive relationships.

This small class diagram shows that a university Department can

contain lots of other Departments.

The object diagram below instantiates the class diagram, replacing it

by a concrete example.

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Each rectangle in the object diagram corresponds to a single

instance. Instance names are underlined in UML diagrams. Class or
instance names may be omitted from object diagrams as long as the
diagram meaning is still clear.

Sequence diagrams

Class and object diagrams are static model views. Interaction

diagrams are dynamic. They describe how objects collaborate.

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that details how

operations are carried out -- what messages are sent and when.
Sequence diagrams are organized according to time. The time
progresses as you go down the page. The objects involved in the
operation are listed from left to right according to when they take part
in the message sequence.

Below is a sequence diagram for making a hotel reservation. The

object initiating the sequence of messages is a Reservation window.

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The Reservation window sends a make Reservation ()

message to a Hotel Chain. The Hotel Chain then sends a make
Reservation () message to a Hotel. If the Hotel has available rooms,
then it makes a Reservation and a Confirmation.

Each vertical dotted line is a lifeline, representing the time that

an object exists. Each arrow is a message call. An arrow goes from the
sender to the top of the activation bar of the message on the
receiver's lifeline. The activation bar represents the duration of
execution of the message.

In our diagram, the Hotel issues a self call to determine if a

room is available. If so, then the Hotel creates a Reservation and a
Confirmation. The asterisk on the self call means iteration (to make
sure there is available room for each day of the stay in the hotel). The
expression in square brackets, [ ], is a condition.

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Collaboration diagrams:

Collaboration diagrams are also interaction diagrams. They

Convey the same information as sequence diagrams, but they

focus on object roles instead of the times that messages are sent. In a
sequence diagram, object roles are the vertices and messages are the
connecting links.

The object-role rectangles are labeled with either class or object

names (or both). Class names are preceded by colons (: ).

Each message in a collaboration diagram has a sequence

number. The top-level message is numbered 1. Messages at the same
level (sent during the same call) have the same decimal prefix but
suffixes of 1, 2, etc. according to when they occur.

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State chart diagrams:

Objects have behaviors and state. The state of an object

depends on its current activity or condition. A state chart diagram
shows the possible states of the object and the transitions that cause a
change in state.

Our example diagram models the login part of an online banking

system. Logging in consists of entering a valid social security number
and personal id number, then submitting the information for
validation.

Logging in can be factored into four non-overlapping states:

Getting SSN, Getting PIN, Validating, and Rejecting. From each
state comes a complete set of transitions that determine the
subsequent state.

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States are rounded rectangles. Transitions are arrows from one

state to another. Events or conditions that trigger transitions are
written beside the arrows. Our diagram has two self-transition, one on
Getting SSN and another on Getting PIN.

The initial state (black circle) is a dummy to start the action.

Final states are also dummy states that terminate the action.

The action that occurs as a result of an event or condition is

expressed in the form /action. While in its Validating state, the object
does not wait for an outside event to trigger a transition. Instead, it
performs an activity. The result of that activity determines its
subsequent state.

Activity diagrams:

An activity diagram is essentially a fancy flowchart. Activity

diagrams and state chart diagrams are related. While a state chart
diagram focuses attention on an object undergoing a process (or on a
process as an object), an activity diagram focuses on the flow of
activities involved in a single process. The activity diagram shows the
how those activities depend on one another.

For our example, we used the following process.

"Withdraw money from a bank account through an ATM."

The three involved classes (people, etc.) of the activity are

Customer, ATM, and Bank. The process begins at the black start

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Circle at the top and ends at the concentric white/black stop

circles at the bottom. The activities are rounded rectangles.

Activity diagrams can be divided into object swimlanes that

determine which object is responsible for which activity. A single
transition comes out of each activity, connecting it to the next
activity.

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A transition may branch into two or more mutually exclusive

transitions. Guard expressions (inside [ ]) label the transitions
coming out of a branch. A branch and its subsequent merge marking
the end of the branch appear in the diagram as hollow diamonds.

A transition may fork into two or more parallel activities. The fork and
the subsequent join of the threads coming out of the fork appear in
the diagram as solid bars.

Component and deployment diagrams:

A component is a code module. Component diagrams are

physical analogs of class diagram. Deployment diagrams show the
physical configurations of software and hardware.

The following deployment diagram shows the relationships

among software and hardware components involved in real estate
transactions.

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The physical hardware is made up of nodes. Each component belongs

on a node. Components are shown as rectangles with two tabs at the
upper left.

STEPS FOR MODELING UML DIAGRAMS

Modeling steps for Use case Diagram

1. Draw the lines around the system and actors lie

outside the system.
2. Identify the actors which are interacting with the
system.
3. Separate the generalized and specialized actors.
4. Identify the functionality the way of interacting
actors with system and specify the behavior of
actor.

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5. Functionality or behavior of actors is considered

as use cases.
6. Specify the generalized and specialized use cases.

7. Se the relationship among the use cases and in

between actor and use cases.
8. Adorn with constraints and notes.
9. If necessary, use collaborations to realize use
cases.

Modeling steps for Sequence Diagrams

1. Set the context for the interactions, system,

subsystem, classes, object or use cases.
2. Set the stages for the interactions by identifying
objects which are placed as actions in interaction
diagrams.
3. Lay them out along the X-axis by placing the
important object at the left side and others in the
next subsequent.
4. Set the lifelines for each and every object by sending
create and destroy messages.
5. Start the message which is initiating interactions and
place all other messages in the increasing order of
items.
6. Specify the time and space constraints.
7. Set the pre and post conditioned.

Modeling steps for Collaboration Diagrams

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1. Set the context for interaction, whether it is system,
subsystem, operation or class or one scenario of use
case or collaboration.
2. Identify the objects that play a role in the
interaction. Lay them as vertices in graph, placing
important objects in centre and neighboring objects
to outside.
3. Set the initial properties of each of these objects. If
the attributes or tagged values of an object changes
in significant ways over the interaction, place a
duplicate object, update with these new values and
connect them by a message stereotyped as become
or copy.
4. Specify the links among these objects. Lay the
association links first represent structural connection.
Lay out other links and adorn with stereotypes.
5. Starting with the message that initiates this
interaction, attach each subsequent message to
appropriate link, setting sequence number as
appropriate.
6. Adorn each message with time and space constraints
if needed
7. Attach pre & post conditions to specify flow of control
formally.

Modeling steps for Activity Diagrams

1. Select the object that has high level

responsibilities.

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2. These objects may be real or abstract. In either
case, create a swim-lane for each important
object.
3. Identify the precondition of initial state and post
conditions of final state.
4. Beginning at initial state, specify the activities and
actions and render them as activity states or action
states.
5. For complicated actions, or for a set of actions that
appear multiple times, collapse these states and
provide separate activity diagram.
6. Render the transitions that connect these activities
and action states.
7. Start with sequential flows, consider branching, fork
and joining.
8. Adorn with notes tagged values and so on.

