dit gillesania} eSoil properties Classification of soil eFlow of water through soil eStresses in soil tress distribution in soil eCompressibility of soil Shear strength of soil eLateral earth pressure Bearing capacity of soil Piles eSlope stability eile cla Kelu iesDIEGO INOCENCIO'T. GILLESANIA Civil Engineer BSCE, EVSU (LIT) ~ Magna Cum Laude 5th Place, PICE National Students’ Quiz, 1989 ‘Awardee, Most Outstancling Student, 1989 3nd Place, CE Board! November 1989 Review Director & Reviewer in all Stibjects Gillesania Engineering Review Center Author of Various Engineering BooksPreface ‘The cardinal objective of this book is to facilitate preparation for the Civil Engineering Licensure examination given by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). Since this book includes complete discussion of the principles in geotechnical engineering, this may also serve as a guide to the civil engineering undergraduates. ‘The book is divided into 10 Chapters. Each chapter presents the formulas and principles in Geotechnical Fngincering, followed by illustrative problems. Each step in the solution is carefully explained to enstire that it will be readily understood, Most of the materials in this book have been used in my lasses. The choice of these materials was guided by their yp ee as tested in my classes. j I wish to thank all my friends and relatives who inspired me inowriting my books, especially to my wife Imelda who is very ___ supportive to me, & I will appreciate any errors pointed out and will welcome any stiggestion for further improvement. SSFundamentals of Table of Geotechnical Engineering Contents “l ee en ae Table of Contents Chapter 01 - Properties of Soil (1 - 54) ‘Symbols and Notations. Density and Unit Weight of Wate: Basic Formulas. Physical Properties of Soil Void Ratio, Porosity, 1. ‘ Relationship between ¢ and n.. Water Content, MC. Degree of Saturation, S. Relationship between G, MC, 5, and Unit Weight (Bulk Unit Weight 10 Y= | } i Dry Unit Weight 1... Saturated Unit Weight, ya Submerged or Buoyant Unit Weight, » or’. Oh eho ww Other Formulas san specific Gravity of Some Miner Relative Density of Granular Soils Designation of Granular Soil Description of Soil Based on Liquidity Description of Soil Based on Plasticity Index. Fall Cone Method to Determine Liquid and Plastic Limits ‘Cup Method to Determine Liquid Limit (ite Point Mod to Detenine Ligul Limi BINS TE eee Specific Gravity of Solis. Liquidity Index and Consistency IndexFundamentat Geotechnical Engince i Fundamentals of Table of Geotechnical Engineering, a im Soil 55 - 84) —$—< enters poco oe oH) a Upward Seepage. Ea : 123 Downward Seepage... m4 Effect of Capillary Rise to Soil Stress....... sort = 135 Illustrative Problems 137 to 164 Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution in Soil ge 190) Stress caused by Point Loads 165 Stress caused by a Line Load. Fe cyracaiea ire le Stress caused by a Flexible Strip Load € Srp hr iG/ Stress caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Ate0 no winivinnnannnnon 167 Increase in Pressure below the Corner 167 Increase in Pressure below the Center... Stress caused by a Square and Continuous Footing .. ‘Approximate Method for Rectangular Loads. Stress below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Ares. "Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure (Newmark Influence Chart) 170 171 172 172 174 Illustrative Problems... 