Subject Name: Computer Programming V [Unix/Linux-Lab.
]
Subject Code: CS-5006
Semester: 5th
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Operating Systems
An operating system (OS) is a software that:
manages the resources of a computer: CPU, memory, devices
provides programmers and users with an interface to access those resources.
may support/provide: multi-tasking, multi-users, GUI, security, etc.
Interfaces:
Application Program OS
User Hardware
User User Kernel
UNIX
Multi-user, multi-tasking OS, & open source.
A fully featured modern operating system (mostly coded in C) turns the computer into a useable
machine.
It is available in a variety of “flavors.”
It’s comprised of simple tools that perform a single function well.
These tools can be used together to perform complex tasks.
UNIX is trademarked by the Open Group
To be called UNIX, an operating system must be certified as meeting the specification
(currently UNIX 03) by the Open Group
Four UNIX's: Solaris (Sun), AIX (IBM), HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard), MacOS X Leopard
(Apple) [*note : All Unix's aren't the same. Each Unix usually developed its own
specialization]
Unix refers to any of the “Unix-like” operating systems such as Linux, [
Open / Free/ Net ] BSD, or pre-Leopard MacOS X
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Unix provides a number of facilities
– management of hardware resources
– directory and file system
– loading / execution / suspension of programs
History
1969 – Initial version by Thompson & Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs.
70’s – Rewritten in C (enables
portability).
80’s – System-V (AT&T) and BSD
(Berkeley) versions.
90’s – Linux by Linus Torvalds.
Unix is Made Up of
Processes
Running Programs
User owned
System owned
Files
Regular Files:
– Data
– Executables <-- usually start a process
Directory Files
– Contain other files and directories
Special Files
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Why Use UNIX?
multi-tasking / multi-user
lots of software
networking capability
graphical (with command line)
easy to program
portable (PCs, mainframes, super-computers)
Free! (LINUX, FreeBSD, GNU)
popular
profitable 1996 Sales: US$34.5 Billion, up 12%
not tied to one company
active community
Unix Shell / Command Line
The shell is an interpreter used to communicate with the OS interactively on the command line.
A shell is a process that acts as an interface to the OS. It allows
Unix
user toShell
run pr the user to run programs individually and together to accomplish
a task.
task. a task.
• Common Shells: Bourne shell, the C shell, and the Korn shell.
The shell on bingsuns is tcsh (tc shell).
Users can switch between shells, using the commands bash, csh,
ksh, sh.
Control D (^d) to return back to original shell, or just use the
command: exit.
• After a successful login, the shell program is run. The default shell of bingsuns: tcsh
• It displays like this :-
PID TTY TIME CMD
2159 pts/2 0:00 tcsh
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Basic commands in Unix shells
Command Short explanation
ls -l prints the content of a directory
pwd prints the name of the current directory
cd change directory
mkdir creates a new directory
cp copies a file [cp sourcefile destinationfile]
mv moves a file/directory
rm removes (deletes) a file
rmdir removes an empty directory
man help (manual) on a command
cat Merge files [cat File1 File2]
who Show who are login
who am i Identify the current user
date shows date & time
cal calender
touch creates an empty file [ex: touch file1.txt]
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Unix File system
/ (root)
unix bin usr dev temp lib etc
p
User1 User2 User3 bin
Directory Contains
bin Binary executable files
lib Library functions
dev Device related files
etc Binary executable files usually required for system administration
tmp Temporary files created by unix or users
usr Home directories of all users
/usr/bin Additional binary executable files
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
User management
Once user login a unique UID (user identification) is assigned
User may belongs to one or more groups identified by GID (group identification)
System administrator (root)
Group1 Group2 Group3
User1 User2 User6 User7
User3 User4 User5
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
File permissions
r – Read contents [no assign is 4]
w –Modify (write) contests [no assign is 2]
x – Permission for execution (if executable) [no assign is 1]
d –Shows it is directory
* Total 9 bits are assigned to a file (i.e.2-10 bits, 1st bit for showing whether it is directory)
Permissions = bits 2-10
bit 1 = is a directory (d)
first three bits 2,3,4: user owner permissions(U)
bits 5,6,7: group permissions(g)
bits 8,9,10: other permissions(O)
Examples:
Assigning permission to file
chmod o=r file.txt
where o for other & r for read
Removing permission to file
chmod u-w file.txt
where u for user owner & w for write
chmod 754 file.txt
(U) (O)
(g)
So in above example : permission to user owner = 7 = 4+2+1 = rwx
Group = 5 = 4+1 = rx
Other = 4 = r
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Editing text files in Unix
Common text editors:
pico - simple but very basic, similar to notepad
vi, vim
emacs, xemacs (GUI)
To open a file in vi editor run the command: vi filename
To write or modify something in file go to Insert mod by pressing anyone of three keys a/i/o
After writing in file following modes for quit from editor
First press “Escape” key then:
:q! for quit without saving
:wq for save & quit
Program & Process
• Program is an executable file that resides on the disk.
• Process is a program in execution. it is an active entity.
• A Unix process is identified by a unique non-negative integer called the
process ID (PID).
• Check process status using the “ps” command.
Command Short explanation
ps Process status
Ps -aux Show prosses of all terminals
Ps-au Processes & usernames
Ps-a Show all prosesses
Kill : to kill process Ex. “ Kill –term5467 ” where term is prosess name
& 5467 is PID.
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Guidelines to Students
How to Run Shell Scripts
There are two ways you can execute your shell scripts. Once you have created a script file:
Method 1
Pass the file as an argument to the shell that you want to interpret your script.
Step 1 : create the script using vi, ex or ed
For example, the script file show has the following lines
echo Here is the date and time
date
Step 2 : To run the script, pass the filename as an argument to the sh (shell )
$ sh show
Here is the date and time
Sat jun 03 13:40:15 PST 2006
Method 2:
Make your script executable using the chmod command.
When we create a file, by default it is created with read and write permission turned on and execute permission
turned off. A file can be made executable using chmod.
Step 1 : create the script using vi, ex or ed
For example, the script file show has the following lines
echo Here is the date and time
date
Step 2 : Make the file executable
$ chmod u+x script_file
$ chmod u+x show
Step 3 : To run the script, just type the filename
$ show
Here is the date and time
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Introduction to Unix/Linux
Sat jun 03 13:40:15 PST 2006
How to run C programs
Step 1 : Use an editor, such as vi, ex, or ed to write the program. The name of the file containing the program
should end in .c.
For example, the file show.c contains the following lines :
main()
{
printf(“ welcome to CDGI “);
}
Step 2 : Submit the file to CC ( the C Compiler )
$ cc show.c
If the program is okay, the compiled version is placed in a file called a.out
Step 3 : To run the program, type a.out
$ a.out
Welcome to CDGI
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