Instructors Manual

for

Construction Surveying and Layout

Third Edition
Part Two - Officework and Calculations
Chapters 11-18

Prepared by

Wesley G. Crawford
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 11 - Officework Practices ......................................................................... 3

Chapter 12 - Math Review and Conversions ......................................................... 6
Chapter 13 - Chain Corrections .............................................................................. 9
Chapter 14 - Traverse Computations.................................................................... 14
Chapter 15 - Coordinate Geometry ................................................ 24 not finished
Chapter 16 - Horizontal Curves............................................................................ 25
Chapter 17 - Vertical Curves .............................................................. not finished
Chapter 18 - Quantities ....................................................................... not finished
 Construction Surveying and Layout, 3rd Edition

Chapter 11 - Officework Practices

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Review a set of drawings and observe the line weights and types that are used.
Take any set of plans and observe the line weights that were used for the title block and order on
the drawing. The will be the darkest lines on the page. Then look at the line weights on the main
structure. They should be the darkest lines of the structure. Then look at the dimension lines and
other lines, observing the thickness and darkness of the lines.
2. Draw horizontal and vertical guidelines on a sheet of paper and practice and improve your lettering.

3. List the basic information that should be shown on a site drawing.

North, Scale, graphical scale, legend of symbols, vicinity map, title block, existing contours, pro-
posed contours, spot elevations, coordinates, direction and length of lines, description of monuments,
road names, building outlines, building names, utilities, elevations, description of benchmarks,
4. State why a graphical scale should be used on all drawings.
The graphical scale shrinks or expands as a building is enlarged or reduced in size. Thus, it can
always be used.
5. Review a site drawing and locate the dimensions needed to layout the building.
Any building or structure can be used here. A simple residential structure would be good for the
inexperienced person. Identify the overall building dimensions that would be needed to set the
outside corners of the building.
6. Develop a paper sheet size poster on how to care and maintain blueprints.

CARING FOR PRINTS HELPS THEM LAST LONGER

It isn't possible to keep blueprints in mint condition, but a few simple methods of caring for the prints will help
them to last longer.
• Keep the prints clean by storing them inside the pickup and not in the pickup bed.
• Store the prints in a clean, dry place when not being use.
• Avoid using them in the rain if possible.
• If the project is large enough, build a print stand on the site to protect the prints from rain and dirt.
• While using prints, do not drink coffee or other drinks that could stain them.
• Only write on prints if permitted. Some jobs require prints to be turned in at the end of the job.
• Keep the prints out of the direct sunlight as they will fade over time.

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7. Review a set of drawings for a small commercial project, looking at the C – Civil, S – Structural, A
– Architectural, E – Electrical, M – Mechanical, and P – Plumbing drawings. Describe the simi-
larities and differences in the drawings.
A small fast food building would be good for this exercise.
8. Review drawings from two different design firms, go through the drawings and prepare a sheet of
the "Reading Guides" that are used on each set of drawings. Draw these guides on a sheet of paper
and note the similarities and differences.
This is reader specific. Everyone has their own method.
9. Describe the process that you use to learn a set of drawings. Evaluate the effectiveness of your
process and identify ways you could improve your blueprint reading ability.
This is reader specific. Everyone has their own method.
10. Describe why index contours are useful on topographic maps.
Index contours make it easy to determine the elevations of the ground. By only labeling index
contours, the drawing is less cluttered.
11. List and describe the common characteristics of contours.
a. A contour on the ground closes on itself.
b. Contours are at right angles to the slope.
c. The ground is always higher on the same side of the contour.
d. Typically, contours won't cross each other.
e. Contours display flatness or steepness of the ground.
f. Contours point upstream when they cross the stream.
12. Describe why contours always point upstream when they approach and cross a river.
Water flows downhill. Therefore, as the contour crosses, the ground where the contour comes
from is lower, causing the contour to come in from downstream, cross the water and then go
towards the downstream again.
13. For the following grid, interpolate and draw the 5 foot contours.

74 77 80 94 92 97 102

77 80 99 110 99 90 91

76 78 92 97 94 92 96

78 88 100 102 100 93 85

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14. On the following grid, draw the 2 foot contours.

76 78 92 97 94 92 96

74 77 80 94 92 97 102

77 80 99 110 99 90 91

78 88 100 102 100 93 85

15. State the purpose of lift drawings.

a) The purpose of lift drawings is to build the structure on paper before building it on the ground. It
is easier to erase a mistake on paper than to erase it with a jackhammer.

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Chapter 12 - Math Review and Conversions

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Convert to feet, tenths and hundredths

Problem Given Conversion
a 22 ‘-5" 22.4166'
b 45' – 4 ¼ " 45.3542'
c 127' – 8 ¾ " 127.6875'
2. Convert the following to feet and inches
Problem Given Conversion
a 4.32 4' – 3 13/16"
b 56.89 56' – 10"
c 123.42 123' – 5"
3. Convert the following from meters to feet
Problem Given Conversion
a 86.435m 282.295'
b 15.234m 49.980'
c 45.986 150.8727'
4. Convert the following from feet to meters
Problem Given Conversion
a 54.67' 16.6634'
b 23.45' 7.1476'
c 1229.89' 374.8705'
5. Convert the following from feet to meters
Problem Given Conversion
a 25'-3" 7.6962m
b 89'-7 ¼" 27.3114m
c 32'-2 ¼" 9.8107m
6. Convert the following from DMS to DD.
Problem Given Conversion
a 45° 23'15" 45.387500°
b 76° 45' 12" 76.753333°
c 44° 07 44.116667°

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7. Convert the following from DD to DMS.

Problem Given Conversion
a 45.6789° 45° 40' 44"
b 156.34659° 156° 20' 48"
c 90.00121° 90° 00' 04"
8. Describe why mathematics is an important part of surveying
Questions 9 – 12. Calculate the unknowns for the right triangle information given.
Right Triangle

# Angle A Angle B Angle C Side a Side b Side c

9 40º 50º 90º 35.41116 42.20138 55.09
10 62.53796 27.462030 90º 45.12 23.45 50.849940
11 80º 10º 90º 1325.321 233.69 1345.7671
12 31.538810 58.461180 90º 76.31157 124.34 145.89

Questions 13to 17. Calculate the unknowns for the oblique triangle information given.

