SOCIAL MEDIA,

INTERNET AND DATA PRIVACY

(The Contemporary World)

Submitted by:

BSA 1-2 Group 10

Calipay, Kristelle Mae V.

Tapanan, Sophia Francetine

Pujante, Melissa Kate J.

Valdoria, Dominique M.

Submitted to:

Mr. Ferdinand La Puebla

 Globalization became borderless even more with its ‘great’ invention technology,
together with the invention of internet and social media. People are confused with when does
these things are discovered and if social media is the same with internet. By defining both terms
and understanding its history, one can understand its impacts and solutions for negative
disadvantages.

Meaning of Social Media

According to Terrell (2019), contributors gave meanings of social media and in just one
click it can be read through Google but with these definitions, Terrell define social media as the
different forms of online communication used by people to create networks, communities, and
collective to share information, ideas, messages, and other content, such as videos. From this,
two things stood out, which are online communication and it depends on user-generated
content, which implies that history of social media cannot begin before the invention and
widespread adoption of Internet.

Note that understanding social media without understanding about internet is inevitable
since from the meaning mentioned above, social media cannot begin and stand without the
internet.

INTERNET OVERVIEW

According to Rouse (2014), internet, sometimes called simply “the Net”, and it is a
worldwide system of computer networks—a network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer.

J.C.R. Liklider of MIT first coined the Internet concept through networking in
1962, which initially termed as Galactic network, which used to interconnect a set of
computers for accessing data and programs. Since then DARPA concept came into
existence and in 1969, ARPANET was created and considered as the predecessor of the
internet and it is where the first host Computer was connected. The ARPANET was used
earlier as a networking technology for first electronic mail messaging service. Finally,
ARPANET became the Internet, which works on multiple independent networks with its

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network architecture design. The packet switching method also introduced between
networks that makes data communication from one place to another easy. However, Bob
Taylor, one of those who launched ARPANET, emphasized that it was not internet since internet
is a connection between two or more computer networks.

In 1972, after the Internet protocols were implemented and first IP connectivity
was created, the IMP network also rapidly increases with 23 hosts and eventually the e-
mail or electronic mail was introduced by Ray Tomlinson that can send messages
across distributed networks. Through connecting 20 different computers and first
Internet address registry was created, packet switching was done. In 1973, the first
TCP/IP protocol and Ethernet was invented that interconnects various computer
networks for communicating with each other. The TCP allows the users to login to a
remote computer and download files.

The development of internet goes on in 1982, where the first Internet connection
was established in Asia by Kilnam Chon which is known as SDN and later termed as
Internet. After that, in 1983, the first DNS or Domain name system was introduced with
network addresses to identify an organization by .edu, .com, .org etc and internet was
universally adopted.

In 1984, the first UNIX network was developed in Japan and first e-mail received
in Germany. In 1988, the first Internet exchange point was established by connecting
TCP/IP networks and first commercial and non-commercial Internet networks. It was
also the year when first ISP or Internet Service provider was created by Daniel
Karrenberg. In 1989, the time when Internet is growing worldwide and Dr. Stephen
Goldstein plays an important role of evaluating and funding for development of Internet.
It then helps to connect about 25 countries to NSFNET. After then the first WWW or
World Wide Web was created by Berners-Lee and a first web-browser application for
Mac OS.

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Internet vs. Website

People have the common mistake of calling internet as worldwide web but note
that worldwide web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over
the internet. The two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused. Note that
the internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW),
electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing. The web is the collective name for all of the
pages, sites, documents, and other media that are served to visitors and note that a
collection of connected web pages that are publicly accessible and under a single
domain name is referred to as a website

Websites can be categorized in terms of functionality, design, and content. In

terms of functionality there are five main types of websites which are brochure,
eCommerce, portal, wiki and social media.

HISTORY OF SOCIAL MEDIA

It was considered that the beginning of social media took place when Samuel
Morse made the first step towards some resemblance of social media when he sent a
telegraph from Washington D.C. to Baltimore. Morse’s first message read “What Have
God Wrought?” in 1844. Also, the discovery of telephone in 1890 and radio (an early
precursor to Spotify) in 1891 can be associated to social media for telephone lines and
radio signals enabled people to communicate across great distance instantaneously.

After the Birth of Internet, the first social media was created in 1978. Bulletin
Board System (BBS) was created by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess which was
the beginning of virtual community and the first dial-up in history. On 1995, a personal
website was born which was Geocities launched by Beverly Hills Internet (BHI).
Geocities’ service was web hosting wherein it allows users to create simple websites for
themselves.

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 Early social media service that appeared in 1997 was SixDegrees which lets its 1 million
users to create profile and list of friends. 1999 was a year for Blogger and Livejournal wherein
users could write, share and communicate with friends by using their own blog or journal.
Friendster was launched in 2002. It could be include in social networking group. It let users to
create profile and virtual connection with people around the world. Now, Friendster has become
a social media for games.