Modeling steps for State chart Diagram

1. Choose the context for state machine, whether it is a

class, a use case, or the system as a whole.
2. Choose the initial & final states of the objects.
3. Decide on the stable states of the object by
considering the conditions in which the object may
exist for some identifiable period of time.
4. The high-level states of the objects & only then
consider its possible sub-states.
5. Decide on the meaningful partial ordering of stable
states over the lifetime of the object.

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6. Decide on the events that may trigger a transition
from state to state. Model these events as triggers to
transitions that move from one legal ordering of
states to another.
7. Attach actions to these transitions and/or to these
states.
8. Consider ways to simplify your machine by using
substates, branches, forks, joins and history states.
9. Check that all states are reachable under some
combination of events.
10.Check that no state is a dead from which no
combination of events will transition the object out of
that state.
11.Trace through the state machine, either manually or
by using tools, to check it against expected sequence of
events & their responses.
Modeling steps for Class Diagrams

1. Identity the things that are interacting with class

diagram.
2. Set the attributes and operations.
3. Set the responsibilities.
4. Identify the generalization and specification
classes.
5. Set the relationship among all the things.
6. Adorn with tagged values, constraints and notes.

Modeling steps for Object Diagrams

1. Identify the mechanisms which you would like to

model.
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2. Identify the classes, use cases, interface,
subsystem which are collaborated with
mechanisms.
3. Identify the relationship among all objects.
4. Walk through the scenario until to reach the
certain point and identify the objects at that
point.
5. Render all these classes as objects in diagram.
6. Specify the links among all these objects.
7. Set the values of attributes and states of objects.

Modeling steps for Component Diagrams

1. Identify the component libraries and executable files

which are interacting with the system.
2. Represent this executables and libraries as
components.
3. Show the relationships among all the components.
4. Identify the files, tables, documents which are
interacting with the system.
5. Represent files, tables, documents as components.
6. Show the existing relationships among them
generally dependency.
7. Identify the seams in the model.
8. Identify the interfaces which are interacting with the
system.
9. Set attributes and operation signatures for
interfaces.
10.Use either import or export relationship in b/w
interfaces & components.

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11.Identify the source code which is interacting with the
system.
12.Set the version of the source code as a constraint to
each source code.
13.Represent source code as components.
14.Show the relationships among components.
15.Adorn with nodes, constraints and tag values.

Modeling steps for Deployment Diagram

1. Identify the processors which represent client &

server.
2. Provide the visual cue via stereotype classes.
3. Group all the similar clients into one package.
4. Provide the links among clients & servers.
5. Provide the attributes & operations.
6. Specify the components which are living on nodes.
7. Adorn with nodes & constraints & draw the
deployment diagram.

APPLICATION OF RATION ROSE TO UML

Rational Rose was developed by IBM Corporation in order to

develop a software system based on the concepts of Object Oriented
Analysis and Design approach as developed from the models of Grady
Booch, Jacobson and Ram Baugh methodologies, resulting into a
Unified approach.

Rational Rose is an object-oriented Unified Modeling Language

(UML) software design tool intended for visual modeling and
component construction of enterprise-level software applications. In

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much the same way a theatrical director blocks out a play, a software
designer uses Rational Rose to visually create (model) the framework
for an application by blocking out classes with actors (stick figures),
use case elements (ovals), objects (rectangles) and
messages/relationships (arrows) in a sequence diagram using drag-
and-drop symbols. Rational Rose documents the diagram as it is being
constructed and then generates code in the designer's choice of C++,
Visual Basic, Java, Oracle8, CORBA or Data Definition Language.

Two popular features of Rational Rose are its ability to

provide iterative development and round-trip engineering. Rational
Rose allows designers to take advantage of iterative development
(sometimes called evolutionary development) because the new
application can be created in stages with the output of one iteration
becoming the input to the next. (This is in contrast to waterfall
development where the whole project is completed from start to finish
before a user gets to try it out.) Then, as the developer begins to
understand how the components interact and makes modifications in
the design, Rational Rose can perform what is called "round-trip
engineering" by going back and updating the rest of the model to
ensure the code remains consistent.

The overall model contains classes, use cases, objects,

packages, operations, component packages, components, processors,
devices and the relationship between them. Each of these model
elements possess model properties that identify and characterize
them.

A model also contains diagrams and specifications, which

provides a means of visualizing and manipulating the model’s elements

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and their model properties. Since diagram is used to illustrate multiple
views of a model, icons representing a model element can appear in
none, or several of a model’s diagrams.

The application therefore enables you to control, which element,

relationship and property icons appear on each diagram, using
facilities provided by its application window. Within its application
window, it displays each diagram in a diagram window and each
specification in a specification window.

It provides a separate tool , called Model Integrator to compare

and merge models and their controlled units. It also enables teams to
reuse large- scale design assets developed in earlier modeling efforts
by providing the possibility to add frame works in Rational Rose.

HISTORY

ROSE = Rational Object Oriented Software Engineering

Rational Rose is a set of visual modeling tools for development of

object-oriented software. Roses uses the UML to provide graphical
method for non-programmers wanting to model business process as
well as programmers modeling application logic.

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Point of Sale System

Point of Sale System

AIM: To create a Point of Sale System

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
ACTORS:
1. customer

2. cashier

USECASES:
1. Bar code scanning
2. Process sale
3. Close sale
4. Pay Bill.
5. Tax calculation
6. Buy product
7. Update Inventory

ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Start the application

STEP 2: Create the require actors and use cases in the browser
window
STEP 3: Goto new use case view and then click the use case view and
open a new package
STEP 4: Rename the new package with the package with required
names
STEP 5: Create two packages actor and use case

Class diagram:

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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ROLL NO: 1220609110
Use Case Diagram :

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
POS system sequence diagram

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
Process sale sequence diagram

Process sale collaboration diagram

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
POS system activity diagram

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
Component Diagram

Point of
scale

RESULT:

Thus various UML Diagrams were generated for POINT OF SALE

SYSTEM and the corresponding code was generated using Visual Basic.

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ONLINE BOOK SHOP SYSTEM

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ROLL NO: 1220609110

ONLINE BOOK SHOP SYSTEM

ONLINE BOOKSHOP SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS:

Objectives:

The purpose of this document is to define requirements of the

online bookshop system. This specification lists the requirements that
are not readily captured in the use cases of the Use case model. The
supplementary specifications and the use case model together capture
a complete set of requirement on the system.

Scope:

The specification defines the non-functional requirements of the

system, such as reliability, usability, performance and supportability.
The functional requirements are defined in the use case specifications.

References:
Amazon.com, BN.com, Tigris.com

Functionality:
Multiple users must be able to perform work
concurrently. The user must be notified about the stock of books in the
inventory.