Oblique Triangle

# Angle A Angle B Angle C Side a Side b Side c

13 23.860940 37.356850 118.78220 30 45 65
14 41.068670 18.931320 120° 47.89 23.65 63.129810
15 23º 45’ 45º 56’ 110.31660 222.40 396.77860 517.85410
16 34.675230 78º 59’ 85.324770 432.12 657.78 757.01180
17 20° 65° 95° 100 264.98660 291.26780

18. Calculate the area of the triangles in problems 9, 10, 11.

Ref. Problem Side a Side b Side c Area
9 35.41116 42.20138 55.09 747.1999
10 45.12 23.45 50.849940 529.032
11 1325.321 233.69 1345.7671 154857.132
19. Calculate the area of the triangles in problems 13, 14, 15.
Ref. Problem Side a Side b Side c Area
12 30 45 65 591.608
13 47.89 23.65 63.129810 490.4296
16 222.40 396.77860 517.85410 41226.946

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20. Convert 455 cubic yards to cubic meters

347.87246 cubic meters
21. Convert 27 cubic meters to cubic yards
35.314667 cubic yards
22. If a tank holds 500 gallons, it has how many cubic yards?
2.475566 Cubic yards
23. How many square feet in 88.9 acres?
3872483.97 square feet
24. How many square yards in a square mile?
3097600.13 square Yards.
25. How many hectares in 90 acres?
36.421853 hectares

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 Construction Surveying and Layout, 3rd Edition

Chapter 13 - Chain Corrections

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. A field engineer has measured the distance between column lines with a chain which is later discov-
ered to be too short. In order to determine the actual distance between points, how should the
correction be applied?
The correction should be subtracted from the recorded distance.
2. A field engineer used a chain which is too long to lay out a foundation of a large building. If she sets
points at the prescribed distances from plans, how should the correction be applied?
The points will have to be moved closer together. In other words, subtract the correction to get the
correct distance.

3. What is the distance between two building control points measured (recorded) to be 75 meters if
the 30-meter chain was found to be too long by 0.015 meters?
Determine the number of chain lengths. 75/30 = 2.50 chain lengths.
The correction is 0.015 per chain length.
2.5 c.l. x 0.015 m per c.l. = 0.0375 m total correction.
This is a known to known measurement, therefore the recorded distance with a chain that is too
long will shorter than it should be. To get the correct distance, Add the correction
75 + 0.0375 = 75.0375 meters

4. A chain 100-feet long is laid on ground sloping 4%. What is the horizontal distance if the slope
distance is 300.23 feet?
The chain is sloping 4%. This represents the hypotenuse of a triangle, therefore the horizontal
length will be shorter.
This can be determined by several methods. One method is shown using the Pythagorean theorem. At
4% the ground changes 4 feet per 100 feet. In 300 feet the ground have a vertical change of 12 feet.
Therefore, one side of the equation is 12 feet and the other is 300.23.

c 2 = a 2 + b2
Horizontal = 12 2 + 300.232
Horizontal = 299.99

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5. A 100-foot steel chain (known to be 99.93 feet) was used to measure between two building points. A
distance of 147.44 feet was recorded at a temperature of 43°F. What is the distance after correcting
for temperature and chain length error?
• Situation: Known to Known
• Corrections: Length and Temperature
Length of the chain is short resulting in more being recorded therefore the correction must be
subtracted. C l = -0.07
Temperature was colder, resulting in the chain being shorter and more was recorded. Therefore,
the correction must be subtracted.
C t = 0.00000645(43-68)100 = -0.016
C total = (-0.07) + (-0.016) = -0.086'/CL
• Total Correction = -0.086'/CL x 1.4744 CL = -0.127
• Corrected Distance = 147.44 – 0.127 = 147.313
6. The slope distance between the two points is 24.776 meters and the zenith angle is 81°17'. Compute
the horizontal distance.
• Situation: Known to Known
• Corrections: Slope
Hor Dist = Slope Dist (Sin Zenith Angle) = 24.776 (Sin 81° 17')
• Hor Dist = 24.490

7. The slope distance between two points is 42.71 feet, and the difference in elevation between them is
3.56 feet. Compute the horizontal distance.
• Situation: Known to Known
• Corrections: Slope
Hor Dist = c2 – a2 = 42.71 2 – 3.562
• Horizontal Distance= 42.56'
8. A distance of 328 feet was measured along a 2% slope. Compute the horizontal distance.
• Situation: Known to Known
• Corrections: Slope
C g = h2/2L = 22/2(100) = 0.02'/CL
• Total Correction = 0.02'/CL x 3.28 CL = 0.066'
• Distance = 328' – 0.066 = 327.934'

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9. It is required to lay out a rectangular building 25 meters wide by 40 meters long. If the 30-meter
steel chain being used is 29.994 meters long, what distances should be laid out?
• Situation: Layout
• Corrections: Length
C l = +0.006'/CL
• Chain Lengths: 25/30 = 0.833CL, 40/30 = 1.33 CL
• Total Correction:
+0.006m/CL x 0.833 CL = +0.005m
0.006m/CL x 1.333 CL = +0.008m
• Distances to be Laid Out:
25 + 0.005 = 25.005
40 + 0.008 = 40.008
10. It is required to lay out a rectangular building 75 feet wide by 100 feet long. If the 100' steel chain
being used is 99.97 feet long, what distances should be laid out?
• Situation: Layout
• Corrections: Length
C l = 0.03'/CL Short, therefore Add
• Chain Lengths: 0.75 CL and 1.00 CL
• Total Correction:
+0.03'/CL x 0..75 CL = +0.023'
+0.03'/CL x 1.000 CL = +0.03'
• Distances to be Laid Out:
75 + 0.023 = 75.023
100 + 0.03 = 100.03
11. A concrete slab measuring 10 feet by 85 feet is to be laid out by a chain known to be 100.03 feet
long under standard conditions. What distances should be laid out?
• Situation: Layout
• Corrections: Length
C l = 0.03'/CL Long, Therefore Subtract
• Chain Lengths: 0.1 CL and 0.85 CL
• Total Correction:
+0.03'/CL x 0.75 CL = +0.023'
+0.03'/CL x 1.000 CL = +0.03'
• Distances to be Laid Out:
75 + 0.023 = 75.023
100 + 0.03 = 100.03

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12. A 100' steel chain standardized at 99.98' was used to measure a distance between control points of
1275.36 feet when the field temperature was 87° F. The ground was sloping at 5%. What is this
distance under standard conditions?
• Situation: Known to Known
• Corrections: Length, slope, and Temperature
Length of the chain is short resulting in more being recorded therefore the correction must be
subtracted. C l = -0.02
Temperature was warmer, resulting in the chain being longer and less was recorded. Therefore,
the correction must be added.
C t = 0.00000645(87-68)100 = -0.012'/CL
Slope results in a longer distance being recorded, therefore subtract. C g = h2/2L = 52/2(100) =
0.125'/CL
C total = (-0.02) + (+0.012) + (-0.125')
= -0.133'/CL
• Total Correction = -0.133'/CL x 12.7536 CL = -1.69
• Corrected Distance = 1275.36 – 1.69 = 1273.66
13. A steel chain known to be 100.03 feet is used to measure the distance between two building corners.
If the distance between the corners is supposed to be 268.33 feet and the field temperature is 97° F,
then what distance should be laid out?
• Situation: Layout
• Corrections: Length, and Temperature
Length of the chain is long resulting in more being laid out therefore the correction must be
subtracted. C l = -0.03
Temperature was warmer, resulting in the chain being longer and more being laid out. Therefore,
the correction must be subtracted.
C t = 0.00000645(77-68)100 = -0.019'/CL
C total = (-0.03) + (-0.019) = -0.049'/CL
• Total Correction = -0.049'/CL x 2.6833 CL = -0.1315
• Corrected Distance = 268.33 – 0.1315 = 268.198