MySpace, LinkedIn and WordPress launched in the same year, 2003. Most of MySpace
users were musician and band. WordPress was created to be used as open-source content
management system. And LinkedIn was social networking for business-oriented.

In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg launched ‘The Facebook’. In the beginning, The Facebook
was created as social networking for college students. Also in 2004, Google creates its own
email service, Gmail, in January. YouTube was launched in 2005. It was founded by Jawed
Karim, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. They were employees of PayPal. It was a social sharing
that let users freely upload and share a video. In 2006, Twitter was launched where it was
known as social networking and microblogging site. It let its member to share and exchange 140
character messages. This short message was called as Tweets.

Social media revolution of 21st century begin in 2009, where the creation of Whatsapp, a
messaging platform, up to Instagram in 2010, which gave a top competition with Facebook. In
2011, Snapchat revolutionized stories which can be seen in Facebook, Instagram and even
Twitter. In 2012, the first social scrapbooking that gained 10 million users faster in history
launched. This social scrapbooking’s name is Pinterest. In Pinterest, one could create and
share album of photos.

2013 was the peak of selfie craze which gave popularity to Instagram and in 2015, the
discovery of filters from dog, puppy and cat filters to floral and many more made people or
“netizens” crazier to selfie. Also in 2015, NASA’s #AYearInSpace started, giving Twitter
followers updates on Scott Kelly an astronaut who lived in space for a year. In 2017, Tiktok was
born wherein it is a video sharing platform where users can edit their video and share with
everyone. In 2018, it was the year of emerging virtual reality, live videos, and 360-degree videos
on social media sites and there was crackdown on fake news throughout social media
platforms.

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PURPOSE AND ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

People are using social media for a variety of purposes. The four main uses of social
media form the acronym SLIM: sharing, learning, interacting, and marketing.

With social media, sharing is possible for information and ideas can be shared in a
variety of ways. Different outlets allow publishing of one’s own ideas in writing, with pictures, or
through videos and voice recordings; and through hyperlink, audience will be led to interesting
articles, pictures, and videos. The information that can be shared are either private or public.
For example, a user can email a private message to one person and broadcast a video to a
global audience via YouTube.

Social media can also serve as personal learning tools. One can get updates about his
friends and family, or learn about what’s happening in his community and around the world. The
immediacy of the information flow allows users to get the gist of the latest news almost as it
happens. Today, breaking news is often broadcast via social media before traditional media like
TV and newspapers are able to cover it in detail. Social media can also reveal public sentiment
about the big issues of the day or, on a less urgent level, opinions about a new restaurant or
movie.

Maybe the most powerful element of social media is their interactive nature. Social
media break the traditional barriers of time and distance between people. With video chat
technologies like Skype, one can talk to people face-to-face anywhere in the world. On
Facebook and mobile devices, users can chat digitally and text with their friends and family.
Twitter even allows users to interact with media members, public officials, professional athletes,
and celebrities.

More and more, social media are being used for marketing purposes. Businesses use
social media to promote themselves and their products. Nonprofit organizations raise funds and
promote charity events. Individuals market themselves to prospective employers. And users can
use social media to promote ideas and events that are important to them.

FORMS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

 Social Networks – Services that allow you to connect with other people of similar
interests and background. It is an online platform which people use to build social

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 networks or social relationship with other people who share similar personal or career
interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. Usually they consist of a
profile, various ways to interact with other users, ability to setup groups, etc. The most
popular are Facebook and LinkedIn.
 Bookmarking Sites – Services that allow you to save, organize and manage links to
various websites and resources around the internet. It is an online service which allows
users to add, annotate, edit, and share bookmarks of web documents. Many online
bookmark management services have launched since 1996; Delicious, founded in 2003,
popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging". Tagging is a significant
feature of social bookmarking systems, allowing users to organize their bookmarks and
develop shared vocabularies known as folksonomies.
 Social News – Services that allow people to post various news items or links to outside
articles and then allows it’s users to”vote” on the items. The voting is the core social
aspect as the items that get the most votes are displayed the most prominently. The
community decides which news items get seen by more people. The most popular are
Digg and Reddit.
 Media Sharing – Services that allow you to upload and share various media such as
pictures and video. Most services have additional social features such as profiles,
commenting, etc. The most popular are YouTube and Flickr.
 Microblogging – Services that focus on short updates that are pushed out to anyone
subscribed to receive the updates. The most popular is Twitter.
 Blog Comments and Forums – Online forums allow members to hold conversations by
posting messages. Blog comments are similar except they are attached to blogs and
usually the discussion centers around the topic of the blog post. There are MANY
popular blogs and forums.

ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Connectivity – The first and main advantage of the social media is connectivity. People
from anywhere can connect with anyone. Regardless of the location and religion. The
beauty of social media is that you can connect with anyone to learn and share your
thoughts.

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2. Education – Social media has a lot of benefits for the students and teachers. It is very
easy to educate from others who are experts and professionals via the social media.
You can follow anyone to learn from him/her and enhance your knowledge about any
field. Regardless of your location and education background you can educate yourself,
without paying for it.

