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The document summarizes the key assumptions of four nuclear models: 1. The liquid drop model assumes nuclei behave like spherical liquid drops and nucleons move freely within the nuclear potential barrier. However, it cannot explain magic numbers or excited states. 2. The shell model assumes nucleons fill nuclear shells and subshells according to spin and orbital momentum. It can explain magic numbers but not properties of heavier nuclei. 3. The Fermi gas model treats protons and neutrons as non-interacting fermions in potential wells, with a common Fermi energy. However, it is invalid for small atoms. 4. The collective model treats the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system but its assumptions and

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123 views2 pages

NP

The document summarizes the key assumptions of four nuclear models: 1. The liquid drop model assumes nuclei behave like spherical liquid drops and nucleons move freely within the nuclear potential barrier. However, it cannot explain magic numbers or excited states. 2. The shell model assumes nucleons fill nuclear shells and subshells according to spin and orbital momentum. It can explain magic numbers but not properties of heavier nuclei. 3. The Fermi gas model treats protons and neutrons as non-interacting fermions in potential wells, with a common Fermi energy. However, it is invalid for small atoms. 4. The collective model treats the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system but its assumptions and

Uploaded by

aslam jan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assumptions Of Liquid Drop Model

 The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid drop of
incompressible liquid of very high density.
 In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action
of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to
surface tension.
 The density of a nucleus is independent of its size just like the density of liquid which is
also independent of its size.
 The nucleons of the nucleus move about within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the molecules of a liquid within a spherical
drop of liquid.
 The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is constant just like the latent heat of
vaporization of a liquid.

Drawacks

 It is not able to explain the magic numbers.


 It is not able to explain excited states.
 It is not able to calculate the nuclear spin.

Assumptions of Shell Model

 Nucleon forms subshells and shells with in the nucleus1.


 The shell within the nucleus get closed with a suitable number of nucleons
 Each nucleon is supposed to possess a spin angular momentum of ħ/2 and orbital angular
momentum lħ.
 This theory assumes that LS coupling holds only for the very lightest nuclei in which the
l values are necessarily small in their normal configuration.
 The heavier nuclei exhibit j-j coupling.

Drawbacks

 The Large value of Q the quadrupole moment in many nuclei can not be explained with
this mode.

 The strong spin-orbit interaction, are certainly not applicable in this model .

 The shell model can not be applied to many heavy nuclei .

Assumptions of Fermi gas Model

 The Fermi gas model defines properties of a system of non-interacting


fermions in an infinite potential well.
 The model predicts gross properties of various quantum-mechanical
systems, for example electrons in metals, or nucleons in nuclei.

 The model assumes that all fermions occupy the lowest energy states
available to them up to the Fermi energy, and that there is no
excitations across the Fermi energy (i.e. zero temperature)

 In nuclei the model assumes that protons and neutrons are


independent fermion filling two separate potential wells.

 The model assumes, however, common Fermi energy for the protons
and neutrons in stable nuclei.

Drawbacks

 This model is not valid for small atoms


 This model is valid for heavier atoms

Assumptions of collective model ( sir ny likwea ha )

Note: collective model ky drawbacks nhi han ye complete model ha

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