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14. Two control points are known to be 487.63 feet apart. Using a 200' chain known to be 199.96 feet
under standard conditions, what distance should be measured when the field temperature is 78° F?
• Situation: Known to Known
• Chain length = 487.63/200 = 2.43
• Corrections: Length, and Temperature
Length of the chain is short resulting in more being recorded therefore the correction must be
subtracted. C l = -0.04
Temperature was warmer, resulting in the chain being longer and less was recorded. Therefore,
the correction must be added.
C t = 0.00000645(78-68)100 = +0.0129'/CL
C total = (-0.04) + (+0.012=) +
= -0.0271'/CL
• Total Correction = -0.0271'/CL x 2.43 CL = —0.066
• Corrected Distance = 487.63 – 0.066 = 487.564
15. A distance was measured with a chain that was found to be 30.000m at a temperature of 20° C and
a slope of 0° 00'. If the distance was recorded as 90.000 m, what was the actual length?
No corrections required.
Distance is 90.000m
Calculate the actual Horizontal Distance for the data in the table below.

# Tape Length Slope Temp. Recorded Actual Distance

16 100.01 ft. Zenith 92º 45’ 44ºF 300.12 ft. 299.76

17 30.007 m Elev diff 5.67 m 0º C 44.10 m 43.734

18 99.992 ft. 5% 98º F 200.34 ft. 200.11

19 29.994 m 0.00 m 28º C. 75.015 m 75.007

20 100.03 ft. Vertical 2º 21’ 12º F 345.43 345.12

Calculate the distances to be LAID OUT for the following data.

Required Horizontal Distance to

# Tape Length Slope Temp.
Distance Lay Out
21 100.015 ft. Zenith 87º 15’ 64ºF 400 ft. 408.10

22 30.003 m Elev diff 1.67 m 0º C 20 m 20.072

23 99.996 ft. 3% 98º F 150 ft. 150.045

24 29.995 m Zenith 89º 15’ 08º C 75 m 76.10

25 100.01 ft. Vertical 2º 21’ 32º F 350 ft. 350.28

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Chapter 14 - Traverse Computations

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. What is the angular closure for the following interior field angles of traverse ABCDEF, measured
with equal precision?
A. 87° 54' 14" B. 90° 32' 45" C. 102° 43" 31"
D. 99° 24" 34" E. 156° 01' 55" F. 183° 23' 01"
Sum of the angles is 720° 00' 00". Therefore the closure is 0.
2. Using the angles in the previous problem, how much adjustment is needed for each angle?
None
3. Using adjusted angles from above, and a direction for line AB of 274° , what is the direction for
each line?
AB = 274° 00' 00"
BC = 03° 27' 15"
CD = 80° 43'44"
DE = 161° 19' 10"
EF = 185° 17' 15"
FA = 181° 54' 14"
4. Provide the back azimuth for the following azimuths:
a) 232° 12' 07" Back azimuth = 412° 12' 07' or 52° 12' 07"
b) 156° 52' 17" Back Azimuth = 336° 52' 17"
c) 31° 32' 42" Back Azimuth = 211° 32' 42"
5. Convert the following azimuths into bearings:
a) 251° 43' 52" = (251° 43' 52" - 180°) Bearing = S 71° 43' 53" W
b) 111° 32' 59" = (180° - 111° 32' 59") Bearing = S 68° 27' 01" E
c) 336° 32' 52" = (360° - 336° 32' 52") Bearing = N 23° 27' 08" W
6. Given two successive azimuths of a traverse 69° 21' followed by 220° 11', what is the counterclock-
wise interior angle between them?
N

69˚ 21'
'
11
0˚

+ 180˚ 00'
22

N 249˚ 21'
1'

- 220˚ 11'
69˚2

29˚ 10'
29˚ 10'

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7. Given two successive bearings of a traverse N 41° 35' E followed by N 87° 36' E, what is the interior
angle between them?
N

N 87˚36' E
E
41˚ 35'
'E + 180˚ 00'
N ˚ 35
41 5' Back Az 221˚ 35'
N 1˚3 Az - 87˚ 36'
22 ack
B 133˚ 59'
E

8. A 4410' line bears N 68° 11' 07" E. What is the latitude and departure of the line?
Latitude = (Dist)(Cos Direction)
Latitude = (4410)(Cos 68° 11' 07")
Latitude = 1638.7842

Departure = (Dist)(Sin Direction)

Departure = (4410)(Sin 68° 11' 07")
Departure = 4094.2015
9. A 956' line bears S 32° 53' 42" W. What is the latitude and departure of the line?
Latitude = (Dist)(Cos Direction)
Latitude = (956)(Cos 32° 53' 42")
Latitude = 802.7219

Departure = (Dist)(Sin Direction)

Departure = (956)(Sin 32° 53' 42")
Departure = 519.2047
10. A 1436.32' line has an azimuth of 178° 52' 13". What is the latitude and departure of the line?
Latitude = (Dist)(Cos Direction)
Latitude = (1436.32)(Cos 178° 52' 13")
Latitude = -1436.0408

Departure = (Dist)(Sin Direction)

Departure = (1436.32)(Sin 178° 52' 13")
Departure = 28.3186

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11. A 1233.45' line has an azimuth of 123° 24'. What is the latitude and departure of the line
Latitude = (Dist)(Cos Direction)
Latitude = (1233.45)(Cos 123° 24' 00")
Latitude = -678.9905

Departure = (Dist)(Sin Direction)

Departure = (1233.45)(Sin 123° 24' 00")
Departure = 1029.7431
12. The closure in latitudes of a loop traverse is N 0.0635 feet; the closure in departures is W 0.0512
feet. What is the linear error of closure?

LEOC = 0.0635 2 + 0.0512 2

LEOC =0.0816

13. A traverse was ran on a small jobsite. Assume angles were measured with equal precision. The
Direction of AB is AzN 114°12'. Determine the linear error of closure and the precision. Adjust
the traverse using the compass rule. Perform all calculations necessary to determine the coordi-
nates of the points B and C. The coordinates of Point A are N5000 and East 10000.
Field Data

Pt. Field Angle Adjustment Adj. Angle Distance

A 26° 29’ 32” -4” 26° 29’28”

444.05’
B 10° 00’ 04” -4” 10° 00’00
333.10’
C 143° 30’ 36” -4” 143° 30’32”
129.667’
Sum 180º 00’ 12” 180º 00’

Continued on next page.