3. Help – You can share your issues with the community to get help and giddiness.
Whether it is helping in term of money or in term of advice, you can get it from the
community you are connected with.

4. Information and Updates – The main advantage of the social media is that you update
yourself from the latest happenings around in the world. Most of the time, Television and
print media these days are biased and does not convey the true message. With the help
of social media you can get the facts and true information by doing some research.

5. Promotion – Whether you have an offline business or online, you can promote your
business to the largest audience. The whole world is open for you, and can promote to
them. This makes the businesses profitable and less expensive, because most of the
expenses made over a business are for advertising and promotion. This can be
decreased by constantly and regularly involving on the social media to connect with the
right audience.

6. Noble Cause – Social media can also be used for the noble causes. For example, to
promote an NGO, social welfare activities and donations for the needy people. People
are using social media for donation for needy people and it can be a quick way to help
such people.

7. Awareness – Social media also create awareness and innovate the way people live. It
is the social media which has helped people discover new and innovative stuffs that can
enhance personal lives. From farmers to teachers, students to lawyers every individual
of the society can benefit from the social media and its awareness factor.

8. Helps Govt and Agencies Fight Crime - It is also one of the advantages of the social
media that it helps Governments and Security Agencies to spy and catch criminals to
fight crime.

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 9. Improves Business Reputation – Just like it can ruin any business reputation, It can
also improve business sales and reputation. Positive comments and sharing about a
company can help them with sales and goodwill. Since people are free to share
whatever they want on the social media, it can impact positively when good words are
shared.

10. Helps in Building Communities – Since our world has different religions and beliefs.
Social media helps in building and participating in the community of own religion and
believes to discuss and learn about it. Similarly, people of different communities can
connect to discuss and share related stuffs. For example Game lover can join games
related communities, car lover can join communities related to cars and so on.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Cyberbullying – According to a report published by PewCenter.org most of the children

have become victims of the cyberbulling over the past. Since anyone can create a fake
account and do anything without being traced, it has become quite easy for anyone to
bully on the Internet. Threats, intimidation messages and rumors can be sent to the
masses to create discomfort and chaos in the society.

2. Hacking – Personal data and privacy can easily be hacked and shared on the Internet.
Which can make financial losses and loss to personal life. Similarly, identity theft is
another issue that can give financial losses to anyone by hacking their personal
accounts. Several personal twitter and Facebook accounts have been hacked in the past
and the hacker had posted materials that have affected the individuals personal lives.
This is one of the dangerous disadvantages of the social media and every user is
advised to keep their personal data and accounts safe to avoid such accidents.

3. Addiction – The addictive part of the social media is very bad and can disturb personal
lives as well. The teenagers are the most affected by the addiction of the social media.
They get involved very extensively and are eventually cut off from the society. It can also
waste individual time that could have been utilized by productive tasks and activities.

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4. Fraud and Scams – Several examples are available where individuals have scammed
and commit fraud through the social media. For example, this list contains the 5 social
media scams that are done all the time.

5. Security Issues – Now a day’s security agencies have access to people personal
accounts. Which makes the privacy almost compromised. You never know when you are
visited by any investigation officer regarding any issue that you mistakenly or
unknowingly discussed over the internet.

6. Reputation – Social media can easily ruin someone’s reputation just by creating a false
story and spreading across the social media. Similarly businesses can also suffer losses
due to bad reputation being conveyed over the social media.

7. Health Issues – The excess usage of social media can also have a negative impact on
the health. Since exercise is the key to lose weight, most of the people get lazy because
of the excessive use of social networking sites. Which in result brings disorder in the
routine life. This research by discovery will shock you by showing how bad your health
can be affected by the use of the social media.

8. Social Media causes death – Not just by using it, but by following the stunts and other
crazy stuffs that are shared on the internet. For example bikers doing the unnecessary
stunts, people doing the jump over the trains and other life threatening stuffs. For
example in this video 14 year old from Mumbai was doing stunts on a running train
which caused his death. These types of stunts are performed by the teenagers because
of the successful stunts made and shared over the social media.

9. Glamorizes Drugs and Alcohol – One of the disadvantages of the social media is that
people start to follow others who are wealthy or drug addicted and share their views and
videos on the web. Which eventually inspires others to follow the same and get addicted
to the drugs and alcohol.

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 IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA
A social media is an online platform which people use to build social networks or social
relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities,
backgrounds or real-life connections. The impact of social networks on young people is
significant. It is becoming increasingly clear that social networks have become part of people’s
lives. Many adolescent people are using their laptops, tablet computers and smart phones to
check Tweets and status updates from their friends and family. Due to the advancement in
technology, people are pressured to accept different lifestyles. Social networking sites can
assist young people to become more socially capable. The effects of social networking are
twofold. On the positive side, social networks can act as invaluable tools for professionals. They
achieve this by assisting young professionals to market their skills and seek business
opportunities. Social networking sites may also be used to network efficiently. On the negative
side, the internet is laden with a number of risks associated with online communities. Cyber
bullying, which means a type of harassment that is perpetrated using electronic technology, is
one of the risks. In this paper we cover every aspect of social media with its positive and
negative effects. Focus is on the particular field like health, business, education, society and
youth. During this paper we explain how these media will influence the society in a broad way.

