Basic Calculus

Module

2018
 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Bridging Program

Name:_______________________________ Semester:_____________________________

Section:_____________________________ Course Title:__________________________

Senior High School Track Taken:____________________________

Module No.: ___

Prepared by: Engr. Precious Arlene L. Villaroza

Chapter 1
Functions and Limits
 Week 1
Functional Notation and Operations on Functions

If is a function having as its domain values of and as its range values of , then denotes the particular
value of which corresponds to the particular values of . when defining a function, the domain of the
independent variable must be given either explicitly or implicitly.

Example: If find:

a. Solution:

b. a.

c. b.

d. c.

e. d.

Now consider some operations, that is addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, subtraction,
multiplication and division of function. The function obtained from these operations called the sum, difference;
product and quotient of the original functions- are defined as follows:

Operations on functions

Given two functions then: Product of two functions:

Sum of two functions:

Quotient of two functions: ;
Difference of two functions: =
Example : if find

a. Solution:

b. a.

c. b.

c. =
d.

d.

Practice - 1

Direction: Answer the following questions with proper and clean solution.

1. If , find , ( )

2. If and , find and

3. If = , find , ( )

Direction: Answer the following questions with proper and clean solution.

1. Find , given:

a.

b.

c. √
 Week 2
Limits
Limits are the backbone of calculus, and calculus is called the Mathematics of Change. The study of limits is
necessary in studying change in great detail. The evaluation of a particular limit is what underlies the formulation
of the derivative and the integral of a function.

For starters, imagine that you are going to watch a basketball game. When you choose seats, you would want to be
as close to the action as possible. You would want to be as close to the players as possible and have the best view
of the game, as if you were in the basketball court yourself. Take note that you cannot actually be in the court and
join the players, but you will be close enough to describe clearly what is happening in the game.

This is how it is with limits of functions. We will consider functions of a single variable and study the behaviour
of the function as its variable approaches a particular value (a constant). The variable can only take values very,
very close to the constant, but it cannot equal the constant itself. However, the limit will be able to describe clearly
what is happening to the function near that constant.

LESSON PROPER

Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider a constant which the variable x will approach ( may or
may not be in the domain of f). The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique real value that f(x) will approach as x
approaches c. In symbols, we write this process as

This is read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”

LOOKING AT A TABLE OF VALUES

To illustrate, let us consider

(1 + 3x).

Here, f(x)=1+3x and the constant c, which x will approach, is 2. To evaluate the given limit, we will make use of a
table to help us keep track of the eff ect that the approach of x toward 2 will have on f(x). Of course, on the number
line, x may approach 2 in two ways: through values on its left and through values on its right. We first consider
approaching 2 from its left or through values less than 2. Remember that the values to be chosen should be close to
2.

Now we consider approaching 2 from its right or through values greater than but close to 2.
Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to 2, the values of f(x) get closer and closer to 7. This
behaviour can be shown no matter what set of values, or what direction, is taken in approaching 2. In symbols,

(1 + 3x) =7

EXAMPLE 1: Investigate

by constructing tables of values. Here, c =1 and

We start again by approaching 1 from the left.

Now approach 1 from the right.

The tables show that as x approaches 1, f(x) approaches 2. In symbols,

=2

EXAMPLE 2: Investigate |x| through a table of values.

Approaching 0 from the left and from the right, we get the following tables

|x|= 0
EXAMPLE 3: Investigate

by constructing tables of values. Here, c =1and f(x)= . Take note that 1 is not in the domain of f, but this
is not a problem. In evaluating a limit, remember that we only need to go very close to 1; we will not go to 1 itself.
We now approach 1 from the left.

Approach 1 from the right.

The tables show that as x approaches 1, f(x) approaches 3. In symbols,

= -3

Practice - 2

1. Complete the following tables of values to investigate

2. Construct a table of values to investigate the following limit

Construct a table of values to investigate the following limits:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Week 3
Limits of Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

Theorem 1. Let c, k, L and M be real numbers, and let f(x) and g(x) be functions defined on some open interval
containing c, except possibly atc.

1. If exists, then it is unique. That is, if and , then L = M.

2.
3.
4. Suppose f(x) = L and g(x) = M.
i. (Constant Multiple) [k · g(x)] = k ·M.
ii. (Addition) [f(x) ± g(x)] = L ± M.
iii. (Multiplication) [f(x)* g(x)] = LM.
 iv. (Division) = , provided M 0.
v. (Power) for p, a positive integer.
vi. (Root/Radical) √ √ for positive integers n, and provided that L > 0
when n is even.