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Line Dir. Dist. Cos Sin Lat. N Lat. S Dep. E Dep. W

405.0269
AB 114º12’ 444.05’ -0.4099 0.9121 -182.0263
+0.0193
81.7119 -322.9222
BC 284°12’ 333.10’ 0.2453 -0.9694
-0.0053 -0.0145
100.3288 -82.1442
CA 320°41’28” 129.667’ 0.7737 -0.6335
-0.0021 -0.0056
∑ 906.8170 ∑ 182.0407 182.0263 405.0269 405.0664
0.0144 0.0395

LEOC = 0.0420 Precision Ratio = 1/21568

LINE Adj. Lat Adj Dep Point North East

A 5000.00 10,000.00

AB -182.0334 +405.0462

B 4817.9666 10405.0462

BC +81.7066 -322.9077

C 4899.6732 10082.1385

CA +100.3267 82.1386

14. A traverse was ran on a large jobsite. Assume angles were measured with equal precision. The
Direction of WX is AzN 224°56'. Determine the linear error of closure and the precision. Adjust
the traverse using the compass rule. Perform all calculations necessary to determine the coordi-
nates of points X, Y, and Z. The coordinates of Point A are N1000 and East 5000.

Field Data

Pt. Field Angle Adjustment Adj. Angle Direction Distance

W 121° 17’41” +02” 121°17’43”
224° 56’ 107.865’
X 78° 23’06” +02” 78° 23’08”
326° 32’ 56” 172.849’
Y 79° 50’27” +02” 79° 50’29”
66° 42’ 23” 152.471’
Z 80° 28’38” +02” 80° 28’40”
166° 13’ 43” 131.948’
Sum 359° 59’ 52” 360º 00’

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Line Dir. Dist. Cos Sin Lat. N Lat. S Dep. E Dep. W

76.3608 76.1833
WX 224° 56’ 107.865 -0.7079 -0.7063
-0.0008 -0.0017
144.2177 95.2787
XY 326° 32’ 56” 172.849’ 0.8344
+0.0013 -0.0027
60.2936 140.0432
YZ 66° 42’ 23” 152.471 0.3954 0.9185
+0.0012 +0.0024
128.1549 31.4100
ZW 166° 13’ 43” 131.948 -0.9713 0.2380
-0.0010 +0.0021
∑ 565.133 ∑ 204.5113 204.5157 171.4532 171.4620
0.0044 0.0088

LEOC = 0.0098 Precision Ratio = 1/57440

LINE Adj. Lat Adj Dep Point North East

W 1000.00 5000.00

WX 76.3600 76.1816

X 923.6400 4923.8184

XY 144.2190 95.2760

Y 1067.8590 4828.5424

YZ 60.2948 140.0456

Z 1128.1538 4968.5880

ZW 128.1539 31.4121

W 999.9999 5000.0001

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15. A four-sided closed traverse ABCD has the following angles and distances.
A = 88° 30' AB= 262.56
B = 90° 22' BC = 955.63
C = 87° 00' CD = 244.10
D = 94° 08' DA = 944.73'
The direction of AB is an azimuth of 88° .
a) Perform a check for angular closure. Measured with equal precision.
b) Compute the direction for all sides. (Azimuths)
c) Compute the latitudes and departures.
d) Compute the linear error of closure and the precision ratio.
e) Using the compass rule, compute the adjustments for latitudes and departures and apply the adjustments.
f) Assuming coordinates of North 1000 and East 5000 for point A, compute the coordinates of B, C, and D.

Field Data

Pt. Field Angle Adjustment Adj. Angle Direction Distance

A 88° 30’ 0 88° 30’
88° 262.56
B 90° 22’ 0 90° 22’
177° 38’ 955.63
C 87° 00’ 0 87° 00’
270° 38’ 244.10
D 94° 08’ 0 94° 08’
356° 30’ 944.73
A 360° 00’ 00”

Line Dir. Dist. Cos Sin Lat. N Lat. S Dep. E Dep. W

9.162 262.40
AB 88° 262.56 .0349 0.9994
-0.0014 -0.0112
954.8149 39.4621
BC 177° 38’ 955.63 -0.9991 0.0413
+0.0052 -0.0407
2.6982 244.0851
CD 270° 38’ 244.10 0.0111 -0.9999
-0.0013 0.0104
942.9679 57.6744
DA 356° 30’ 944.73 0.9981 -0.0610
-0.0052 0.0402
∑ 2407.02 ∑ 954.8281 954.8149 301.8620 301.7595
0.0132 0.1025

LEOC = 0.1033 Precision Ratio = 1/23290

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LINE Adj. Lat Adj Dep Point North East

A 1000 5000

AB 9.1606 262.3888

B 1009.1606 5262.3888

BC 954.8201 39.4213

C 54.3405 5301.8101

CD 2.6969 244.0955

D 57.0374 5057.7146

DA 942.9627 57.7146

A 1000.0001 5000.0000

16. For the closed traverse ABCD, answer the following questions

a) What are the corrected departures?

b) What are the corrected latitudes?
c) What is the error of closure?
d) What is the approximate precision?
Assuming starting coordinates of North 10000 and E 5000 for point A, what are the
coordinates of the other traverse points?

Course Direction Distance

MN N 0º 00’ 00” E 664.150’

NO N 79º 51’ 58.0” E 315.200’

OP S 37º 59’ 04.0” E 592.47’

PQ S 58º 08’ 44.0” W 456.165’

QM S 87º 37’ 02.0” W 287.635’

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 Construction Surveying and Layout, 3rd Edition

Line Dir. Dist. Cos Sin Lat. N Lat. S Dep. E Dep. W

664.150 0.0000
MN N0º 00’ 00”E 664.150’ 1.0000 0.0000
+0.0196 -0.0195
55.4591 310.2827
NO N79º 51’58”E 315.200’ 0.1759 0.9844
+0.0093 -0.0092
466.9717 364.6342
OP S37º59’ 04”E 592.47’ 0.7882 0.6154
-0.0174 -0.0174
240.7471 387.4627
PQ S58º08’44”W 456.165’ 0.5278 0.8494
-0.0134 +0.0134
11.9585 287.3863
QM S87º37’02”W 287.635’ 0.0416 0.9991
-0.0085 +0.0084
∑ 2315.62 ∑ 719.6091 719.6773 674.9169 674.8490
0.0682 0.0679

LINE Adj. Lat Adj Dep Point North East

M 1000 5000
MN 664.1696 -0.0195
N 1664.1696 4999.9805
NO 55.4684 310.2735
O 1719.6380 5310.2540
OP -466.9543 364.6168
P 1252.6837 5674.8708
PQ -240.7337 -387.4761
Q 1011.9500 5287.3947
QM -11.9500 -287.3947
M 1000.0000 5000.0000

17. Using the data from problem 13, calculate the adjusted distances and directions from the adjusted
latitudes and departures.