A. Positive Impacts Of Social Media

1. Impact Of Social Media On Medical And Health
Social media can give the Health Care Professionals with tools to share
information and to promote health behaviors, to engage with the public, and to educate
and interact with patients, students, and colleagues. HCPs can use social media to
potentially improve health outcomes, develop a professional network, increase personal
awareness of news and discoveries, motivate patients, and provide health information to
the community. Physicians most frequently join online websites where they can read
news articles, listen to experts, research medical advancements, discuss with
colleagues concerning patient issues, and network. They can explore and share ideas,
discuss practice management challenges, make referrals, disseminate their research,
market their practices, or engage in health advocacy. A large number of physicians also
use social media to converse directly with patients to enhance clinical care. It is clear
that social media is having a distinct consequence on healthcare systems, and that its
impact is relevant both in the developed and developing worlds. Healthcare consultants

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 provide improved healthcare to a larger number of citizens, while clients are able to use
it to empower themselves, their families and their communities.
1.1. Positive Effects of Social Media on Health
 Sharing of Doctors prescriptions to friends, relatives and colleagues.
 Consulting Doctors online anywhere and anytime.
 Sharing Suggestions among friends, relatives and colleagues about various
diseases and its symptoms.
 Access to information in developing regions
 Support and mutual accountability on online health forums.
 Support for health-related causes.
 Helping health services to prioritize critical cases
 Increased accountability to consumers
 More data available to health researchers.
1.2. Negative Effects of Social Media on Health
 Incorrect self-diagnosis
 Potential breach of privacy
2. Impact Of Social Media On Business
Social Media is the new buzz sector in promoting that incorporates business,
associations and brands which make news, influence companions, to make relations
and make groups. Business utilize web-based social networking to upgrade an
association's execution in different ways, for example, to achieve business targets,
expanding yearly offers of the association. Web-based social networking gives the
advantage as a correspondence stage that encourages two way communications
between an organization and their stock holders. Business can be advanced through
different long range informal communication destinations. A considerable group of the
organization advances their business by giving promotion on the online networking with
a specific end goal to draw in greatest clients. Clients can associate and collaborate with
business on a more individual level by utilizing online networking. Many organizations
with the use of social media can make their strategy to promote their Business.

2.1. Positive Effect of Social Media on Business

 With the use of Social Media, It is better to understand the customer
requirements

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  Social Media helps in promoting the Business all over the World.
 Social Media builds deals and client maintenance through standard
connection and auspicious client benefit.
 Social Media provides rich customer experiences
 With Social media monitoring you can gain key information about your
competitors
 With the help of social media, Sharing contents about the Business faster and
easier
 Social networking sites helps to make new customers by providing various
facilities.
 It helps to increase market insight and expand out beyond your rivals with
online networking.
 It also helps to increase awareness among customers for better
understanding of products.

2.2. Negative Effect of Social Media on Business

 In business, Social Media isn't totally hazard free in light of the fact that a
significant number of the fans and supporters are allowed to post their feeling
on a specific association; the negative remark can lead the association to
disappointment.
 Negative customer reviews are harmful.
 Highly time consuming.
 The web is crowded with more and more content.
 A mistake made on social media is hard to rectify.
 Many of the substantial association have succumbed to the programmers.
 The wrong online brand system can fate an organization, and put at a
tremendous viral social drawback.
 Getting included with Social Media is extremely time consuming. As an
association you ought to appoint a man to dependably support your pages
and profile with noteworthy substance.
 Most organizations experience issues measuring the consequences of web-
based social networking promoting.
3. Impact Of Social Media On Education

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 Social networking technologies also allow one to share a thought with another. It
helps a man toward one side of the world to interface and trade thoughts with a man at
the other side. With the use of social media students can easily communicate or share
information quickly with each other through various social networking sites like
Facebook, and Instagram etc.

3.1. Positive Effect of Social Media on Education

One can adopt its benefits to gain positive results in education.
 Socializing: An important part of growing up, is to socialize and make friends.
Why this is important? It is because, it allows the children to exchange ideas
and learn new things. This will invariably result in them becoming more
confident in life.
 Sharing knowledge: It provides an easy and an effective way in which
students can share knowledge. Students can simply access the information,
study, transform (if needed) and share. Hence, the flow of knowledge
becomes smooth.
 Updating oneself: They will have the capacity to know new things as and
when it happens. This causes them refresh their own particular information
base.
 Learning from various sources: The long range interpersonal communication
advances are worked in such a way, to the point that understudies will have
the capacity to pick the gathering, movement or the individual they would
need to take after for every day refreshes. The ways of learning is plenty.
 Being Prepared: The social networking technologies are all about showcasing
the trends that run around the world. Students can setup a plan of what might
be expected out of them in the future by observing the changes that are being
updated, shared, discussed or spoken about on the social networking sites.
 Sharing what they feel or think: Students frequently don't get the right stage
to share their feelings. Through social networking technologies they are given
an option to sound their thoughts. If students were permitted to share what
they think and feel, it becomes simple for them to decide what is good and
what is bad.