176 to 190 Chapter 06 - Compressibility of Soil (191 - 218) Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation 191 Basic Settlement Formula. Primary Consolidation Settlement of Normally... Consolidated Finc- Grained Soil Primary Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated .. Fine-Grained Soils Overconsolidation Ratio CaFundame, rn Geotechnical Engines! Meeting Fundamentals of Table Of Gegtechnical Engineering Contents Se oes Lateral Pressure on Walls due to Sirip-Load Surcharge 259 Illustrative Problems 1261 to 284 Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity of Soils (285 - 334) Denton | Various Types of Footing on Sol | Bearing Capacity Analysis Ultimate Sol Bearing Capacity ‘Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equations | General Shear Failure. Local Shear Failure I ‘Allowable Bearing Capacity and Factor of Safety... ere Al ovatle earne Cored, | Net Alloscable Bearing Capacity Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity with Respect to Shear Etfect of Waler Table on Bearing Capacity. : Meyerhofs Equation (General Bearing Capacity Equation) lancen's Bearing Capacity Equation, ‘Ultimate Load for Shallow Foundation uz Eccentric Bearing Capacity from Standard Penetration Test (SPT)... Illustrative Problems: Chapter 10 - Miscellaneous Topics and Additional Problems (335 - 432) Piles and Deep Foundation. Pile Capacity from Driving Data... AASHTO Formula, Navy-McKay Formula.. Bytelwein Formal. Engineer News Record (ENR) . ‘Modified Engineer News Record... Danish Formula ED E'S ee 3Fundamentay 5 of ring 4 Fundamentals of Chapter 01 - Geotechnical Engineering Se ae ae Of Soil SO Chapter 01 Properties of Soil 1.1 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS = void ratio = porosity relative density specific gravity of sols (usually inthe range 2.67 + 0.05) = group index LH = liquidity index = plasticity index = plastic limit degree of saturation ‘volume of soil mass = volume of water Bat weight ofcol "= weight of solids it of water cry unit weight Unit weight of sll mass jt = saturated unit weight Ye = unit weight of water nsity of water, p= 1000kg/m* pom Tkg/liter =1 gram/cc ter fo= 981 N/a? % ge ght FSe ay ee pesicoenta ot hnical Engineerin, Fundamentals of - e = 8 | Geotechnical Engineering pele OL operas y, Ft “4 eae E12 Note:0 “Active clay 1.10 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL BASED ON LIQUIDITY INDEX Por void ratio \ [eMc=se 2.702824) « $ (0.865) $= 0.7254 S= 72.58% > degree of saturation =M 01.19 [CE MAY 2000) | sample has a moisture content of 30% and degree of saturation of 45%. ids have specific gravity of 261. Determine the dry unit weight of theFundamentals of al Engineering Fundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties 9. Geotechnical Engineering of Soil ——— SOLUTION Assumed $=1 ae 274085 ° (981 14085) = 18.82 kN/m’ Actual S = 95% = GtSe ‘Cr sigpae 2.74.0.95(0.85) pe SEO PIOEDD os Bene eas ae n= 18.60 KN/m? 1882-18.60. | Percentage Error = T= * 100% Percentage Error = 1.18% more Dy_ Fundamental; technical Engineetng Fundamentals of Chapter 01 - Properties > Geotechnical Engineering ofsol PROBLEM 01.24 Situation 4 ~ A sample of dry sand having a unit weight of 16.50 KN/1 as * specific gravity of 2.70 is placed in the rain. During the rain the volume of the sample remains constant but the degree of saturation incceases 10 10" Determine the following: ) The voids ratio of the sample in percent. 6) The unit weight of the sample after boing in the rain 1) The water content of the sample after being in the r= SOLUTION G=270 Yay = 165 KN/m* ota ee 165= ) fray T¥e = 0.6053 2= 60.53% b) After being in the rain, $= 0.40 GsSe fae ed : _ 270 0:440.6053) 740:6053 yuo=17.98 kN/m’ «981 {GMc=Sa 2.70 MC = (0.40)(0.6053) MC = 0.0897 = 897% ‘unit weights and degrees of saturation of a soll are given in the table: isFundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties Geotechnical Engineering ofsol 29 eS with water, it weighed 1462 grams, The volume of the fest hole was then measured and found to be 792 ce. Determine the voids ratio ofthe soi, SOLUTION Given W=1346 grams Ws=1076 grams V=792.cm tm) Yu = 1346/792 tu= 17 grams/ce W, aust) (Mc= _ 1346-1076 10/6 < _ MC=0.251 Mc “type GAME lr aa Ye] y= G*6(0250 4) aon ~ G=136+136e 20 *Fundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properti Geotechnical Engineering ae Ee sor aad PROBLEM 01.29 ‘A sample of saturated