Point North East Line Adj. Direction Adj. Distance

A 5000.00 10000.00
AB 114º 11’ 59” 444.0705
B 4817.9666 10405.0462
BC 284º 11’ 59” 333.0847
C 4899.6732 10082.1385
CA 320º 41’ 33” 129.6619
A 4999.9999 9999.9999

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18. Using the data from problem 14, calculate the adjusted distances and directions from the adjusted
latitudes and departures.

Point North East Line Adj. Direction Adj. Distance

W 1000.00 5000.00
WX 224°55'58.8" 107.863
X 923.6400 4923.8184
XY 326º 33’ 172.849
Y 1067.8590 4828.5424
YZ 66°42'22.8" 152.474
Z 1128.1538 4968.5880
ZA 166º 13’ 40” 131.947
W 999.9999 5000.000

19. For the closed traverse ABCD answer the following questions:

Course Bearing Length Latitude Departure

AB S 77º 48’ E 76 16.06 74.3

BC S 68º 14’ W 135 50.1 125.4

CD N 10º 26’ W 42 41.3 7.6

DA N 67º 03’ E 63.71 24.8 58.67

a) What are the corrected departures?

b) What are the corrected latitudes?
c) What is the error of closure?
d) What is the approximate precision?
Assuming starting coordinates of North 1000 and E 1000 for point A, what are the coordinates of
the other traverse points?

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Line Dir. Dist. Cos Sin Lat. N Lat. S Dep. E Dep. W

16.06 74.3
AB S 77º 48’ E 76
-0.014 +0.007
50.1 125.4
BC S 68º 14’ W 135
-0.026 -0.013
41.3 7.6
CD N 10º 26’ W 42
+0.008 -0.004
24.8 58.67
DA N 67º 03’ E 63.71
+0.012 +0.006
∑ 316.71 ∑ 66.10 66.16 132.97 133.0
0.06 0.03

LINE Adj. Lat Adj Dep Point North East

A 1000 5000
AB -16.046 +74.307
B 983.954 5074.307
BC -50.074 -125.387
C 933.886 4948.920
CD +41.308 -7.596
D 975.188 4941.324
DA +24.812 +58.676
A 1000.0000 5000.0000

20. For the adjusted latitudes and departures given below and with coordinates of Point A being North
10000 East 20000, calculate the coordinates of Point C:

Course Latitude Departure Point North East

A 10000 20000

AB S 350 E 160

B 9650 20160

BC N 310 E 120

C 9960 20280

CA N40 W 280

10000 20000

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Chapter 15 - Coordinate Geometry

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

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Chapter 16 - Horizontal Curves

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Problems 1-10: Calculate the missing curve parts in the following table.

Curve Degree of
I R T L E M.O. LC
Problem# Curve
1 18°54’ 357.25 16º02’17” 59.463 117.312 4.915 4.848 117.312
2 10º51’23” 2291.83 2º30’ 217.777 434.25 10.324 10.277 433.601
3 51º16’55” 250.00 22º55’06” 120.00 223.760 27.308 24.619 216.366
4 7º17’12” 2020.477 2º50’09” 128.65 256.953 4.32 3.90 256.78
5 23°16’ 607.013 9º26’20” 124.97 246.496 12.731 12.469 244.806
6 36º27’09” 441.01 12º59’31” 145.221 280.578 23.295 22.126 275.87
7 68º38’46” 286.479 20º 195.591 343.23 60.402 49.884 323.067
8 59º41’32” 754.86 7º35’25” 433.12 786.493 115.431 100.121 751.346
9 55º34’19” 1037.66 5º31’18” 546.77 1006.438 135.241 119.647 967.45
10 45°44’ 780.810 7º20’35” 329.292 623.24 66.596 61.363 606.826

11. Given PI @ 19 + 87, "I" angle = 42°14', R = 900; compute tangent (T), the length of arc (L), and
compute the stationing of the PC and PT
I Angle 42°14'00.0"
Radius 900.000
Arc Length 663.400
Tangent Length 347.582
P.C 16+39.418
P.T. 23+02.818
12. Given PI @32 +43, "I" angle = 7° 29', Da = 9° , compute tangent (T). length of arc (L) and compute
the stationing of the PC and PT.
Central Angle 7°29'00.0"
Degree of Curve 9°00'00.0"
Radius 636.620
Arc Length 83.148
Tangent Length 41.633
P.C. 32+01.367
P.T 32+84.515

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13. Given: PI @ 5+555, "I" angle of 22° , R= 770 meters, Computer the parts of the curve. T, L, LC,
Da, E, MO, Stationing of the PC and PT.
Central Angle 22°00'00.0"
Degree of Curve 7°26'27.6"
Radius 770.000
Arc Length 295.659
Chord Length 293.846
Tangent Length 149.673
External 14.412
MO 14.147
P.C. 4+05.827
P.T. 7+01.486
14. Given PI @35+ 24.776, "I" angle = 33°54' , and R = 800 feet, compute the deflection at every half-
station.
Central Angle 33°54'00.0"
Degree of Curve 7°09'43.1"
Radius 800.000
Arc Length 473.333
Chord Length 466.459
Tangent Length 243.821
Offset 0.000

P C 32+80. 955 0ø00'00 0 0

33+00 0º40'55 19. 045 19.045
33+50 2º28'21 49. 992 69. 024
34+00 4º15'46 49. 992 118. 936
34+50 6º03'12 49. 992 168. 731
35+00 7º50'38 49. 992 218. 362
35+50 9º38'04 49. 992 267. 779
36+00 11º25'29 49. 992 316. 935
36+50 13º12'55 49. 992 365. 782
37+00 15º00'21 49. 992 414. 271
37+50 16º47'47 49. 992 462. 356
P T 37+54.288 16º57'00 4. 288 466. 459

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15. Given PI @ 17 +59.424, "I" angle = 15° 52'12", R = 288 meters, compute the deflection at every 20
meter station.
Central Angle 15°52'12.0"
Degree of Curve 19°53'39.7"
Radius 288.000
Arc Length 79.771
Chord Length 79.517
Tangent Length 40.143
Offset 0.000

Station Deflection Short Chord Long Chord

P.C. 17+19.281 0º00'00.0” 0.000 0.000
17+20.000 0º04'17" 0.719 0.719
17+40.000 2º03'39 19.996 20.714
17+60.000 4º03'01 19.996 40.685
17+80.000 6º02'23" 19.996 60.606
P.T.17+99.053 7º56'06 19.049 79.517