In this lesson, we will show how these limit theorems are used in evaluating algebraic functions. Particularly, we will
illustrate how to use them to evaluate the limits of polynomial, rational and radical functions.

LESSON PROPER

LIMITS OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

We start with evaluating the limits of polynomial functions.

EXAMPLE 1: Determine .

Solution. From the theorems above,

(2x + 1) = (Addition)
=( ) (Constant Multiple)
= ( )
= 2+1
=3
EXAMPLE 2: Evaluate

Solution. From the theorems above,

(Addition)
(Constant Multiple)
(Addition)

We will now apply the limit theorems in evaluating rational functions. In evaluating the limits of such functions, recall from
Theorem 1 the Division Rule, and all the rules stated in Theorem 1 which have been useful in evaluating limits of
polynomial functions, such as the Addition and Product Rules.

EXAMPLE 3: Evaluate ( )
Solution. We start by checking the limit of the polynomial function in the denominator.

(x + 1) = x+ 1 = 2 +1 = 3

Since the limit of the denominator is not zero, it follows that

( ) (Division)

EXAMPLE 4: Evaluate . First, note that

Solution.
Thus, using the theorem,

(Division)

(Multiplication)

EXAMPLE 5: Evaluate √

Solution. Note that , therefore, by the Radical/Root Rule,

√ √ √

Practice - 3
Direction: Evaluate the following limits.
1. ( √ )
2.

3. ( )

Direction: Complete the following tables.

Chapter 2
Differential Calculus
 Week 4
Derivatives

Differential simply means change, and derivative is the rate of change of one variable with respect to the other.

Theorem of differentiation

RULE 1: The Constant Rule

If C is a constant and if for all, then

RULE 2: The Power Rule

If n > 0 and if
If n < 0 and if

RULE 3: The Constant Multiple Rule

The derivative of constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function.

Example

1. y = 3 y’ = 0
2.
3.

4.
√

Practice - 4

Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations.

1.

3.
4.
√
√
5.
RULE 4: The Sum Rule

The Derivative of the sum of two or more functions is the sum of their derivatives.

Examples:

Differentiate the given functions.

1.

4. √ √
2.

3.

√ √

Practice - 5
Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations.

1.
2. √
3.
4. √ √
5. √ √
6.

8.
 Week 5
RULE 5: The Product Rule

The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the derivative of the second plus
the second times the derivative of the first.

Examples

1.

2.

3. ( √ )( √ )

( √ )( ) ( √ )( )
√ √
√ √
√
√

Practice - 6

Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations.

1.
2.
3

RULE 6: The Quotient Rule

The derivative of the quotient of two functions is equal to the denominator times the derivative of the numerator
minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator all over the square of the denominator.

[ ]
0 1

Where
Examples:

1. Find if 2. Find * +

Practice - 7

Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations.

1.

3.

4.

5.

Direction: Find the Derivative of the following equations. (Product rule and Quotient rule)

4.
1.
5. √
. /
6.

3.
√
 Week 6
The Chain Rule

If the function of g is differentiable at x, and if the function of f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite
function f g is differentiable at x, and

(f g)’(x) = f’[g(x)]g’(x)

Examples:

Use the chain rule to differential the following functions.

1. √

2.
√

, * + -

√ √

4.

Practice - 8

Using the chain rule, find the derivative of each function.

1. √

3.
Higher-Order Derivatives and the Chain Rule

The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative and the derivative of the second derivative is
the third derivative and it is written as and respectively.
Other symbols used for higher derivative are ’’ ’’’ , etc.

Examples:
1. if then

2. if , find

3. Let . Find

Solution. Using the Quotient Rule Twice, we have

and

. /

. /

. /
 Practice - 9
Direction: Find for the following expression:

a.

c.

Direction: Find the first and second derivatives of the following:

1.

2.

3.

Direction: Using the chain rule, find the derivative of each function.

1.
 Week 7
RULE 7: Derivatives of trigonometric functions

This time we will look at the derivatives of the trigonometric functions: sinx, cosx, tanx, secx, cscx, cotx.
You may start this topic by recalling/reviewing the trigonometric functions involving some identities, that is,

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Example: Diff erentiate the following functions:

RULE 8: Derivative of an exponential function

If then .