Usability:
The desktop user-interface shall be Windows 95, 98
compliant.

Reliability:
The system shall be available 24 hrs a day and 7 days a
week.

Performance:
 The system shall support large number of simultaneous users
against the central database at any time.
 The system shall provide access to catalog database with no
more then ten seconds latency.
 The system must be able to complete 80% of all transactions
within 2 minutes.
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Supportability:
None

Brief Description of the Project:

The current project emphasizes on analysis and design
of an online bookshop system. That serves the customers needs. The
customer’s available activities in the proposed system from logging on
the browsing the book store, selecting items and making purchases
are described.

PROBLEM STATEMENT FOR ONLINE BOOKSHOP SYSTEM

As a young promising student you are tasked

with developing an online book shop system. The system should be
competitive enough by providing the facilities/options that are
currently provided by reputed systems like Amazon.com and BN.com.
The proposed system should allow the customer with activities from
logging on to the system, browsing the book store, selecting items and
making purchases i.e., the customer will be able to browse, select and
buy books online.

An internet customer should have a login to access the book store.

Registration of the customer with the book shop is primary. A
registered customer can browse through the book catalogue and can
make selections. The new system should even assist the customer in
locating a book in that, the customer can browse the current book
catalogue online and this should detail the book details and stock
details for the books.

The user should be able to filter by book title,

author and book category. If the user cannot find a book in current
category, they should place an order and request the book. This
includes details like Author, Publishers, Title, Book Name and
Category. The payment is done through credit card and also through
gift cheques etc., the customer is informed about the transaction
details through e-mails. The shipment details are entered by the
customer and through those details the delivery is processed.

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USE CASE
The use case model describes the proposed functionality of
the system. A use case represents a discrete unit of interaction
between a user and the system. A use case is a single unit of
meaningful work. Each use case has a description which describes the
functionality that will be built in a proposed system. A use case may
‘include’ another use case functionality or ‘extend’ another use case
with its own behavior.

ACTORS: Customer and Book shop staff

USE CASES:
 Registration
 Login
 Create order
 Book catalog
 Manage cart and payments
 Order status
 Inventory

RELATIONSHIPS USED:
 Association
 Dependency
 Composition

Modeling steps for Use case Diagram

1. Draw the lines around the system and actors lie outside
the system.
Identify the actors which are interacting with the
system.
2. Separate the generalized and specialized actors.
3. Identify the functionality the way of interacting actors with
system and specify the behavior of actor.
4. Functionality or behavior of actors is considered as use
cases.
5. Specify the generalized and specialized use cases.
6. Se the relatonship among the use cases and in between
actor and use cases.
Adorn with constraints and notes.
7. If necessary, use collaborations to realize use cases.
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Modeling steps for Sequence Diagrams

1. Set the context for the interactions, system, subsystem,

classes, object or use cases.
2. Set the stages for the interactions by identifying objects which
are placed as actions in interaction diagrams.
3. Lay them out along the X-axis by placing the important object
at the left side and others in the next subsequent.
4. Set the lifelines for each and every object by sending create
and destroy messages.
5. Start the message which is initiating interactions and place all
other messages in the increasing order of items.
6. Specify the time and space constraints.
7. Set the pre and post conditioned.

Modeling steps for Collaboration Diagrams

1. Set the context for interaction, whether it is system,

subsystem, operation or class or one scenario of use case
or collaboration.
2. Identify the objects that play a role in the interaction. Lay
them as vertices in graph, placing important objects in
centre and neighboring objects to outside.
3. Set the initial properties of each of these objects. If the
attributes or tagged values of an object changes in
significant ways over the interaction, place a duplicate
object, update with these new values and connect them by
a message stereotyped as become or copy.
4. Specify the links among these objects. Lay the association
links first represent structural connection. Lay out other
links and adorn with stereotypes.
5. Starting with the message that initiates this interaction,
attach each subsequent message to appropriate link,
setting sequence number as appropriate.
6. Adorn each message with time and space constraints if
needed
7. Attach pre & post conditions to specify flow of control
formally.

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Modeling steps for Activity Diagrams

1. Select the object that has high level responsibilities.

2. These objects may be real or abstract. In either case,
create a swim lane for each important object.
3. Identify the precondition of initial state and post conditions
of final state.
4. Beginning at initial state, specify the activities and actions
and render them as activity states or action states.
5. For complicated actions, or for a set of actions that appear
multiple times, collapse these states and provide separate
activity diagram.
6. Render the transitions that connect these activities and
action states.
7. Start with sequential flows; consider branching, fork and
joining.
8. Adorn with notes tagged values and so on.

Modeling steps for State chart Diagram

1. Choose the context for state machine,whether it is a class,

a use case, or the system as a whole.
2. Choose the initial & final states of the objects.
3. Decide on the stable states of the object by considering
the conditions in which the object may exist for some
identifiable period of time. Start with the high-level states
of the objects & only then consider its possible substrates.
4. Decide on the meaningful partial ordering of stable states
over the lifetime of the object.
5. Decide on the events that may trigger a transition from
state to state. Model these events as triggers to transitions
that move from one legal ordering of states to another.
6. Attach actions to these transitions and/or to these states.
7. Consider ways to simplify your machine by using
substates, branches, forks, joins and history states.
8. Check that all states are reachable under some
combination of events.
9. Check that no state is a dead from which no combination
of events will transition the object out of that state.

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10.Trace through the state machine, either manually or by
using tools, to check it against expected sequence of events &
their responses.

Modeling steps for Class Diagrams

1. Identity the things that are interacting with class diagram.

2. Set the attributes and operations.
3. Set the responsibilities.
4. Identify the generalization and specification classes.
5. Set the relationship among all the things.
6. Adorn with tagged values, constraints and notes.

Modeling steps for Object Diagrams

1. Identify the mechanisms which you would like to model.

2. Identify the classes, use cases, interface, subsystem which
are collaborated with mechanisms.
3. Identify the relationship among all objects.
4. Walk through the scenario until to reach the certain point
and identify the objects at that point.
5. Render all these classes as objects in diagram.
6. Specify the links among all these objects.
7. Set the values of attributes and states of objects.

Modeling steps for Component Diagrams

1. Identify the component libraries and executable files which

are interacting with the system.
2. Represent this executables and libraries as components.
3. Show the relationships among all the components.
4. Identify the files, tables, documents which are interacting
with the system.
5. Represent files,tables,documents as components.
6. Show the existing relationships among them generally
dependency.
7. Identify the seams in the model.
8. Identify the interfaces which are interacting with the
system.
9. Set attributes and operation signatures for interfaces.
10. Use either import or export relationship in b/w
interfaces & components.

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11. Identify the source code which is interacting with the
system.
12. Set the version of the source code as a constraint to
each source code.
13. Represent source code as components.
14. Show the relationships among components.
15. Adorn with nodes, constraints and tag values.