16. Given Da = 3.22 degrees, L = 632.62', and PC = 19 + 73.42, find the remaining components of the
curve.
Central Angle 21°17'54"'00.0"
Degree of Curve - 3°22'00
Radius 1701.855
Arc Length 632.62
Chord Length 628.984
Tangent Length 320.003
External 29.824
MO 29.310
P.I. 16+53.42
P.C. 19+73.42
P.T. 26+06.04

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17. Two highway tangents intersect with a right deflection I angle of 21°35' 00" at PI sta. 12 + 12. A
04° 30' 00" horizontal curve (Da) is to be used to connect the tangents. Compute R, T, L, E, LC,
and MO for the curve. Compute in tabular form the deflection angles to layout the curve at half
stations. Compute the short and long chords.
Central Angle 21°35'00.0"
Degree of Curve 4°30'00.0"
Radius 1273.240
Arc Length 479.630
Chord Length 476.799
Tangent Length 242.692
Offset 0.000

Station Deflection Short Chord Long Chord

P.C. 9+69.308 0º00'00.0" 0.000 0.000
10+00.000 0º41'26.0" 30.691 30.691
10+50.000 1º48'56.0" 49.997 80.678
11+00.000 2º56'26.0" 49.997 130.634
11+50.000 4º03'56.0" 49.997 180.540
12+00.000 5º11'26.0" 49.997 230.376
12+50.000 6º18'56.0" 49.997 280.123
13+00.000 7º26'26.0" 49.997 329.763
13+50.000 8º33'56.0" 49.997 379.275
14+00.000 9º41'26.0" 49.997 428.641
P.T14+48.938 10º47'30.0” 48.935 476.799

18. If a simple circular curve has a length of curve 410', and the degree of curvature (Da) is known to
be 21.000°, and the station of the PI is 155 + 75.42, what is the central angle of this curve?
I = 86°06'00"

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19. Two parallel highways 650' apart are to be joined by a reverse curve made up of two circular
curves of equal radius. These curves are to have a (Da) of 3°. Determine all parts of these curves.

5729.58 5729.58
R= = = 1908.86
DA 3

1908.86 - 325 = 1584.86

adj. 1584.86

'
.06
Cos = =
hyp. 1909.86

09
19
=
= 33˚ 55' 07"

R
R ev
ers
e
650'
Cu
r ve

325'
'
.06
1584.86'

09
with I = 33˚ 55' 07"
19
=

and R = 1909.86
R

Use Curve formulas to solve for

the remaining curve parts
See Table
3° = 1909.86'
I = Cos (adj/hyp) = 3169.72/3819.72 = 33°55'07"
R = 1909.86
LC = 1114.18
T = 582.42
L = 1130.62

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20. Two parallel highways 1000 meters apart are to be joined by a reverse curve made up of two
circular curves of equal radius. These curves are to have a radius of 700 meters. Determine all
parts of the curves.

R = 700
Cos = 200 = 73˚ 23' 54"
700

with I and R known, use curve formulas to solve

for the remaining curve parts. See Table.

Rev
ers
700

e
700
1000 m
200

700
500

ur
C
ve
300

I = Cos = Adj/hyp = 400/1400 = 73°23'54"

R = 700
T = 519.30
L = 893.58
LC = 834.13

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21. A 30 foot wide street is to be laid out in a subdivision and staked 2 feet back of the curbs on both
sides of the street. A curve to the right with a PI of 15+78.45 has an I angle of 22°44' with a radius
of 525'. Calculate the curve with offset data for both sides of the street.
Central Angle 22°44'00.0"
Degree of Curve-Arc 10°54'48.5"
Radius 525.000
Arc Length 208.305
Chord Length 206.941
Tangent Length 105.541
Deflection/Foot in Minutes 3.274

Short
Long Chord
Chord S.C. Offset L.C. Offset S.C. Offset L.C. Offset
Station Deflection Center
Center + 17’ + 17’ -17 - 17’
line
line
P.T
11°22'00.0 206.941 31.210 213.642 32.220 30.199 200.240
16+81.214
16+50.000 9°39'48.2" 176.252 49.981 181.960 51.600 48.363 170.545
16+00.000 6°56'06.0" 126.781 49.981 130.886 51.600 48.363 122.675
15+50.000 4°12'23.9" 77.022 49.981 79.516 51.600 48.363 74.527
15+00.000 1°28'41.8" 27.088 27.088 27.965 27.965 26.211 26.211
P.C
0°00'00.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
14+72.909

22. Given the following coordinates for a curve in a subdivision.

PI=N1609.70306, E1602.29975 @Station 21+46.95
PC =N 1500, E 1500
PT = N 1614.93798, E 1752.20838
RP = N 1253.02658, E 1764.84659
a) Calculate the parts of the curve. I, R, Da, LC, L, T, PC & PT Station.
Central Angle 45°00'00.0"
Degree of Curve 15°49'18.5"
Radius 362.132
Arc Length 284.418
Chord Length 277.164
Tangent Length 150.000
P.C 19+96.950
P.T 22+81.368

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b) Calculate the layout data (Deflections and long chords for 50 foot stations) for this curve?

Short Chord Long Chord

Station Deflection
Centerline Centerline
P.T 22+81.368 22º30'00" 31.358 277.164
22+50.00 20º01'07" 49.960 247.933
22+00.00 16º03'47" 49.960 200.401
21+50.00 12º06'27" 49.960 151.913
21+00.00 8º09'08 49.960 102.703
20+50.00 4º11'48" 49.960 53.003
20+00.00 0º14'28" 3.050 3.050
P.C 19+96.950 0º00'00 0.000 0.000

c) The +40 foot offset layout data for the curve.

S.C. Offset L.C. Offset

Station Deflection
+ 40’ + 40’
P.T 22+81.368 22º30'00.0" 34.822 307.779
22+50.000 20º01'06.7" 55.479 275.319
22+00.000 16º03'47.1" 55.479 222.536
21+50.000 12º06'27.5" 55.479 168.693
21+00.000 8º09'07.8 55.479 114.047
20+50.000 4º11'48.2" 55.479 58.857
20+00.000 0º14'28.6" 3.387 3.387
P.C 19+96.950 0°00'00.0 0.000 0.000

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d) The –30 foot offset layout data for the curve.

S.C. Offset L.C. Offset

Station Deflection
-30 - 30’
P.T 22+81.368 22º30'00.0" 28.760 254.203
22+50.000 20º01'06.7" 45.821 227.393
22+00.000 16º03'47.1" 45.821 183.799
21+50.000 12º06'27.5" 45.821 139.329
21+00.000 8º09'07.8 45.821 94.194
20+50.000 4º11'48.2" 45.821 48.612
20+00.000 0º14'28.6" 2.797 2.797
P.C 19+96.950 0º00'00.0 0.000 0.000

e) What are the coordinates of the stations on the centerline of the curve?