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  Social media gives a path to the understudies to adequately achieve each
other with respect to class wanders, group assignments or for help on
homework assignments.
 Many of the understudies who don't take an intrigue reliably in class may feel
that they can express their musings effectively via web-based networking
media.
 Teachers may post via web-based networking media about class exercises,
school occasions, and homework assignments which will be exceptionally
valuable to them.
 It is seen that web-based social networking advertising has been developing
in profession alternative. Webbased social networking advertising plans
youthful specialists to end up noticeably fruitful advertisers
 The access of web-based social networking gives the chance to instructors to
show great computerized citizenship and the utilization of Internet for
profitability.
3.2. Negative effect of Social Media on Education
 Reduced learning and research capabilities: Students are depending more on
the information reachable easily on these social networking sites and the
web. This reduces their learning and research capabilities.
 Reduction in real human contact: The additional time the students spend on
these online networking destinations, the less time they will go through
associating face to face with others. This decreases their relational abilities.
They won't have the capacity to convey and mingle adequately face to face
with others. The businesses are getting increasingly unsatisfied with the
relational abilities of the new graduates because of this reason. The
compelling relational abilities are critical to achievement in reality.
 Reduces command over language use age and creative writing skills:
Students generally utilize slang words or abbreviated types of words on long
range interpersonal communication locales. They begin depending on the PC
language structure and spelling check highlights. This decreases their charge
over the dialect and their experimental writing abilities.
 Time wastage: Students, while seeking and concentrate on the web, get
pulled in to utilizing online networking locales and once in a while they

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 overlook why they are using internet. Sometimes students are not able to
deliver their work in the specified time frame as their time wastes.
 Low grades: Students get low evaluations in school because of absence of
the coveted data and composing abilities.
 Loss of motivation in students: The student’s motivational level lessens
because of the utilization of these long range interpersonal communication
locales. They depend on the virtual condition as opposed to increasing
reasonable learning from this present reality.
 Effect on health: The unnecessary use of these sites has an effect on the
mental as well as physical health. Students do not take their meals on time
and take proper rest. The abuse of these destinations once a day has many
adverse impacts on the physical and psychological wellness of students
making them lazy and unmotivated to make
4. Impact Of Social Media On Society
As we all are well aware of social media to facilitate a massive impact on our
society. Some social media destinations have changed the way where individuals
convey and mingle on the web. Person to person communication destinations render the
open door for individuals to reconnect with their old companions, partners and mates.
Person to person communication destinations render the opportunities for individuals to
reconnect with their old companions, partners and mates. It additionally causes
individuals to influence new companions, to share content, pictures, sounds, recordings
among them. Web based social networking moreover changes the life style of society.

4.1. Positive Effect of Social Media on Society

 Connectivity: The first and foremost benefit of the social media is
connectivity. People from anywhere can connect with anyone. Regardless
of the location and religion. The prettiness of social media is that you can
attach with anyone to learn and share your thoughts.
 Education: Social networking provide various benefits to the students and
teachers. It is very easy to educate from others who are experts and
professionals via the social media. One can follow anyone to learn from
him/her and enhance his knowledge about any field. Regardless of our
location and education background we can educate ourself, without
paying for it.

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 Help – You can impart your issues to the group to get help and energy.
Regardless of whether it is helping in term of cash or in term of advices,
you can get it from the group you are associated with.
 Information and Updates – The primary favorable position of the web-
based social networking is that you refresh yourself from the most recent
happenings around on the planet. More often than not, Television and
print media nowadays are one-sided and does not pass on the genuine
message. With the assistance of web-based social networking you can
get the actualities and genuine data by doing some exploration.
 Advertising – We can promote our business to the largest audience. The
whole world is open for you, and can promote to them. It will help in
increase the profits and achieves the targets of Business.
 Noble Cause – Social media can also be used for the noble causes.The
public is making use of social media for contribution for needy people and
it can be a quick way to help such people.
 Helps in Building Communities – Since our world has different religions
and beliefs, so people of different communities can connect to discuss
and share related stuffs.
 Conventional marketing mediums such as the radio, TV commercials and
print ads are completely obsolete now and demand for thousands of
dollars. With the use of social media the businesses can connect with
their targeted customers for free, the only cost is energy and time.
 The increasing popularity of social sites like Twitter, Facebook and
LinkedIn, social networks has gained attention as the most viable
communication choice for the bloggers, article writers and content
creators.
 These long range informal communication destinations have opened the
open door for every one of the bloggers to associate with their well
informed customers to share your ability and articles your viewers will
share your articles, blog or expertise in their social circle which further
enhance your networks of the followers.
 Students and experts are competent to share and exchange information
with like-minded people and can ask for the input and opinion on a
particular topic.

