DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Lecture 1: Outline
• Course Information
• Course Syllabus
• DSP is Everywhere
• Why Signal Processing?
• Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
• Digital Signal Processing: Pros and Cons
• Basic Discrete Time Signals and Operations
• Unit Impulse
• Unit Step
• Exponential and Sinusoidal Signal
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Information
Instructor:
Dr. Muhammad Majid
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila,
Pakistan.
Email:
m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk
Contact Hours:
06, Ground Floor, Friday, 14:00 to 15:30
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Information
Objective
• To establish the idea of using computing techniques
to alter the properties of a signal for desired effects,
via understanding of
• Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear, shift-
invariant signals and systems
• To gain preliminary experience in computational
processing of real signal and to relate the above
understanding to real world scenario
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Information
Nuts and Bolts
Prerequisites:
Signals and Systems
Reference Book:
1. Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
2nd Edition by Alan Oppenheim, Ronald Schafer,
John Buck
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Information
Policies
• Grading:
• Assignments 10%
• Quizzes 10%
• Midterm Exam 30%
• Final Exam 50%
• Labs (Separate)
• Exams:
• Exams must be taken at scheduled time, no
makeup exams
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Information
Policies
• Assignments:
• Assigned Mon/Wed, due following Mon/Wed
before 3 pm
• Assignments lose 25% credit per day late
• Individual assignment
• Attendance:
• 75% attendance is must for this course both in
class and lab. If attendance < 75% you are not
allowed in exams
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Syllabus
• Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
• Discrete-Time Signals and System
• Discrete Time Fourier Transform
• The Z-Transform
• Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals
• Structures for Discrete-Time Systems
• Filter Design Techniques
• The Discrete Fourier Transform
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1: Become aware of digital signal processing
applications and apply fundamentals on discrete time
signals and systems.
CLO 2: Time and transform domain analysis of discrete
linear time invariant systems using convolution sum,
linear constant coefficient difference equation, discrete
time Fourier transform (DTFT) and z-transform.
CLO3: Understand the process of Analog to Digital
Conversion and Digital to Analog Conversion.
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 4: Learn how to design IIR and FIR filters with
desired frequency response and able to draw the
structures.
CLO 5: Demonstrate discrete time signal processing
skills using Matlab.
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
DSP is Everywhere
• Sound Applications
• Compression, enhancement, special effects,
synthesis, recognition, echo cancellation,…
• Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation,
Text-to-speech,…
• Communication
• Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,…
• Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem,
Satellite Receiver,…
• Automotive
• ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise
Control, Parking,…
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
DSP is Everywhere
• Medical
• Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,…
• Military
• Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,…
• Image and Video Applications
• DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,…
• Mechanical
• Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,…
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Signal Processing
• Humans are the most advanced signal processors
• speech and pattern recognition, speech
synthesis,…
• We encounter many types of signals in various
applications
• Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and
electric fields,…
• Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,
…
• Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
• Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Signal Processing
• Most real-world signals are analog
• They are continuous in time and amplitude
• Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and
transducers
• Analog circuits process these signals using
• Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
• Analog signal processing examples
• Audio processing in FM radios
• Video processing in traditional TV sets
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Limitations of Analog Signal
Processing
• Accuracy limitations due to
• Component tolerances
• Undesired nonlinearities
• Limited repeatability due to
• Tolerances
• Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
• Sensitivity to electrical noise
• Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
• Inflexibility to changes
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Limitations of Analog Signal
Processing
• Difficulty of implementing certain operations
• Nonlinear operations
• Time-varying operations
• Difficulty of storing information
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing
• Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
• Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
• Perform processing on these numbers with a digital
processor
• Digital signal processing
• Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
• Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing
• Analog input – Analog output
– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – Digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – Analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – Digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing:
Pros and Cons
• Pros
• Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word
length
• Repeatable
• Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
• Dynamic range can be controlled using floating
point numbers
• Flexibility can be achieved with software
implementations
• Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier
to implement
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing:
Pros and Cons
• Pros
• Digital storage is cheap
• Digital information can be encrypted for security
• Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
• Cons
• Sampling causes loss of information
• A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
• Limited speed of processors
• Quantization and round-off errors
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Technology Trends
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Comparison of Chips
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
DSP in Real Time Embedded
Systems
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Signals:
Sequences
• Discrete-time signals are represented by sequence of
numbers
• The nth number in the sequence is represented
with x[n]
• Often times sequences are obtained by sampling of
continuous-time signals
• In this case x[n] is value of the analog signal at
xc(nT)
• Where T is the sampling period
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Signals:
Sequences
10
-10
0 20 40 60 80 100 t (ms)
10
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 n (samples)
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Basic Sequences and
Operations
• Delaying (Shifting) a sequence
y[n] = x[n − no ]
• Unit sample (impulse) sequence 1.5
1
⎧0 n ≠ 0
δ[n] = ⎨ 0.5
⎩1 n = 0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
• Unit step sequence 1.5
1
⎧0 n < 0 0.5
u[n] = ⎨ 0
⎩1 n ≥ 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
1
• Exponential sequences 0.5
x[n] = Aαn 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Basic Sequences and
Operations
• Sinusoidal Sequence
• Important class of sequences
x[n] = cos(ωon + φ)
• An exponential sequence with complex
α = α e jωo and A = A e jφ
n jωon n
n
x[n] = Aα = A e α e jφ
= A α e j(ωon+ φ )
n n
x[n] = A α cos(ωon + φ) + j A α sin(ωon + φ)
• x[n] is a sum of weighted sinusoids
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Basic Sequences and
Operations
• Difference of continuous-time, discrete-time sinusoids
• Have ambiguity of 2πk in frequency
• Periodicity
• Interpretation of high and low frequencies
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Systems
• Discrete-Time Sequence is a mathematical operation
that maps a given input sequence x[n] into an output
sequence y[n]
y[n] = T{x[n]} x[n] T{.} y[n]
• Example Discrete-Time Systems
• Ideal Delay System
• Moving (Running) Average
• Maximum
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Systems
• Example Discrete-Time Systems
• Memoryless System
• A system is memoryless if the output y[n] at
every value of n depends only on the input x[n]
at the same value of n
• Linear System
• A system is said to be linear if it satisfies two
properties
• Additivity
• Homegenity or Scaling
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Systems
• Example Discrete-Time Systems
• Time-Invariant (shift-invariant) Systems
• A time shift at the input causes corresponding
time-shift at output
• Causality
• A system is causal it’s output is a function of
only the current and previous samples
• Stability
• A system is stable if and only if every bounded
input produces a bounded output
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