Station Direction from PC Long Chord Distance

North East
Centerline to Point from PC to Point
P.T 22+81.368 65°30’ 277.164 1614.93798 1752.20838

22+50.000 63°01’07 247.933 1612.49 1720.94

22+00.000 59°03’47” 200.401 1603.02 1671.89

21+50.000 55°06’27” 151.913 1586.90 1624.60

21+00.000 51°09’08” 102.703 1564..42 1579.99

20+50.000 47°11’48” 53.003 1536.01 1538.89

20+00.000 43°14’28” 3.050 1502.22 1538.89

P.C 19+96.950 0° 0.000 N 1500 E 1500

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f) What are the coordinates of the +40 Offset points on the curve?

Station +40 North East

P.T 22+81.368 1654.91 1750.81

22+50.000 1652.19 1716.10

22+00.000 1641.68 1661.62

21+50.000 1623.78 1609.11

21+00.000 1598.82 1559.57

20+50.000 1567.27 1513.93

20+00.000 1529.75 1473.07

P.C 19+96.950 1527.28 1470.75

g) What are the coordinates of the -30 Offset points on the curve?

Station -30 North East

P.T 22+81.368 1584.96 1753.26

22+50.000 1582.71 1724.58

22+00.000 1574.03 1679.59

21+50.000 1559.24 1636.22

21+00.000 1538.62 1595.30

20+50.000 1512.57 1557.61

20+00.000 1481.58 1523.86

P.C 19+96.950 1479.54 1521.94

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23. Given the following coordinates for a curve in a subdivision:

PI = N 1502.69181, E 5148.33000 @ Station 67+89.76
PC = N 1224.23000, E 4987.56000
PT = N 1617.92144, E 5448.51345
RP = N 770.23041, E 5773.91155
a) Calculate the parts of the curve. I, R, Da, LC, L, T, PC & PT Station.
Central Angle 39°00'00"
Degree of Curve 6°18'36"
Radius 908.00
Arc Length 618.056
Chord Length 606.193
Tangent Length 321.540
P.C 64+68.220
P.T 70+86.276
b) Calculate the layout data (Deflections and long chords for 50 foot stations) for this curve?

Short Chord Long Chord

Station Deflection
Centerline Centerline
PT 70+86.276 19°30'00.0" 36.274 606.193
70+50.000 18°21'19.7" 49.994 571.879
70+00.000 16°46'40.6" 49.994 524.212
69+50.000 15°12'01.5" 49.994 476.148
69+00.000 13°37'22.4" 49.994 427.723
68+50.000 12°02'43.3" 49.994 378.974
68+00.000 10°28'04.2" 49.994 329.937
67+50.000 8°53'25.1" 49.994 280.650
67+00.000 7°18'46.0" 49.994 231.151
66+50.000 5°44'06.9" 49.994 181.476
66+00.000 4°09'27.8" 49.994 131.664
65+50.000 2°34'48.7" 49.994 81.752
65+00.000 1°00'09.6" 31.778 31.778
PC 64+68.220 0°00'00.0" 0.000 0.000

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c) The +40 foot offset layout data for the curve.

S.C. Offset L.C. Offset

Station Deflection
+ 40’ + 40’
PT 70+86.276 19°30'00.0" 37.872 632.898
70+50.000 18°21'19.7" 52.196 597.072
70+00.000 16°46'40.6" 52.196 547.305
69+50.000 15°12'01.5" 52.196 497.124
69+00.000 13°37'22.4" 52.196 446.565
68+50.000 12°02'43.3" 52.196 395.668
68+00.000 10°28'04.2" 52.196 344.472
67+50.000 8°53'25.1" 52.196 293.014
67+00.000 7°18'46.0" 52.196 241.334
66+50.000 5°44'06.9" 52.196 189.471
66+00.000 4°09'27.8" 52.196 137.464
65+50.000 2°34'48.7" 52.196 85.353
65+00.000 1°00'09.6" 33.178 33.178
PC 64+68.220 0°00'00.0" 0 0

d) The –30 foot offset layout data for the curve.

S.C. Offset L.C. Offset

Station Deflection
-30 - 30’
PT 70+86.276 19°30'00.0" 35.07 586.16
70+50.000 18°21'19.7" 48.34 552.98
70+00.000 16°46'40.6" 48.34 506.89
69+50.000 15°12'01.5" 48.34 460.42
69+00.000 13°37'22.4" 48.34 413.59
68+50.000 12°02'43.3" 48.34 366.45
68+00.000 10°28'04.2" 48.34 319304
67+50.000 8°53'25.1" 48.34 271.38
67+00.000 7°18'46.0" 48.34 223.51
66+50.000 5°44'06.9" 48.34 175.48
66+00.000 4°09'27.8" 48.34 127.31
65+50.000 2°34'48.7" 48.34 79.05
65+00.000 1°00'09.6" 30.73 30.73
PC 64+68.220 0°00'00.0" 0 0

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e) What are the coordinates of the stations on the centerline of the curve?

Station Direction from PC Long Chord Distance

North East
Centerline to Point from PC to Point
PT 70+86.276 49°30’ 606.193 1617.92 5448.51

70+50.000 48°21’20” 571.879 1604.25 5414.92

70+00.000 46°46’41” 524.212 1583.22 5369.56

69+50.000 45°12’02” 476.148 1559.74 5325.42

69+00.000 43°37’22” 427.723 1533.86 5282.65

68+50.000 42°02’43” 378.974 1505.66 5241.37

68+00.000 40°28’04” 329.937 1475.24 5201.70

67+50.000 38°53’25” 280.650 1442.67 5163.76

67+00.000 37°18’46” 231.151 1408.07 5127.68

66+50.000 35°44’07” 181.476 1371.54 5093.55

66+00.000 34°09’28” 131.664 1333.10 5061.48

65+50.000 32°34’49” 81.752 1293.12 5031.58

65+00.000 31°00’10” 31.778 1251.47 5003.93

PC 64+68.220 000°00’00” 0.000 1224.23 4987.56

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f) What are the coordinates of the +40 Offset points on the curve?

Station +40 North East

PT 70+86.276 1655.26 5434.18

70+50.000 1640.99 5399.10

70+00.000 1619.04 5351.74

69+50.000 1594.52 5305.67

69+00.000 1567.50 5261.01

68+50.000 1538.06 5217.91

68+00.000 1506.29 5176.49

67+50.000 1472.30 5136.88

67+00.000 1436.17 5099.21

66+50.000 1398.03 5063.58

66+00.000 1357.98 5030.10

65+50.000 1316.15 4998.88

65+00.000 1272.67 4970.01

PC 64+68.220 1244.23 4952.92

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g) What are the coordinates of the -30 Offset points on the curve?