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  Social Media helps to meet people who have not met outside the social
media forums.
 Social Media helps to share ideas beyond geographical boundaries.
 It provides open opportunity for all writers and bloggers to connect with
their clients.
 It unites people on a huge platform for the achievement of specific goals.
This brings positive change in the society.

4.2. Negative Effect of Social Media on Society

 Cyber Harassing: According to a report distributed by PewCenter.org the
greater part of the youngsters have progressed toward becoming
casualties of the digital bulling over the past. Since anyone can make a
phony record and do anything without being tailed, it has ended up being
exceptionally straightforward for anyone to spook on the Internet.
Dangers, terrorizing messages and bits of gossip can be sent to the
majority to make inconvenience and uproar in the general public.
 Hacking: Personal information and security can be hacked and shared on
the Internet. Some twitter and Facebook accounts have been hacked in
the past and the programmer had posted materials that have influenced
the person's lives.
 Addiction: The addictive piece of the online networking is awful and can
exasperate individual lives also. It can likewise squander individual’s time
that could have been used by profitable tasks and exercises.
 Fraud and Scams: Several cases are available where people have
committed fraud and scams through the online networking.
 Reputation: Social media can without much of a stretch destroy
somebody's notoriety just by making a false story and spreading over the
online networking.
 It prompts fixation. Spending endless hours on the social destinations can
occupy the concentration and consideration from a specific errand. They
principally depend on innovation and the web as opposed to taking in the
down to earth information and skill of the regular day to day existence.
 Kids can be extraordinarily influenced by these person to person
communication locales on the off chance that they are permitted to utilize

pg. 17
 them. The reason is that occasionally individuals share photographs via
webbased networking media that contains savagery and sex, which can
harm the conduct of children and youngsters.
 Another drawback of the web-based social networking is that the client
shares excessively data which may posture dangers to them. Indeed,
even with the tight security settings your own data may spill on the social
locales. Downloading your recordings or pictures and copying your status
is a simple assignment and should be possible inside couple of snaps.

B. Negative Impacts Of Social Media

1. Impact Of Social Media Addiction
Social media addiction can view as one form of Internet addiction, where
individuals exhibit a compulsion to use social media without limitation or simply excess
used of social media like Facebook and Twitter or other site. As a result, it affects the
person’s daily life. People with social media addiction are often overly concerned about
social media and are driven by an uncontrollable urge to log on to and use social media.
2. Impact Of Social Media On Health Decline
We are all aware that social media platforms were deliberately designed to hold
users’ attention as long as possible, tapping into psychological biases and vulnerabilities
relating to our desire for validation and fear of rejection. Too much passive use social
media –just browsing posts- can be unhealthy and has been linked to feelings of envy,
inadequacy, and even suggested that it can lead to ADHD symptoms, depression,
anxiety, and sleep deprivation.
3. Impact Of Social Media On Cybercrime
Social Media is a worldwide electronic computer network that connects people
and information. But every technology has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Social Media has several advantages but it is considered as a heaven for cyber
criminals. Social Media is the latest form of media available to the audience of varied
groups, ages and classes. The major reason behind its popularity is that the users are
given a free service to create a virtual social world where they exchange photographs,
play games, become friendly, fall in love, split, fight, argue and quarrel at many times
without having met physically. But, on the other side it is an encroachment to
someone’s privacy which can lead to different type of illegal activities by using the
information such as name, location, and email addresses. The anonymity over the

pg. 18
 internet and the jurisdictional issues has given rise to cybercrimes where crime is
committed with the aid assistance of computer.

CYBERCRIME

Technology and globalization paved the way for borderless communication. Both provided easy
access from any individual to send messages and conduct transactions to and fro, all over the
world, with the use of Internet. However, we cannot excempt the fact that the internet also
provided opportunities for criminals of today, with an unintended purpose of making things
easier to bypass through data stored in a system, whether it may be individual or organizational.
These criminal offenses committed through computers and the Internet refers to a widely known
but generic term, Cybercrime1.

Cybercrime is a widely defined terminology, varying from one country to another. To work on a
standard definition, we may define cybercrime as per the Tenth United Nations Congress on the
Prevention of Crime and Treatment of offenders as the following:

• Cybercrime in a narrow sense (computer crime): Any illegal behavior directed by

means of electronic operations that targets the security of computer systems and the
data processed by them

• Cybercrime in a broader sense (computer-related crime): Any illegal behavior

committed by means of, or in relation to, a computer system or network, including such
crimes as illegal possession [and] offerring or distributing information by means of a
computer system or network.

Hence, from the working definitions above, it is safe to broadly categorize cybercrime into two:
(1) crimes that use the net; and (2) crimes that depend on the net. Cybercrimes that use the net
cannot function without computers or system and more likely associated with data privacy and
its issues. On the other hand, cybercrimes that depend on the net can function with or without
the computer as its accessory to the crime. It is more likely a traditional crime improved with the
internet for better and wider access spanning not only on local hometowns but also across the
neighboring countries.