clay was placed in a container and weighed. The weight was 6 N. The clay in its container was placed in an oven for 24 hours 4at105°C. The weight was reduced to a constant value of 5 N. The weight of the container is 1N. G=27. Determine the following: fa) water content of the soil in percent B) void ratio in percent. ¢), effective unit weight of the soil in N/m’. ‘Weight of moist soil (saturated), W=6-1=5N Weight of dry soil, W,=5-1=4N @) Water content:Fundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties 3.3 Geotechnical Engineering of Soll SOLUTION 4) Density of the in-situ soil we ee 05 Yo = 1134 Ibs/ft? : Moisture content, MC = = Moisture content, MG-= Y= 567 ‘Moisture content, MC = = 01683 287 G+GMC “Are 2.69-+2.69(0.1643) 11s4= = » (62.4) Tre frm: ee ee ‘ eee) aurFundamentals of Chapter 01 - Properties 3 Geotechnical Engineering of Soil 1) Unit weight eM p= Fy ee 500-382 eee [Ge 7! G = LEE 908 1.898 g/ce [Yu Ye x Gal) ‘Yue = 9.81 * 1.898 = 18.62 kN/m* 1) Void ratio fte= SE OME) - ‘Cege jar = 26+2600225) 95 o= 0678 Te 6) Dry unit weight te ea : Pe :. 140678 y= 152 kfm {OBLEM 01.34 (CE NOVEMBER 2003) “saturated clay sample has a mass of 1526 grams. After oven-drying, its Was reduced to 1,059 grams. The pacific yiavity soil particles is 27. | Calculate the natural water content of thesamplein percent, © ioe e M=1526 grams oe ‘My=t053 grams GeFundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties Geotechnical Engineering es sol 37 6. (D,= maze) max ~ min p,= 087-0759 087-051 D,= 0308 = 30.8% PROBLEM 01.36 (CE MAY 2000) A sample of moist sand taken from the field was found to have a moisture content of 14% and a porosity of 38%. In a laboratory test that simulates field conditions, it was found that at its densest state, its void ratio is 85% and at its Toosest state its void ratio is 40%. Determine the relative of the san. SOLUTION Erax — Fin p= 285-0613 < “085-040 D,=0527 of the density of sol in place was performed by digging a small hole in | weighing the extracted soil, and measuring the volume of the hole. Beals) weighed 895 g; the volume of the hole was 426 cm’ After ‘very loose state, Its volume was subsequently determined to be 276 same 400 g was then vibrated and tamped to a volume of 212 cmFundamentals of Geotechr Chapter 01 - Properties Engineering Riso | 32) peace a cao Sol Laboratory moisture density test on this soil indicated a maximum dry density of 120 pef at an optimum moisture content of 11%. Whats the percent ‘compaction of the fill. SOLUTION Dry density of soil Maximum dry density Maximum dry density = 120 pef Percent compaction = Dry density, w= V= 0.0169 fe (12258) V= 47855 ce ma Day density, 1u= oa = 1.91 gram/ee Dry density, y= 119.18 pet 11948 ‘Percent compaction = 100% Percent compaction = 99.3% ‘PROBLEM 01.40 (CE MAY 2001) Assoil sample in its natural state has a wet density of 155.1 pef and a moisture “content of 36%. After compaction, its maximum dry density is 1185 pef. == x 100% ‘Maximum dry densityFundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties Geotechnical Engineering e rorson 41 oe PROBLEM 0 1.42 A building requires a 10,000-m' fill at a void ratio of 20%. Material for earth fill was available from a borrow site at P20 per cubic meter. Itwas found that fhe average void ratio fom the site is 80%, Estimate the total cost of Fil SOLUTION Porosity, n =¢/(1 +e) For the required soil: n=02/(1+02) n= 01667 = 16.67% (% void) Percent solid = 1 ~ n = 0.8333 = 83.33% Volume of solid = 10,000 x 0.8383. Volume of solic = 8,333 n° For the borrow soil: n=08/(1+08) n= 0.4444 = 44.44% : Percent solid = 100 - 44,44 = 55.56% ‘ Volume of solid = Loose volume x *ssolid os [Vicowe = (1+ @)Vactl = Vie = (1 +0.8)(8 33838) Vioose = 15,000 m* the results ofa shrinkage limit test: [volume of sol in saturated state=24.6cc volume ofsollina drystate=159cc i saturated state= 44g ‘mass in adry state =30.1 5 Determine the dry density of the soil