PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
St. Paul Higher Secondary School, Indore
(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi)
2019-2020
s per CBSE,submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for physics
A
investigatory project
Submitted To Submitted by
Mr. Sanjay Asthana Mohit Rao
Class: XII E
Roll No.: 15
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS Project titled ‘STUDY OF LOGIC GATES’ has been
successfully completed by Mohit Rao of Class XII in partial fulfillment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) in the year of 2019-2020.
External Examiner Teacher In-Charge
(Mr. Sanjay Asthana)
Principal Signature
(Fr. Sibi Joseph)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my gratitude towards Fr. Sibi Joseph our
principle and Mr. Sanjay Asthana, our Physics Teacher, for extending all the support and
facilities needed to carry out this work, I take pride in saying that I have successfully
completed my investigatory project under his able guidance. I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance
which has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Without their
motivation and help the successful completion of this project would not have been
possible.
Mohit Rao
Class: XII E
Roll No.: 15
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “STUDY OF LOGIC GATES”
submitted to the St. Paul School, is a record of an original work done by me under
the guidance of Mr. Md. Sanjay Asthana , Our Physics teacher, St. Paul School, and
this project work is submitted for fulfillment of the requirements for the CBSE
project guidelines. The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to
any other School or Institute.
Mohit Rao
Class: XII E
Roll No.: 15
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INDEX
Sr. No. Experiment Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. PRINCIPLE 5
3. BASIC GATES 6
4. The OR Gate 7
5. The AND Gate 8
6. The NOT Gate 9
7. The NOR Gate 10
8. The NAND Gate 11
9. The X-OR Gate 12
10. The X-NOR Gate 13
11. CONCLUSION 14
12. REFERENCES 15
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INTRODUCTION
GATE: A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the
input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or
stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks in digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltages are expressed in
the form of a table called truth table. Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all The
inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
Boolean algebra: The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: They are the logical statement which are followed by logical gates.
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PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output, which
represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they
may all be constructed from three basic devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an
N-P- N transistor.
We have three different types of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the
NOT gate.
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THE BASIC GATES
The OR Gate:
It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output . In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
The AND Gate:
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output . In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
The NOT Gate:
It is a device that inverts the inputs . The NOT has one input and one output . In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol is referred to as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: Q = NOT A
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
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The OR Gate
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of OR logic gate.
OR gate is a logic gate Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only one
output.The output of OR gate is HIGH only if one of the inputs are HIGH Even if
one input is LOW, the output will HIGH. Only when both of input is zero the
output will also LOW. the output is given below.
Logic equation is: X = A + B Digital IC for OR: IC 7432.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A+B DIAGRAM
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1 OR_GATE
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The AND Gate
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of AND logic gate.
AND gate is a logic gate Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only
one output.
The output of AND gate is high only if all inputs are HIGH .
Even if one input is LOW the output is LOW. the output is given below.
Logic equation is: X = A . B Digital IC for AND: IC 7408.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A.B DIAGRAM
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
AND_GATE
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The NOT Gate
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of NOT logic gate.
The inverter is a logic gate which has only one input & one output. In inverter is
Always opposite of input.
which means if set input LOW is output HIGH.if set input HIGH is output is LOW.
the output is given below.
Logic equation is: X = X-1 Digital IC for NOT: IC 7404.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
X Q = X-1 DIAGRAM
0 1
1 0
NOT_GATE
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The NOR Gate
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of NOT logic gate.
NOR gate is a logic gate Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only
one output.
NOR Gate is Complement of OR. The output of NOR gate is HIGH only if both
inputs are LOW.if Any input is HIGH the output is LOW, the output is given
below.
Logic equation is: X = A + B Digital IC for NOR: IC 7402.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A+B DIAGRAM
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
NOR_GATE
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The NAND Gate
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of NAND logic gate.
NAND gate is a logic gate Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only
one output.NAND is Complement of AND.
The output of NAND gate is HIGH only if one inputs are HIGH or both input being
LOW.if both input is HIGH the output is LOW, the output is given below.
Logic equation is: X = A . B Digital IC for NAND: IC 7400.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A.B DIAGRAM
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 NAND_GATE
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The XOR Gate
Experiment-1
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of XOR logic gate.
Theory:
XOR gate is a logic gate Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only
one output.The output of XOR gate is HIGH only if one of the inputs are HIGH.If
both input is same the output is LOW.
Logic equation is:X = A ⊕ B Digital IC for XOR: IC 7486.
Components:
1. A NAND gates
2. An OR gate
3. An AND gate
Procedure:
1. If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb does not glow,
hence Q=0
2. If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb
glows, hence Q=1
3. If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb
will glow, hence Q=1
4. If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow,
hence Q=0
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RESULT
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A⊕B DIAGRAM
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XOR_GATE
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The XNOR Gate
Experiment-2
Aim: To study and verify the Truth Tables of XNOR logic gate.
Theory:
XNOR gate is a logic gate. Which can have two or more inputs.But there is only
one output.XNOR Is Complement of XOR . The output of XNOR gate is HIGH
only if Both inputs are the same.If both input is different the output is LOW.
Logic equation is:X = A ⊕ B Digital IC for XNOR : IC: 74266.
Components:
1. A NOR gates
2. An OR gate
3. An AND gates
Procedure:
1. If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence
Q=1
2. If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb
does not glow, hence Q=0
3. If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb
does not glow, hence Q=0
4. If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow,
hence Q=1
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RESULT
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Q=A⊕B DIAGRAM
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1 XNOR_GATE
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CONCLUSION
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic
circuit having one or more than one input and only one output. The relationship
between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. These logic gates
perform the basic Boolean functions, such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Inversion,
Exclusive-OR, Exclusive-NOR.
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern
world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because we can
construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR gates.
Without logic gates, electronic world would be nearly incomplete hence it plays
and important role in electronics.
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REFERENCES
WEBSITES
https://www.tutorialspoint.com
https://www.wikipedia.org
https://www.google.com
https://ncertbooks.ncert.gov.in
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