Cybercrime comes in many forms; others may be originated from its original crime
definition while others are strictly associated with computers and the internet only. In the
succeeding paragraphs, we shall define the most general types of cybercrime.

pg. 19
 1. Hacking

Hacking generally refers to the “unauthorized intrusion to a computer or network.2” Like any
other cybercrime terminologies, hacking does not have a single definition. As a study from Peter
Ludlow eloquently put it3, a hacker “originally was someone who liked to hack computer code
(i.e. write programs) or, in some cases, hack electronic hardware (i.e. design and build
hardware).”Consequently, the term hacking was associated with negative connotation through
mainstreaming by the media, creating ‘stereotypical hackers’ who illegally hack their way into
other computer systems. For years, the sense of hacking is negatively defined as an act or
ommission. This continuosuly misunderstood activity of being both a hero and a villain created
the birth of the word, “hacktivism,” as it is called, “draws on the creative use of computer
technology for the purposes of facilitating online protests, performing civil disobedience in
cyberspace and disrupting the flow of information but deliberate intervening in the networks of
global capital4.”

The hacking activity, or hacktivism as we may now call it, mainly revolves with the offender
known as the ‘hacker’ and any type of system or security feature bypassed or even altered by
the offender. It is a parasitic activity- drawing all the beneficial features from a system on which
and in which it operates4. Hacking mainly revolves about exploration and manipulation of a
system. Soon after small experimental hacking, the hactivism became a wide-known threat for
global security which highlighted the threat of cyberterrorism.

2. Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism is the use of computer network tools to harm or shut down critical national
infrastractures (such as energy, transportation, government operations). This is mainly because
national and crititical infrastracture became more dependent on computer networks for
operations, thus, creathing a massive vulnerability5.

Cyberterrorism became a more magnetic opportunity for modern terrorists because of its
promising anonymity in the midst of massive diverse damage. In addition, stealing national data
also holds a great leverage against the victim with hundreds of national strategies and secrets in
place with the wrong hands.

The psychological effect of cyberterrorism, instilling fear, created on set variety of definitions,
associated with hacktivism and the likes. This meant confusion and misconception on the term
as well as its guidelines and boundaries on how to define one, which activity can be considered

pg. 20
as a cyberterrorism and which is simply another type of cybercrime. Among all other definitions,
Professor Dorothy Denning (2000) has put forward a numerous cited working definition of
cyberterrorism6:

“Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally understood to

mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information
stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of
political or social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should result in
violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks
that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination, or severe
economic loss would be examples. Serious attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts
of cyberterrorism, depending on their impact. Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that
are mainly a costly nuisance would not.”

3. Intellectual Property Theft Online

It is a violation of an organizations’s copyright which refers to the unauthorized use of

copyrighted material or creation of others7. The internet not only opened a world for
communication but also a world for businesses and emerging businesses to a wide-range
market. Everything now comes online and this benefitted and affected consumers to a certain
degree: no more hours of travel and walking for shopping for tangible goods and lesser effort to
find and/or buy intagible ones. This advancement was also taken advantage by businesses who
manage to cope up with the internet, firing their own websites to produce more potential
customers.

Meanwhile, it was also a need to monitor for possible attacks or ways with the trends relating to
the protection of a firm’s intellectual property on the internet. This is true for businesses who sell
intangible goods such as music, movies, e-books, and the like. Firing up their own products on
the internet also calls unwanted attention from possible thievery of the products by way of the
pyramid of internet piracy8. This pyramid also created a series of buyers who withdraw from
original sellers to opt for cheaper goods even for a low quality.

4. Cyberfraud and Scams

Cyberfraud is also one of the terms associated with varying criminal activity. While the preceded
types were associated with varying definitions, cyberfraud covers varying definitions because it
also covers varying subtypes and can be, in general sense, another associative term for

pg. 21
cybercrime. At its core, cyberfraud is any crime committed with the use of a computer or to
computer data. This can appear in my things, such as the following (but not limited to)9:

• Identity theft
• Stolen bank account numbers
• Stolen online passwords
• Hacking
• Phishing- fraudulent practice of sending emails purporting from reputable companies in
order to induce individuals to reveal personal information10
• Terrorist attacks
• Bullying
• Copyright infringement
• Cyber stalking
• Theft of Intellectual Property (IP)
• Theft of Personal Health Information (PHI)
• Theft of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

5. Hate Speech Online

With the increasing volume and complexity of the internet, millions of users have become
accustomed to unrestricted access of several data of the internet within just a few clicks to
maneuver different sources11. With the same unrestricted nature as well as different country’s
legal laws and values with freedom of speech, it was becoming common excuse to misuse the
freedom to create a hate speech. Moreover, the anonymity, immediacy and global nature of the
Internet made it susceptible for extremists and hatemongers12.Hate speech “promotes offensive
and hateful language, which mars the experience of regular users, affects business online
companies, and may even have severe real-life consequences.13”