Modeling steps for Deployment Diagram

1. Identify the processors which represent client & server.

2. Provide the visual cue via stereotype classes.
3. Group all the similar clients into one package.
4. Provide the links among clients & servers.
5. Provide the attributes & operations.
6. Specify the components which are living on nodes.
7. Adorn with nodes & constraints & draw the deployment
diagram.

CLASS DIAGRAM:
A Class is a standard UML construct used to detail the pattern
from which objects will be produced at run time. A class is a
specification- an object is an instance of a class. Classes may be
inherited from other classes, have other classes as attributes, delegate
responsibilities to other classes and implement abstract interfaces.
The class diagram for the proposed system has several
classes. These classes have attributes and operations. The description
for each of them is described clearly.

The classes include

 Book shop staff
 Book
 Bookshop
 Item
 Customer
 Shopping cart
 Order
 Item order
 Shipping address and billing address.

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PACKAGES:

The class diagram of the online book shop system is shown

to be grouped into three packages. The contents of the packages
are as follows:

PACKAGE-1: BOOKSHOP
This package consists of following classes:
1. Bookshop staff
2. Book
3. Bookshop
4. Item

PACKAGE-2: CUSTOMER
This package consists of following classes:
1. Customer
2. Address
3. Billing Address
4. Shipping Address

PACKAGE -3:ONLINE ORDERING

This package consists of following classes:
1. Order
2. Item Order
3. Shopping Cart

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CLASS DIAGRAM:

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USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR ONLINE BOOKSHOP SYSTEM:

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SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

UML provides a graphical means of depicting object interactions

over time in sequence diagrams. These typically show a user or
actor and the objects and components they interact with in the
execution of a use case.

customer registration login create order book catalog inventory bookshop cart shippment payment consortinum database
staff details

1: login request

2: manages

3: updates

4: update

5: verify

6: register first

7: registered logon request

8: verify

9: logon successful

10: create order

11: select books

12: verify

13: stock ok

14: confirm selection

15: add to cart

16: shippment details

17: payment

18: delivered successfully

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COLLOBORATION DIAGRAM:

Collaboration names a society of classes, interfaces and other

elements that work together to provide some cooperative behavior
that is bigger than the sum of all its parts. Collaboration diagram
emphasis is based on structural organization of the objects that send
and receive messages.

5: verify 11: select books

login create book
registrat
order catalog
ion

10: create order 15: add to cart

1: login request
7: registered logon request payme
6: register first nt
4: update
12: verify
cart 8: verify shippment consorti
details num
16: shippment details
17: payment
bookshop
custom staff
er
18: delivered successfully
3: updates
9: logon successful
13: stock ok

databa 14: confirm selection

se 2: manages invent
ory

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STATE CHART DIAGRAM:

Objects have behaviors and state. The state of

an object depends on its current activity or condition. A state chart
diagram shows the possible states of the object and the transitions
that cause a change in state. The initial state (black circle) is a dummy
to start the action. Final states are also dummy states that terminate
the action.

selections

valid login select choose

create confirm
mainscreen browse listed books
screen order
in catalog

transaction success display thank u screen

add to
search by author,title,isbn
cancel
return to can't find

wait for cart

result

cancels wait for

view details
view shipping details
not satisfied
invalid transaction
wait for
transaction details

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

An activity diagram is essentially a fancy flowchart. Activity

diagrams and state chart diagrams are related. While a state chart
diagram focuses attention on an object undergoing a process (or on a
process as an object), an activity diagram focuses on the flow of
activities involved in a single process. The activity diagram shows the
how those activities depend on one another. Activity diagrams can be
divided into object swim lanes that determine which object is
responsible for which activity. A single transaction comes out of each
activity, connecting it to the next activity.

display
welcome msg

get login

get pwd rejected

and validate

accepted display item

info

accept
selection more selections

completed
display create order
order for cart

acceptance rejected

ship to
customer

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COMPONENT DIAGRAM:

A component is a code module. Component diagrams

are physical analogs of class diagram. Each component belongs on a
node. Components are shown as rectangles with two tabs at the upper
left.

address.ja order.java
va
book.java

central server.java
bokshop.java

address.cl bookstaff.java
ass

central
server.class/.dll item.java

item.class order.class

book.class
central
database
bookshop.
class
address.db order.db
bookstaff.c
lass

books.db

items.db

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DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM:

Deployment diagram shows the physical configurations of

software and hardware.

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RESULT:

Thus various UML Diagrams were generated for ONLINE BOOK SHOP
and the corresponding code was generated using Visual Basic.

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AN ONLINE AUCTION SALE

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AN ONLINE AUCTION SALE

Aim: To create a case study on ONLINE AUCTION

Overview:

The online auction system is a design about a website where sellers

collect and prepare a list of items they want to sell and place it on the
website for visualizing. To accomplish this purpose the user has to
access the site. Incase it’s a new user he has to register. Purchaser
logs in and selects items they want to buy and keep bidding for it.
Interacting with the purchasers and sellers in the chat room does this.
The purchaser making the highest bid for the item before the close of
the auction is declared as the owner of the item. If the auctioneer or
the purchaser does not want to bid for the product then there is fixed
cutoff price mentioned for every product. He can pay the amount
directly and own the product. The purchaser gets a confirmation of his
purchase as an acknowledgement from the website. After the
transaction by going back to the main menu where he can view other
items.

As per case study, the following analysis diagrams will be created.

1. Use cases for the system.

2. Class diagram for initially identified classes.
3. Activity diagram to show flow of each use case.
4. Sequence and collaboration diagrams.
5. State chart diagram shows states before and after each action.

Conceptualization:

Assumptions:

 The users are allowed to register and give user id’s to have
identification.
 The users are allowed to bid for any price according to their
wish provided it’s more than the minimum price of auction.
 The fixed cut-off price is decided and confirmed for every
product.
 The auctioneer requesting the product for the cut-off price is
given priority.
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 The auctioneer bidding the maximum price is given the
product.

Inputs:

 The login details of the auctioneer.

 List of available products on the site.
 Details such as specifications and the price of each product.
 Bidding price of the auctioneer.

Outputs:

 The cut-off price for each product.

 Updated status of bid price.
 Status of each product if it is bid or sold for sale.
 Acknowledgement to whom the product is sold.

Key Terms:

 Get details and bid the product.

 Deliver the product.
 Pay the price and log out.

An Auction Simulation:

 Bid for the product.

 Log on to the site.
 Fix or bid for the price.
 Function points
 Bidder request product details.
 Pay final price and bid the product.
 Loop
 Check any product details.
 Check for cutoff price.