in grm/ce._ ne the void ratio ofthe soll,Fundamentals of Chapter 01~ Properties 4-3 Geotechnical Engineering ‘of Soil PROBLEM 0 1.44 3 | The following results were obtained from a liquid limit test on a clay using the Casagrande cup device. Use the graph in Figure 01.7. ‘The natural wates ent of this clay is 38% and the plastic limit is 71%. Numberofblows | 6 | 12 | 20 22 ‘Watercontent(%) | 525 | 47.1 | 423 a) What is the liquid limit of this clay? +t) What is the plasticity index of this clay? ©) What isthe liquidity inelex ofthis clay? i ace fone? ee 20 a mbar of owes (ogni stale) Fa}—__ Fundamentay 7 ical Engine Fundamentals of ci undamentals of ch 2 ¥ | Geotechnical Engineering ee esata Aug Umi Test Nombar > one panetalon fot Wel Sole Conair aI Conair @ tal Conair fet Wiser 9 Wieahtot Dy Sat oc Cotten B.Plstie Lint and Natural Wate Content Panic z ¥ Test Number > 7 z ras z nt Wet Say Conan eae soar ent Dry Sor = Vor zors_| 2748 | 2538_| 2723 ohio Container 052 [—12 a sgt Wats, eco WERTOF : “iste Cone EL - content on tke Figure 018Fundamentay hnical Engineering Fundamentals of — ntals of 1+ 01 ~ Properties Geotechnical Engineering : rsa ad Src Liquidity index, L1 = 170-30 230 Liquidity index, LI = 1.033 PROBLEM 01.46 (CE MAY 2004) Given the laboratory results of the Atterberg Limits Test mm Figure 0110 Plot the water content versus the number of blows in Figure 01.11 f) Determine the nearest value to the Liquid Limit of the soil 5) Determine the nearest value to the Plastic Limit of the soil. «) Determine the nearest value to the Liquidity Index of the soil. Aqua ime Test NUTBEE ber of Bows aT CoN ft Dry Sol Contain, Fito Container 9 af tor Soi. FB, PlasisLini and Natal Water Conent Test NUNES, Weight ot wet Sor Conan 7 Lt Conese. Figure 01.40__ Fundar £ imentay, technical Engineer,’ Fundamentals of : ty Geotechnical Engineering Chapter 01 Grete 49 pees Sobeetng of So aie Flow Curve o s 0 s | a 5 ow mw 10 Numer of ons = logarithmic scale “Water content (%) Figure 01.11 (a) 4) From the flow curve in Figure 01.11 (a),LL = 45.35% _ b) From Figure 01.10 (a) py = 36.97% +36.05%Fundamenay echnical Engineeg; Fundamentals of Chapter 01 ~ Properties hy Geotechnical Engineering y ‘ofsat 5 in Figure 0112 Lined unt Test 6 Line tes ™ ee a] weata a2 si | dues ore 3 | Sel GS a» eli. is | ae 6 4 is 1096 ‘5 a oo otters Sere m2 | . Figure 01.13, 14 asc es ek @ | wees, | ak Wegsss | ech | to, reo [Sais | ms) i054 | 220i use | 2106% 195 | 20.99% 12 | 2.08% usa | 993%Fundamer is, nical Enginee,,’ Fundamentals of icremteno eet Ste Geotechnical Engineering Seen otscl a PROBLEM 01.49 (CE MAY 2003) ‘The following data were obtained from the Atterberg Limits test for a soil or mold (grams) Liquid Limit = 41.0 % 1485 Plastic Limit = 21.1 % a) What is the plasticity index of the soil? b) If the in situ moisture content of the soil is 30%, what is the liquidity index of the soil? @) What would be the nature of the soil? SOLUTION 4) Plasticity Index PI=LL=PL=41-211 PI=19.9% 6) Liquidity Index: = MG=PL Pr 199) L= 0.447 €) Nature of soil: Since LI = 0.447, ie. 0

ome ies <— pronase a fawsey <= fepie fous <— web esis efi icon Sieve #4: Cumulative mass retained =5 g a : Percent passing = (795 - 5)/795 x 100% = 99.37% oton or Sieve #8: Cumulative mass retained = 5 + 45=50 3 Bt Percent passing = 795 -50)/795 x 100% = 93.71% Has ihcs Sieve #10: Cumulative mass retained =50 +65= 115, Percent passing = (795 - 115)/795 x 100% = 85.53% sbove A-line y Actine 7eILS50 | ‘Cumulative mass retained = 115 + 92 = 207 Bene Percent passing = (795 ~207)/795 x 100% = 73.96% ‘ ticlesize distribution curve can be used to determine the following four 1s arameters for a give soil cet of sieves that rally 200 mm if ter is the diameter in the curve corresponding to 10% finer. The size of a granular soil is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic y and drainage through soil. bs . A thon all lum | Cae ee A pan is plac