Some types:

 Trolling
 Gaslighting
 Doxing/Doxxing
 Racism
 Sea-lioning

pg. 22
  Intimidation
 Dogpiling
 Cyberbullying
 Stalking

6. Internet Pornography

Because of its same unrestricted nature, the Internet became a basin of worldwide data, with
different purposes and roles, may it be licit or illicit. Pornography business, or simply
pornography, also managed to take advantage of the internet. Internet pornography is simply
pornography inside the internet. However, the term pornography itself also arouses debatable
discussions on definitions. In general findings, pornography should be intended primarily for
sexual arousal14. The expansion and accessibility of the Internet also give way for the intended
or unintended (pop-ups, links, etc.) visit to pornographic sites. Moreover, because of the
unusual prominence of pornography business with its promising revenue than Microsoft,
Google, Amazon, eBay, Yahoo, Apple, Netflix combined15, it also became a site for criminals
engaged in human trafficking as well as pedophilia.

DATA PRIVACY

[Note: Important trends that contribute to privacy invasion16:

• Globalization

• Convergence

• Multi-Media]

Data privacy is a branch of data security concerned with the proper handling of data – consent,
notice, and regulatory obligations. More specifically, practical data privacy concerns often
revolve around17:

1. Whether or how data is shared with third parties

2. How data is legally collected or stored
3. Regulatory restrictions

pg. 23
Personal data refers to all personal information that’s used to identify a person. The best-known
types of personal data include18:

 Email address
 Phone number
 Credit card information
 Birthdate
 Social security number

As a way of defense against the counterfeited properties of the Internet that violates the human
rights as well as human securities to a global level, international organizations provided laws
that aims to protect the data privacy. The following are some of the international organizations
which created the principal international legal instruments on data privacy19:

• Council of Europe Initiatives

Convention 108

(i) The purpose of this Convention is to secure in the territory of each Party
for every individual, whatever his nationality or residence, respect for his
rights and fundamental freedoms, and in particular his right to privacy,
with regard to automatic processing of personal data relating to him ("data
protection")20
(ii) intended primarily to cover processing of data in physical persons in both
the public and private sectors, but only insofar as the processing is
computerized (‘automated’)19

The primary provision is Article 5 which reads:

Quality of data

Personal data undergoing automatic processing shall be:

a. obtained and processed fairly and lawfully;

pg. 24
 b. stored for specifi ed and legitimate purposes and not used in a way
incompatible with those purposes;

c. a dequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for

which they are stored;

d. accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date;

e. preserved in a form which permits identifi cation of the data subjects

for no longer than is required for the purpose for which those data are
stored.

The Council of Europe is updating its Personal Data Protection Convention (2019) - “Convention
108” – with two key aims21:

 addressing challenges for privacy resulting from the use of new information and
communication technologies,
 strengthening the convention’s follow-up mechanism.

• UN Initiatives19

Guidelines Concerning Computerized Personal Data Files (UN Guidelines)

• The Guidelines are two-pronged: one prong lays down ‘minimum

guarantees’ for inclusion in national data privacy laws (Part A).

• The other prong is aimed at encouraging international organizations

(governmental and non-governmental) to process personal data in a
responsible, fair, and privacy-friendly manner (Part B).

• ICCPR Article 1719

• The UN Human Rights Committee 207 was the first to clearly recognize that
the right to privacy in ICCPR Article 17 provides certain data privacy guarantees.
Article 17 states:

pg. 25
 1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his
privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks upon his honour
and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such
interference or attacks.

• ECHR Article 819

• Whereas ICCPR Article 17 is framed essentially in terms of a prohibition on

‘interference with privacy’, ECHR Article 8 is framed in terms of a right to, inter
alia, ‘respect for private life’ followed by an enumeration of criteria permitting
interference with that right:

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his
home, and correspondence.

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of

this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a
democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the
economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for
the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms
of others.

• APEC Initiatives19

Privacy Framework

• The heart of the Framework is a set of ‘Information Privacy Principles’

(IPPs) based mostly on the core principles of the OECD Guidelines.

• The principle has two chief elements:

(i) ‘personal information protection should be designed to

prevent the misuse of [personal] information’;

(ii) ‘remedial measures should be proportionate to the

likelihood and severity of the harm threatened’ by the
processing of personal information (paragraph 14).

pg. 26
 • ASEAN Initiatives22

Framework on Digital Data Governance

(i) intended to enhance data management, facilitate harmonisation of data

regulations among ASEAN Member States and promote intra-ASEAN
flows of data

PHILIPPINES

Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173)

(i) an act protecting individual personal information in information and

communications systems in the government and the private sector,
creating for this purpose a national privacy commission, and for other
purpose23
(ii) protects individuals from unauthorized processing of personal information
that is (1) private, not publicly available; and (2) identifiable, where the
identity of the individual is apparent either through direct attribution or
when put together with other available information 24

pg. 27
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