Actors:
1. Purchaser
2. Seller

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Use Cases in Auction System

1. Login
2. Seller
3. Purchaser
4. Chatting
5. Select Method of bidding
6. Select Method of Auction
7. Buy Goods
8. Register for goods
9. Select history of database

Use Cases In Purchaser’s Diagram:

1. Validate User
2. Record chatting.

ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Start the application

STEP 2: Create the require actors and use cases in the browser
window
STEP 3: Got new use case view and then click the use case view
and
Open a new package
STEP 4: Rename the new package with the package with
required
Names
STEP 5: Create two packages actor and use case

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DIAGRAMS:

Modeling steps for Use case Diagram

1. Draw the lines around the system and actors lie outside
the system.
2. Identify the actors which are interacting with the system.
3. Separate the generalized and specialized actors.
4. Identify the functionality the way of interacting actors with
system and specify the behavior of actor.
5. Functionality or behavior of actors is considered as use
cases.
6. Specify the generalized and specialized use cases.
7. Se the relationship among the use cases and in between
actor and use cases.
8. Adorn with constraints and notes.
9. If necessary, use collaborations to realize use cases.

Modeling steps for Sequence Diagrams

1. Set the context for the interactions, system, subsystem,

classes, object or use cases.
2. Set the stages for the interactions by identifying objects
which are placed as actions in interaction diagrams.
3. Lay them out along the X-axis by placing the important
object at the left side and others in the next subsequent.
4. Set the lifelines for each and every object by sending
create and destroy messages.
5. Start the message which is initiating interactions and place
all other messages in the increasing order of items.
6. Specify the time and space constraints.
7. Set the pre and post conditioned.

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

Modeling steps for Collaboration Diagrams

1. Set the context for interaction, whether it is system,

subsystem, operation or class or one scenario of use case
or collaboration.
2. Identify the objects that play a role in the interaction. Lay
them as vertices in graph, placing important objects in
centre and neighboring objects to outside.
3. Set the initial properties of each of these objects. If the
attributes or tagged values of an object changes in
significant ways over the interaction, place a duplicate
object, update with these new values and connect them by
a message stereotyped as become or copy.
4. Specify the links among these objects. Lay the association
links first represent structural connection. Lay out other
links and adorn with stereotypes.
5. Starting with the message that initiates this interaction,
attach each subsequent message to appropriate link,
setting sequence number as appropriate.
6. Adorn each message with time and space constraints if
needed
7. Attach pre & post conditions to specify flow of control
formally.

Modeling steps for Activity Diagrams

1. Select the object that has high level responsibilities.

2. These objects may be real or abstract. In either case,
create a swim lane for each important object.
3. Identify the precondition of initial state and post conditions
of final state.
4. Beginning at initial state, specify the activities and actions
and render them as activity states or action states.
5. For complicated actions, or for a set of actions that appear
multiple times, collapse these states and provide separate
activity diagram.
6. Render the transitions that connect these activities and
action states.
7. Start with sequential flows, consider branching, fork and
joining.
8. Adorn with notes tagged values and so on.

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ROLL NO: 1220609110

Modeling steps for State chart Diagram

1. Choose the context for state machine, whether it is a class,

a use case, or the system as a whole.
2. Choose the initial & final states of the objects.
3. Decide on the stable states of the object by considering
the conditions in which the object may exist for some
identifiable period of time. Start with the high-level states
of the objects & only then consider its possible substrates.
4. Decide on the meaningful partial ordering of stable states
over the lifetime of the object.
5. Decide on the events that may trigger a transition from
state to state. Model these events as triggers to transitions
that move from one legal ordering of states to another.
6. Attach actions to these transitions and/or to these states.
7. Consider ways to simplify your machine by using
substates, branches, forks, joins and history states.
8. Check that all states are reachable under some
combination of events.
9. Check that no state is a dead from which no combination
of events will transition the object out of that state.
10.Trace through the state machine, either manually or by
using tools, to check it against expected sequence of events &
their responses.

Modeling steps for Class Diagrams

1. Identity the things that are interacting with class

diagram.
2. Set the attributes and operations.
3. Set the responsibilities.
4. Identify the generalization and specification
classes.
5. Set the relationship among all the things.
6. Adorn with tagged values, constraints and notes.

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Modeling steps for Object Diagrams

1. Identify the mechanisms which you would like to

model.
2. Identify the classes, use cases, interface,
subsystem which are collaborated with
mechanisms.
3. Identify the relationship among all objects.
4. Walk through the scenario until to reach the
certain point and identify the objects at that
point.
5. Render all these classes as objects in diagram.
6. Specify the links among all these objects.
7. Set the values of attributes and states of objects.

Modeling steps for Component Diagrams

1. Identify the component libraries and executable files

which are interacting with the system.
2. Represent this executables and libraries as
components.
3. Show the relationships among all the components.
4. Identify the files, tables, documents which are
interacting with the system.
5. Represent files,tables,documents as components.
6. Show the existing relationships among them
generally dependency.
7. Identify the seams in the model.
8. Identify the interfaces which are interacting with the
system.
9. Set attributes and operation signatures for
interfaces.
10. Use either import or export relationship in b/w
interfaces & components.
11. Identify the source code which is interacting
with the system.
12. Set the version of the source code as a
constraint to each source code.
13. Represent source code as components.
14. Show the relationships among components.
15. Adorn with nodes, constraints and tag values.

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Modeling steps for Deployment Diagram

1. Identify the processors which represent client & server.

2. Provide the visual cue via stereotype classes.
3. Group all the similar clients into one package.
4. Provide the links among clients & servers.
5. Provide the attributes & operations.
6. Specify the components which are living on nodes.
7. Adorn with nodes & constraints & draw the deployment
diagram.

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Class Diagram:

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
Use case Diagram:

login

search for product

request/send details

BIdder
Auctioner

bid the product

buy/sell the product

pay the price

deliver the product

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Sequence diagram:

s:site a:auctioner p:product

: BIdder

login

search

request product details

get details

display details

pay final price or bid for product

update bid price

check for product

give ackn if suitable for selling

buy the product

pay price

logout

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Collaboration Diagram:

s:site

1: login
12: logout
8: check for product
2: search

p:product

5: display details
: BIdder 9: give ackn if suitable for selling

4: get details
3: request product details

6: pay final price or bid for product

7: update bid price
10: buy the product
11: pay price

a:auctione
r

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ActivityDiagram:

log on to the
site

search for the

product

request details

bid the final price and if final fixed price bid for the
buy the product yes suitable no product

check for the

cutoff price

wait for the if suitable for

next bid no selling

sell/buy the
product

pay the price

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State chart diagram:

requested product details

wait for wait for the
request desicion

Bid the price

wait to update
bid price

bid for a higher price

wait for bid price wait until next

to meet cut off compare the bidding price with cutoff bid comes

sell / but the product

wait for
payment

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COMPONENT DIAGRAM:

name

list of prices
central
server java

web host

central server site

class

customer

Central
database
product.db

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AN AIRPORT SIMULATION

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ROLL NO: 1220609110
A Multi- Threaded Airport Simulation

