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Course Overview
Remote Sensing and GIS Module Module Name
1 Remote Sensing Data and Corrections
2 Satellite Image Corrections-I
3 Digital Image Processing-I
Lecture 01
4 Digital Image Processing-II
O ve r v i ew a n d I n t ro d u c t i o n
5 Thermal and Microwave
Dr. Rishikesh Bharti 6 Imaging Spectroscopy-I
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 7 Imaging Spectroscopy-II & GIS-I
8 GIS-II and Application
Questions? What is an Image?
What is remote sensing?
What do we measurement?
What kind of output (data) we get?
Lets start from very basic…
Source: Google Images
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What is an Image? Digital Image
Produced by Electro-Optical Sensors,
Composed of tiny equal areas, or
picture elements abbreviated as
pixels or pels arranged in a
rectangular array,
With each pixel, value is associated,
known as Digital Number (DN) or
Brightness Value (BV) or Gray Level
which is a record of variation in
radiant energy in discrete form,
An object reflecting more energy
records a higher number for itself on
the digital image and vice versa. Histogram?
Source: Google Images
Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Wavelength Range
Remote sensing is the art and science of making measurements Radio Ultra Gamma
EM Wave Microwave Infrared Visible X-Rays
about an object or the environment without being in physical Waves Violet Rays
contact with it.… Wavelength (m) 103 10-2 10-5 0.5x10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12
Size Comparison
Building Human Bee Pinpoint Microbes Molecule Atom Nuclei
Frequency (Hz) 104 108 1012 1015 1016 1018 1020
Thermal energy
for emission (K)
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Electromagnetic Wavelength Range What happens when light hits an object?
Troughs are the place,
Reflected Light where things are happening
Incident Light
Microwave: 0.1cm - 1m
Scattered
Visible: 0.4µm – 0.7µm Light
VNIR & SWIR: 0.7µm – 2.5µm Emitted Energy
Thermal Infrared: 2.5µm - 16µm
Absorbed Energy
How to plot such spectrum?
Transmitted Light
Distribution of electromagnetic radiation
Reflection Emission Scattering emitted or absorbed by that particular object.
It is a function of wavelength…
Stages in Remote Sensing from space Stages in Remote Sensing from space
. .
Source .
Spacecraft .
.
Radiation to sensor .
. .
Irradiance
Atmospheric
Clouds Direct emission
Thermal
radiation Reflected emission
radiation Field data collection
Scattered
radiation
Reflection Processes Emission Processes
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Active Vs Passive Remote Sensing Orbits
Source
Receiver
Receiver
Source
Target
Target
SOURCE: https://gfycat.com/gifs/search/polar+orbiting
Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing
Orbits Orbits
Orbit
Inclination
Earth’s rotation
(Credit: NASA)
Satellite orbit
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Platforms Platforms (Airborne)
Satellite (700-900 km)) . .
.
. .
. Space Shuttle (185-575 km)) .
Spaceborne . . .
Airborne SAR (10-12 km)
Airborne Aerial Photography (1.2-3.5 km)
Aerial Television (0.3 km)
UAV (100-150m)
Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images
Site Selection Studies
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Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images
Paleochannels Identification
Environmental Studies
Natural Hazard Monitoring
Source: Google Images Source: Google Images
Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images
LULC
Monitoring
National Security
Source: Google Images Source: Google Images
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Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images
Flood Hazard
Monitoring
River Morphology 1992 2002
1988 1988
Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images
Planetary
Exploration
Credit: www.nasa.gov Credit: www.nasa.gov
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Strength of Satellite Remote Sensing
Temporal Resolution
17 Jan 13 Feb 17 Mar 02 Apr 05 May 25 May
11:30 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
5:30 8:30 16:00
Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC
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Temporal Resolution Temporal Resolution
1972 2002
1992 2002 2014
1988 1988 1988
Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC
Spectral Resolution
I N S AT 3 A - Vi s i b l e i m a g e
It refers to the number and dimension of
specific wavelength intervals in the
electromagnetic spectrum to which a
sensor is sensitive …
Aug 22, 2012 02:00 Aug 22, 2012 06:00 Aug 22, 2012 10:00
Low Spectral
Resolution High Spectral
Resolution
Aug 22, 2012 16:00 Aug 22, 2012 20:00 Aug 22, 2012 23:00
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Spectral Resolution Panchromatic, Multispectral and Hyperspectral
1.0
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)
0.5
FWHM
1 c 2
Why Spectral Resolution is important? Spatial Resolution
0.5m×0.5m
2.5m×2.5m
23m×23m
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Concept of IFOV and FOV Radiometric Resolution
1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit
Radiometric Resolution Significance of Resolutions
Spatial resolution, Panchromatic Image,
Spectral resolution, Multispectral Image,
Radiometric resolution, Hyperspectral Image.
Temporal resolution.
8 Grey Levels 256 Grey Levels
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Sensor Technology: Types of imaging sensors for Earth Observation Sensor Technology: Types of imaging sensors for Earth Observation
Frame Scanning
Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC
Texts/References