Station -30 North East

PT 70+86.276 1589.91047 5459.26032

70+50.000 1576.68857 5426.77324

70+00.000 1556.36158 5382.91474

69+50.000 1533.65452 5340.24447

69+00.000 1508.62683 5298.87956

68+50.000 1481.36157 5258.95880

68+00.000 1451.94641 5220.60420

67+50.000 1420.45854 5183.92154

67+00.000 1386.99607 5149.02488

66+50.000 1351.67134 5116.02830

66+00.000 1314.57833 5085.02198

65+50.000 1275.84052 5056.10767

65+00.000 1235.56998 5029.36916

PC 64+68.220 1209.23000 5013.54076

24. The azimuth along the tangent from the PC of a curve to the PI is 123°37'. The coordinates of the
PC are N2332.34, E6909.87. If the curve has an I angle of 41° 22', R = 475' and the station of the PI
is 56+89.44. Data Shown for a CURVE LEFT.
a. Calculate the curve parts Da, LC, L, T, PC & PT Station.
Central Angle 41°22'00"
Degree of Curve 12°03'44"
Radius 475.000
Arc Length 342.943
Chord Length 335.543
Tangent 179.330
PC 55+10.11
PT 58+53.05

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b. Calculate the deflections, and long chords for 50' stations.

Station Deflection Short Chord Long Chord

PC 55+10.11 0°00'00.0 0.000 0.000
55+50.000 2°24'21" 39.878 39.878
56+00.000 5°25'17" 49.977 89.756
56+50.000 8°26'13" 49.977 139.385
57+00.000 11°27'09" 49.977 188.628
57+50.000 14°28'05" 49.977 237.348
58+00.000 17°29'01" 49.977 285.412
58+50.000 20°29'57" 49.977 332.685
P.T. 58+53.05 20°41'00.0" 3.053 335.543

c. Calculate the coordinates of these curve points. CURVE LEFT

Direction from PC Long Chord Distance

Station Ctrline North East
to Point from PC to Point
PC 55+10.11 To PI 123° 37’ 0.000 N2332.34, E6909.87.

55+50.000 121°12’39” 39.878 2311.68 6943.98

56+00.000 118°11’43” 89.756 2289.93 6988.98

56+50.000 115°10’47” 139.385 2273.04 7036.01

57+00.000 112°09’51” 188.628 2261.18 7084.56

57+50.000 109°08’55” 237.348 2254.49 7134.09

58+00.000 106°07’59” 285.412 2253.03 7184.04

58+50.000 103°07’03” 332.685 2256.84 7233.87

P.T. 58+53.05 102°46’ 335.543 2257.24 7236.90

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25. On a large highway project, curve #12 has a PI at 160+34.58 and PI coordinates of N 1476.89, E
6749.56. Curve #13 on the route is at PI station 174+25.89 and PI coordinates of N 1867.36, E
7335.90. Curve #13 has an I angle of 21°23' and a radius of 350. Shown for a CURVE RIGHT.
a. Calculate the curve parts I, R, Da, LC, L, T, PC & PT Station.
Central Angle 21°23'
Degree of Curve – Arc 16°22'13"
Radius 350'
Arc Length 130.623
Chord Length 129.867
Tangent Length 66.080
PC Station 173+59.810
PT Station 174+90.433
b. Calculate the deflections, and long chords for 50' stations.

Station Deflection Long Chord

PC 173+59.81 0° 0
174+00 3° 17’ 23” 40.168
174+50 7° 22’ 56” 89.941
PT 174+90.43 10° 41’ 30” 129.867

c. Calculate the coordinates of these curve points.

Station Direction from PC Long Chord Distance

North East
Centerline to Point from PC to Point
PC To PI
0.000 1830.73 7280.90
173+59.81 56° 20’ 19”
174+00 59° 37’ 42” 40.168 1851.04 7315.56

174+50 63° 43’ 15” 89.941 1870.55 7361.54

PT 174+90.43 67° 01’ 49” 129.867 1881.41 7400.47

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 Construction Surveying and Layout, 3rd Edition

d. Calculate the radial layout data if an instrument is set on project control point number CP25
(N1800, E7700, with a backsight onto the PI of Curve 13.

Backsight Angles turned to the

Instrument
Point Right off of the Distance
at on Backsight
PC 353° 42’ 44” 420.225

PI of Curve #13 with 174+00 357° 04’ 52” 387.813

CP 25
0°00’00”
174+50 1° 17’ 35” 345.735

PT 4° 43’ 26” 310.396

26. The layout data for curve #4 on the highway has been calculated and shown in the table below.
Arriving at the PC of the curve, it is seen that the area hasn't been cleared yet and it will be impos-
sible to establish the curve entirely from the PC. Layout will require "moving up on the curve"
frequently. The PC was occupied and points 19+00 and 19+50 were located before obstacles were
encountered.

Deflection Total Short Long

Station Arc
Increment Deflection Chord Chord
PT 20+64.15 14.15 02° 15’ 07” 30° 45’ 15” 14.15 184.088
20 + 50 50 07° 57’ 28” 28° 30’ 05” 49.839 171.785
20 + 00 50 07° 57’ 28” 20° 32’ 37” 49.839 126.332
19 + 50 50 07° 57’ 28” 12° 35’ 09” 49.839 78.446
19 + 00 29.08 04° 37’ 41” 4° 37’ 41” 29.048 29.048
PC 18 +70.92 0 0 000° 00’ 00” 0.000 0.000

a) If the instrument is moved to 19+50, what angle will you set on the circle if you BS the PC?
You would set the deflection of the point you are SIGHTING on which is 000°00'00" for the PC.
b) If you are set at 19+50, what angle will you turn to set 20+00?
You will continue your original notes and will turn to 20°32'37"
c) If the instrument is moved to 20+00 and and the BS is on 19+50, what will you set on the
circle before turning to the deflection for 20+00?
You will set the deflection of the point you are sighting on. The deflection for 19+50 is 12° 35'
37". That is what you would set on the instrument
d) If you are at 20+00 and you turn to a line that is tangent to the circle, what angle will you
read on the circle?
You will turn the deflection of 20+00 to get a line that is tangent to the curve. The deflection for
20+00 is 20°32'37".

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e) If you want a line radial to the curve at 20+00, what angle will you turn to on the circle?
You would turn the deflection of point 20+00 plus the 90°. This would total 110°32'37".
f) If a line radial to the curve is needed at station 19+75.23, what deflection angle and long
chord will be needed to set that point, and what angle will be turned from a setup at that
point to establish the radial line?
Assuming you are set up at the PC. The deflection angle to 19+75.23 will be 16°36'05" an the long
chord will be 101.40.
The angle that would be turned at that point to establish a radial line would be 16°36'05" + 90° or
106°36'05".
g) Finally you have a clear line of sight to the PT and prepare to shoot it in. What long chord
will need to be measured from your setup at 20+00 to the PT
The chord distance would be 63.81.
h) What is the chord length for an arc of 100 feet on this curve?
The chord for an arc of 100 feet is 98.72.

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