Aim: to create a Multi- Threaded Airport Simulation

Actors:

ATC Controller

Use Cases

1. ATC Controller
2. Decision Support System
3. Planning
4. Emergency
5. Sensor
6. Gateway
7. Runway
8. Terminal
9. Available
10.Waiting Queue

Algorithmic Procedure:

STEP 1: Start the application

STEP 2: Create the require actors and use cases in the browser
window
STEP 3: Go to new use case view and then click the use case
view and
Open a new package
STEP 4: Rename the new package with the package with
required
Names
STEP 5: Create two packages actor and use case

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Overview

A critical step of the project is to design a modeling and

simulation infrastructure to experiment and validate the proposed
solutions
The ever growing demand of air transport shows the
vulnerability of the current air traffic management system:
Congestion, time delays, etc.particularly in poor whether conditions.
The project is focused on controller and pilot assistance
systems for approach and ground movements. The critical step of the
project was to design an airport modeling and simulation infrastructure
to improve the safety and efficiency of ground movements in all
whether conditions. It simulates the arrivals and departures at an
airport in a time sequence. During every minute, planes may enter the
systems, they may land, they may take off, or they may crash. The
project must keep track of planes, assign planes to runways, execute
the take offs and landings, and keep track of status of each plan,
runway and terminal.
So the finally made computer software should model
various aspects of the total airports operation-connecting airside and
landside, literally from the airspace to the curb.
As part of case study, following analysis diagrams will be created
1. Use cases for the system.
2. Class diagram for initially identified classes.
3. Activity diagram to show flow for each use case.
4. Sequence and Collaboration diagram.
5. State chart diagram shows states before and after each action.

Conceptualization

Assumptions;
 All take offs take the same amount of time and all landings take
the same amount of time (through these two times may be
different).
 Planes arrive for landing at random times, but with a specified
probability of a plane arriving during any given minute.
 Planes arrive for take off at random times, but with a specified
probability of a plane arriving during any given minute
 Landings have priorities over takeoffs.

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 Planes arriving for landing have a random amount of fuel and

they will crash if they do not land before they run out of fuel.

Input will be:

 The amount of time needed for one plane to land.
 The amount of time needed for one plane to takeoff.
 The probability of a plane entering the landing queue in any
given minute.
 The probability of a plane entering the takeoff queue in any
given minute.
 The maximum minutes until a plane waiting to land will crash.
 The statues of each runway, plane and terminal.

The Output of the program will be:

 Total simulation time.
 The number of planes that takeoff in the simulated time.
 The number of planes that landed in the simulated time.
 The average time a plane spent in the takeoff queue.
 The average time a plane spent in the landing queue.
 Updated status of each runway, plane, and terminal.

Key terms:
 Aircraft simulation.
 Airport: runways, terminals, planes, control room.
 Aircraft: passengers, model no. cockpit, pilots.
 Function points:
1. Transmit/receive signals.
2. Pilot sends signals for takeoff/landing.
3. Loop
- Check status of each runway.
- Finalize a free runway.
- Assign the runway to the plan.
4. Update status of runway and terminal.
5. Get the plane landed safely.
6. Check if time left for next departure.
7. Loop
- Check the status of each terminal.
- Validate if terminal suitable for particular aircraft.
- Assign terminal to aircraft.
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8. Get the plane parked in the terminal.
9. Update status of terminal.

Requirement Analysis:

Textual Analysis:
This covers the requirements and diagrams of the project. The
complete simulation of airport control system as follows
Actors:
These are who are involved in interaction of the whole process.
1. Technical head: He is the person who supervises the controls
the ground traffic on runway. He checks the status of runways
and assigns the free runways and terminals for takeoff and
landing.
2. Pilot: He is the person who controls the aircraft. He transmits or
receives signals regarding the free runways, and terminal from
the control room. He is responsible for the safe landing or
takeoffs the planes.

Use cases:
The steps involved in the whole process are indicated as use
cases.
 Transmit/receive signals.
 Check availability of runways.
 Land the plane.
 Check if time left for next departure.
 Check for free terminal.
 Update status of runway, terminal.
1. Transmit/receive signals: The pilot in the aircraft transmits
signals for requesting a free runway to takeoff or land. The
control room on the ground receives these signals from the
aircrafts.
2. Check availability of runway: The status of each runway in
the airport is checked if it’s free and its going to be free until the
particular aircraft is landed or takeoff. If this is going to be free
then runway number is transmitted to the pilot on aircraft.
3. Land the plane: The plane is landed safely on the airport as per
directions given by the control room regarding runway and
timings.

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4. Check if time left for next departure: If the plane leaves
immediately after landing then assign again a runway for
takeoff. If there is still time then the plane has to be parked in a
terminal.
5. Check availability of terminals: the status of each terminal is
to be checked to find a free terminal. It should be checked
whether that particular model of plane fits into that terminal.
Then that particular terminal has to be assigned to the plane.
6. Update Status: the status of runway and terminal are to be set
to be using while using them. The status has to be immediately
changed as soon as the work is complete. This should be
supervised carefully to avoid collisions and crashes of aircrafts.

Classes:
The classes contain the attributes and operations related to them
the main classes classified in this solution are:
1. Control Room: he is the person who supervises the controls the
ground traffic on runway. He checks the status of runways and
assigns the free runways and terminals for takeoff and landing.
2. Plane Cockpit: He is the person who controls the aircraft. He
transmits or receives signals regarding the free runways and
terminals from the control room. He is responsible for the safe
landing or takeoff of the plane.
3. Runway: This is the part the planes use to land or takeoff only
one plane can use runway at a time to takeoff or land.
4. Terminal: This is the place where the planes are parked until
the next departure. The terminal is to be parked in it.
5. Takeoff/land: The leaving of planes is called takeoff and
coming back to runway is called landing. The runway is used for
either purpose.