Example:

Find

Solution. Applying Rule 5 to the first two terms and Rule 3 to the third term, we have
Example:

Find

Solution: Applying Rules 3 and 7, we have

Practice - 10

1. Find if .
2. Find and simplify the result, if possible.

3. Find and simplify the result, if possible.

Chapter 3
Integral Calculus
 Week 8
Integral

Anti-differentiation

The inverse process of determining a function whose derivative is known is called anti-differentiation. Thus is
the anti-derivative of because is the derivative of .

∫
Particular Integral
Where: = Arbitrary Constant
∫ symbol for integral Indefinite Integral
Integrand

General Properties

A.∫
B. ∫ ∫ ∫
The second property states that the general anti-derivatives of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum
of the general anti-derivative of each function.
C. ∫ ∫
The third property states that the general anti-derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times
the general anti-derivative of the functions.
D. If n is a rational number, then

∫ where n≠-1
The fourth property is called the power formula of integration.
E. If g is a differentiable function and n is a rational number, then

∫
Examples:

Anti-differentiation the following functions.

1. ∫ √ ( ) 2. ∫

∫ ∫ 2nd. Property

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 3rd. property

4th. And last property

 Practice - 11

Part 1
Integrate the following equations.
∫ √
∫
∫
∫

Part 2

∫
√

Week 9
Integration of the Logarithmic Functions

∫
Examples:

1.∫ 2. ∫

Solutions: Solutions:
∫
∫

ln

3.
∫
ln 4. ∫
Solutions:
Solutions: ∫( )

∫ ∫ ∫

ln
 Practice - 12
Direction: Integrate the following equation

1. ∫ 3. ∫

2. ∫

Integration of Exponential Functions

Recall the

Therefore
∫

Examples:
3. Evaluate: ∫
Evaluate: ∫
Solution:
Solution: Since then

∫ ∫

2. Evaluate: ∫

Solution:
∫

Practice - 13
Part 1

Evaluate the following integrals

∫

∫
Part 2

Evaluate the following integrals (Anti-differentiation, Integration of Logarithmic function, Integration of

exponential functions)

3. ∫ √
1. ∫

2. ∫

Week 10
Integration of Trigonometric functions

Recall the derivative formula of Trigonometric functions.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Reversing the progress, we have the following integration formulas for the trigonometric function.

(a) ∫
(b) ∫
(c) ∫
(d) ∫
(e)∫
(f) ∫

Examples
2. Evaluate: ∫
1. Evaluate: ∫〖 〗
Solution: Solution:
∫ ∫ ∫

Practice - 14
Integrate the following
∫ ∫
 Week 11
Integration Involving power of trigonometric functions

Some trigonometric integrals may be integrated after converting the integrand with the use of trigonometric
identities.

Recall

Examples:

1. Evaluate: ∫ 2. Integrate: ∫

Solution: Solution:
∫
∫ 〖 〗
∫ 〖 〗
solution:
∫ ∫ ∫ 〗 〖

∫[ 〖 〗〗

∫ ∫

Integral of inverse trigonometric functions

The derivative of and the derivative of thus, we have the following integral
√
formula for inverse trigonometric functions.

∫
√

∫
Examples:

1. Evaluate: ∫ √
2. Integrate: ∫
Solution:
∫

∫ ∫

Assignment - 1

1. ∫

∫
√

3. ∫

Week 12
Integration by Parts

Every differentiation rule has a corresponding integration rule. The rule that corresponds to the product rule for
differentiation is called the rule for integration by parts.
The product rule states that, if and are differentiable functions, then
d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x)
dx
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes

  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

or
 f ( x) g '( x) dx   g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

We can rearrange this equation as:

 f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx

Formula 1 is called the formula for integration by parts.

Let u = f(x) and v = g(x).

Then, the differentials are:

du = f’(x) dx and dv = g’(x) dx

Thus, by the Substitution Rule,
the formula for integration by parts becomes:

 u dv  uv   v du
Using Formula 1, we have:

 x sin x dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx
 x( cos x)   ( cos x) dx
  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C

let ux dv  sin x dx

then, du  dx v   cos x

Using Formula 2, we have:

64 7dv48
u u 64 7v 4
8 64 7v 48 du
 x sin x dx   x sin x dx  x ( cos x)   ( cos x) dx
  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C

2. Find ∫
Solution:

Let

∫ ∫ ,

let

Evaluate: ∫
Solution: let

∫ ∫
∫

Assignment -2
Integrate the following equation using Integration by Parts
1. ∫ 3. ∫
2. ∫
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