Example Fault loop impedance calculation
A numerical distance relay protects a transmission line having an
impedance of (1.5 + j15)Ω. Voltage and current values sampled after a
fault inception are given in Table 1. Calculate the measured resistance
and reactance values at time 9ms and establish which protection zone
of the relay will be activated.
n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
Assume conventional distance protection [V] [A]
setting principles. 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
5 7 6230.13 -991.00
6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
7 8 10141.73 -733.39
8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99
10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
Table 1. Voltage and current samples 11 10 14701.00 -35.04
n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49
vr1ir 2 vr 2ir1
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
R 3
4 6.5
6 1708.67
4018.88
-1151.61
-1084.66
D (vr 2 , ir 2 ) 5 7 6230.13 -991.00
vr 2ir1 vr1ir 2 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
L 7 8 10141.73 -733.39
D 8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
(vr1 , ir1 ) 9 9 13060.60 -403.99
where D ir1ir 2 ir 2ir1 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
11 10 14701.00 -35.04
ir ( n 1) ir ( n 1) ir (10) ir (8) 222.25 (575.78) A
ir1 ' 3
353530
2T 2T 2 0.5 10 s
ir ( 6) ir ( 4) 872.94 (1084.66) A
ir 2 ' 3
211720
2T 2 0.5 10 s
A2
D ir1ir 2 ir 2ir1 ir (9 ) ir 2 ir (5) ir1 403.99 211720 (991) 353530 264.815 10 6
s
n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49
vr1ir 2 vr 2ir1 v(9 ) ir 2 v(5) ir1
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
R 3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
D D 4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
13060.60 211720 6230.13 353530
5 7 6230.13 -991.00
264.815 106 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
2.125 Ω 7 8 10141.73 -733.39
8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99
vr 2ir1 vr1ir 2 v (5) i(9 ) v(9 ) i(5) 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
L 11 10 14701.00 -35.04
D D
6230.13 (403.99) 13060.60 (991)
264.815 106
39.371 mH
X 0 L 2 50 0.039371 12.369 Ω
n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
X 0 L 2 50 0.039371 12.369 Ω 3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
5 7 6230.13 -991.00
Relay zone 1 and 2 setting 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
7 8 10141.73 -733.39
X Z 1 0.8 X L 0.8 15 12 Ω 8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99
X Z 2 1.2 X L 1.2 15 18 Ω 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
11 10 14701.00 -35.04
The relay will see the fault in Zone 2