Diagrams:
Class Diagram
A Class is a standard UML construct used to
detail the pattern from which objects will be produced at run time. A
class is a specification- an object is an instance of a class. Classes may
be inherited from other classes, have other classes as attributes,
delegate responsibilities to other classes and implement abstract
interfaces.
Classes of airport simulation are:

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Class Attributes Operations
Control Room -Technical head +Receive signals from
-No of staff planes()
-systems to control +Check for free
runway()
+Send runway no()
+Check for next
departure()
+Look for free
terminal()
+Send terminal no to
plane()
+Get plane parked()
Takeoff/Landing -Runway no +Update status of
-Flight no runway after each take
-Status of or landing()
-Time taken
Plane Cockpit -No of pilots +Send signal to ground
-Flight no station()
-Destination +Receive runway no()
-Timings +Land on runway()
+Request terminal if
time left for next
departure()
+Receive terminal no()
+Get the plane parked
in the terminal()
Terminal -No of runways
-Size of terminal -------------------
-Flight model which ------
fits in
-Status of terminal
Runway -No of runways +Update status of
-Length of runway runway after each
Status of runway takeoff/landing()
-Free timings
-Runway no

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Use Case Diagram

The use case model describes the proposed

functionality of the system. A use case represents a discrete unit of
interaction between a user and the system. A use case is a single unit
of meaningful work. Each use case has a description which describes
the functionality that will be built in a proposed system. A use case
may ‘include’ another use case functionality or ‘extend’ another use
case with its own behavior.
Actors Use cases
Technical head .Transmit/Receive signals
.Look for free runway
.Check whether conditions
.Give directions to aircraft
.Look for free terminal
.Get the plane parked in the free
Terminal pilot .Transmit/Receive signals
.Land or takeoff the plane
Safely .Give acknowledgment about
the timings to control

Terminal .Get the plane into the free

Sequence diagram

UML provides a graphical means of depicting object

interactions over time in sequence diagrams. These typically
show a user or actor and the objects and components they
interact with in the execution of a use case.
1. Technical head: He is the person who supervises the controls
the ground traffic on runway. He checks the status of
runways and assigns free terminals for takeoff and landing.
2. Pilot: He is the person who controls the aircraft. He transmits
or Receives signals regarding the free runways and terminal
from the control room. He is responsible for the safe landing
or takeoff the planes.

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Objects
1. Runway: This is the path the plane uses to land or takeoff.
Only one plane can use a runway at a time takeoff or landing.
2. Takeoff/Landing: The leaving of plane is called takeoff and
coming back to runway is called landing. The runway is used
for either purpose.
3. Whether Conditions: The whether department decodes the
atmospheric data files from the current whether conditions
and sends them to the control room. The systems in the
control room checks whether the condition is suitable for
landing the planes.
4. Terminal: This is the place where the planes are parked until
the next departure. The terminal differs in size and shape.
The plane suitable for that particular terminal is to be parked
in it.
5. Cockpit: He is the person who controls the aircraft. He
transmits or receives signals regarding the free runways and
terminal fro the control room. He is responsible for the safe
landing or takeoff of the planes.

Collaboration Diagram

Collaboration names a society of classes, interfaces

and other elements that work together to provide some cooperative
behavior that is bigger than the sum of all its parts. Collaboration
diagram emphasis is based on structural organization of the objects
that send and receive messages.

Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is essentially a fancy flowchart.

Activity diagrams and state chart diagrams are related. While a state
chart diagram focuses attention on an object undergoing a process (or
on a process as an object), an activity diagram focuses on the flow of
activities involved in a single process.
The activity diagram shows the how those
activities depend on one another. Activity diagrams can be divided into
object swim lanes that determine which object is responsible for which

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activity. A single transaction comes out of each activity, connecting it
to the next activity.

State Chart Diagram

Objects have behaviors and state. The state of an object

depends on its current activity or condition. A state chart diagram
shows the possible states of the object and the transitions that cause a
change in state. The initial state (black circle) is a dummy to start the
action. Final states are also dummy states that terminate the action.

Component Diagram

A component is a code module. Component diagrams are

physical analogs of class diagram. Each component belongs on a node.
Components are shown as rectangles with two tabs at the upper left.

Deployment Diagram

Deployment diagram shows the physical configurations of

software and hardware.

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Class Diagram:

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Use Case Diagram:

send/receive signal

check availability of run awy

send/receive run way num

land / aircraft

send / receive terminals

numbers Plane cockpit
Control room

check free terminals

send / receive terminal

numbers

park aircraft

update status of runway

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Sequence Diagram:

Airport Simulation

p:prane T:terminal R:runway W:WeatherD

: control room
Cockpit ept
1: request signal

2: send signal

3: Check Weather conditions

4: send acknowledgement

5: check avaliable for run way

6: wait signal

7: send signal

8: send ack

9: update runway status

10: if time is for next dep send req

11: if terminal is free send terminal no

12: send terminal

13: land aircraft

14: update status of terminal

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Collaboration Diagram:

p:prane
Cockpit 10: if time is for next dep send req
1: request signal
11: if terminal is free send terminal no
6: wait signal
7: send signal 14: update status of terminal
8: send ack
12: send terminal
13: land aircraft

T:termin
: control room
al
5: check avaliable for run way
9: update runway status

2: send signal

4: send acknowledgement

R:runwa
y 3: Check Weather conditions

W:Weather
Dept

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Activity Diagram:

Runway allocation for takeoff Activity Diagram

landing

give aircraft
info to lock s/m

lock system
checking for ks

no all locks are locked

yes
acquire landing priority
area lock

acquire
runway lock landing on
another runway

aircraft at acquire
take off area terminal lock

if the aircraft is at takeoff area then

release terminal and taxiing locks acquire
while moving from takeoff area taxiing lock
release takeoff area lock and acquire
runway lock
move to the terminal gate and
release terminal and taxiing
lock

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Runway allocation for takeoff Activity Diagram

takeoff

acquire terminal lock

give aircraft
info to lock s/m

checks
for locks

if locks are available

acquire takeoff
area lock

acquire
taxiing lock

aircraft at acquire
takeoff area runway lock

use the runway for takeoff and release

if the aircraft is at the takeoff runway lock
area then release terminal and
taxiing lock while moving from
takeoff area release takeoff area
lock and acquire runway lock

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State Chart Diagram:

wait for weather req runway status wait for

conditions running status

req runway no

wait for
runway no

avail not avail

wait for terminal if time left land on

status runway

avail
not avail

wait for
terminal no

not avail
avail

halt

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Component Diagram:

terminal
lock.java

central
landing.jav
server java
a

takeofflock
.java

taxiinglock.
central server java
.class / .dll

terminalloc
k.class

landing.cla
ss

takeofflock
.class

taxiinglock.
class

airport.db
central
database

priority.db

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Deployment Diagram:

<<DATA BASE>>
central database

<<SERVER>>
central server

<<WIRELESS COMMUNICATION>>

<<DEVICE>>
<<DEVICE>> <<DEVICE>> <<DEVICE>> control manager
aircarft controlor lockmanager taxiing
manager

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Result:
The various UML diagrams were drawn for AIRPORT
SIMULATION SYSTEM application and the corresponding code was
generated.

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A SIMULATED COMPANY

A SIMULATED COMPANY

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OVERVIEW:

A critical step of the project is to design a modeling and simulation

infrastructure to experiment and validate the proposed solutions.
Simulated company is an example that shows the documents produced
when undertaking the analysis and design of an application that
simulates a small manufacturing company. This application is called
simco: Simulated Company.
The project if focused on the user to take lend, purchase a
machine and over a series of monthly and yearly production runs
follows the concept of the company. The company has to see all the
takings and the losses. They have to see all dealings of the company
and see the additional features of the machine for better development.
The company accounts are updated for a given month. The
accounts take into the gross profits from the sales. General expenses
such as salary and rent are taken into account to calculate the net
profit for the company. In addition details such as inventory and sales
are updated.
As part of the case study, following analysis diagrams will be
updated.

o Usecase for the system

o Class diagram for initially identified classes.
o Activity diagram to show flow for each use case.
o Sequence and collaboration diagrams.
o Statechart diagram shows states before and after each action.

Conceptualization:

Assumptions:

The company has to take the loan and repay the loan.
It has to purchase machinery and start the production.
The sales person has to sell the foods and update the details in the
record.
The sales has to submit the record and stock details required.
The performance department has to prepare record statistics as given
by marketing department.
The performance department has to get collected details from all the
departments and submit to the company.

Inputs:

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 The amount of time required for sanctioning the loan.
 The amount of time needed for the production.
 The probability for estimating the machinery cost and raw
materials.
 The probability of estimating profit and loss.

Outputs:

 Total time required in completing a project.

 The number of goods manufactured in a simulated time.
 Number of sales done in a project.
 Getting profit and loss for every month.
 Case study of the project.

Key Terms:

Pay loan/repay loan

Purchase machinery and start production.
Sell the products and updated the records.
The performance department has to update the statistics and to the
company.

Modeling steps for Use case Diagram

1. Draw the lines around the system and actors lie outside
the system.
2. Identify the actors which are interacting with the system.
3. Separate the generalized and specialized actors.
4. Identify the functionality the way of interacting actors with
system and specify the behavior of actor.
5. Functionality or behavior of actors is considered as use
cases.
6. Specify the generalized and specialized use cases.

7. Se the relationship among the use cases and in between

actor and use cases.
8. Adorn with constraints and notes.
9. If necessary, use collaborations to realize use cases.

Modeling steps for Sequence Diagrams

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1. Set the context for the interactions, system, subsystem,
classes, object or use cases.
2. Set the stages for the interactions by identifying objects
which are placed as actions in interaction diagrams.
3. Lay them out along the X-axis by placing the important
object at the left side and others in the next subsequent.
4. Set the lifelines for each and every object by sending
create and destroy messages.
5. Start the message which is initiating interactions and place
all other messages in the increasing order of items.
6. Specify the time and space constraints.
Set the pre and post conditioned.

Modeling steps for Collaboration Diagrams

1. Set the context for interaction, whether it is system,
subsystem, operation or class or one scenario of use case
or collaboration.
2. Identify the objects that play a role in the interaction. Lay
them as vertices in graph, placing important objects in
centre and neighboring objects to outside.
3. Set the initial properties of each of these objects. If the
attributes or tagged values of an object changes in
significant ways over the interaction, place a duplicate
object, update with these new values and connect them by
a message stereotyped as become or copy.
4. Specify the links among these objects. Lay the association
links first represent structural connection. Lay out other
links and adorn with stereotypes.
5. Starting with the message that initiates this interaction,
attach each subsequent message to appropriate link,
setting sequence number as appropriate.
6. Adorn each message with time and space constraints if
needed
7. Attach pre & post conditions to specify flow of control
formally.

Modeling steps for Activity Diagrams

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

1. Select the object that has high level responsibilities.

2. These objects may be real or abstract. In either case,
create a swim lane for each important object.
3. Identify the precondition of initial state and post conditions
of final state.
4. Beginning at initial state, specify the activities and actions
and render them as activity states or action states.
5. For complicated actions, or for a set of actions that appear
multiple times, collapse these states and provide separate
activity diagram.
6. Render the transitions that connect these activities and
action states.
7. Start with sequential flows, consider branching, fork and
joining.
8. Adorn with notes tagged values and so on.

Modeling steps for State chart Diagram

1. Choose the context for state machine, whether it is a class,
a use case, or the system as a whole.
2. Choose the initial & final states of the objects.
3. Decide on the stable states of the object by considering
the conditions in which the object may exist for some
identifiable period of time. Start with the high-level states
of the objects & only then consider its possible substrates.
4. Decide on the meaningful partial ordering of stable states
over the lifetime of the object.
5. Decide on the events that may trigger a transition from
state to state. Model these events as triggers to transitions
that move from one legal ordering of states to another.
6. Attach actions to these transitions and/or to these states.
7. Consider ways to simplify your machine by using sub
states, branches, forks, joins and history states.
8. Check that all states are reachable under some
combination of events.
9. Check that no state is a dead from which no combination
of events will transition the object out of that state.
10.Trace through the state machine, either manually or by
using tools, to check it against expected sequence of events &
their responses.

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110
Modeling steps for Class Diagrams

1. Identity the things that are interacting with class diagram.

2. Set the attributes and operations.
3. Set the responsibilities.
4. Identify the generalization and specification classes.
5. Set the relationship among all the things.
6. Adorn with tagged values, constraints and notes.

Modeling steps for Object Diagrams

1. Identify the mechanisms which you would like to model.
2. Identify the classes, use cases, interface, subsystem which
are collaborated with mechanisms.
3. Identify the relationship among all objects.
4. Walk through the scenario until to reach the certain point
and identify the objects at that point.
5. Render all these classes as objects in diagram.
6. Specify the links among all these objects.
7. Set the values of attributes and states of objects.

Modeling steps for Component Diagrams

1. Identify the component libraries and executable files which

are interacting with the system.
2. Represent this executables and libraries as components.
3. Show the relationships among all the components.
4. Identify the files, tables, documents which are interacting
with the system.
5. Represent files,tables,documents as components.
6. Show the existing relationships among them generally
dependency.
7. Identify the seams in the model.
8. Identify the interfaces which are interacting with the
system.
9. Set attributes and operation signatures for interfaces.
10.Use either import or export relationship in b/w interfaces &
components.
11.Identify the source code which is interacting with the
system.
12.Set the version of the source code as a constraint to each
source code.
13.Represent source code as components.
14.Show the relationships among components.

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110
15.Adorn with nodes, constraints and tag values.

Modeling steps for Deployment Diagram

1. Identify the processors which represent client & server.
2. Provide the visual cue via stereotype classes.
3. Group all the similar clients into one package.
4. Provide the links among clients & servers.
5. Provide the attributes & operations.
6. Specify the components which are living on nodes.
7. Adorn with nodes & constraints & draw the deployment
diagram.

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 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110
Class Diagram:

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110
Use Case Diagram:

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

Sequence Diagram:

Collaboration Diagram:

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

Activity Diagram:

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

State Chart Diagram:

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110

UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE Page no:

 GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME: T. JAHNAVI
ROLL NO: 1220609110
Component Diagram

<<Application>>
Simulated
company

RESULT:
Thus various UML Diagrams were generated for SIMULATED
COMPANY and the corresponding code was generated using Visual
Basic.

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